Yearly Archives: 2015


Predatory stem cell clinics are winning the war; what can …

For years I have been working to educate the community about the predatory stem cell clinics out there. These clinics prey on vulnerable patients and their families. The clinics use hope as a marketing tool.

A weapon.

As the number of such clinics has mushroomed in the US and elsewhere the risk to both patients and to the larger stem cell community proportionately rises too. We are in a situation today where the dangers from such clinics have never been higher.

They are making millions in profits with little-to-no accountability. Their therapies dont have to work or even be proven safe. Its odd because many consumers seem to expect more from non-health-relatedbusinesses such as McDonalds or computer companies than from stem cell clinics.

Thousands of patients just in the US alone are regularly being subjected to experimental, non-FDA approved interventions. They are spending millions of dollars and being put at substantial risk.

Many patients are desperately looking for hope so they are very driven to find something that may help and are often willing to take unknown risks.

Some of us in the stem cell community are working to try to make some positive impact in this area.I believe we are making a difference, but overallthe dubious stem cell clinics are winning the war.

Why are the clinics prevailing so far?

In part it is because theyve been very smart about how they do business.

For instance, they do PR like pros, they manipulate some members of the media to almost in essence work as their spokespeople, they use social media to great effect, and theyve won over some powerful allies in the form of certain patient advocates who have become in effect stem cell clinic advocates.

An illustration of the cleverness of the clinics is their move to take advantage of Clinicaltrials.gov to list their non-traditional, profit-driven business as if it were real clinical trials. They even go so far as to say that just because their work is listed in that database that their offerings are FDA-approved. They arent.

The stem cell clinics are also winning because the FDA has been so passive and ineffective, particularly during the last two years. Further in the past the FDA and more specifically the CBER division within the FDA that is tasked with dealing with stem cells took steps to regulate the stem cell clinic industry through actions such as warning letters. In contrast, lately CBER hasnt done anything (at least apparent in the public domain and via FOIAs Ive submitted) on the stem cell clinic problem.

This apparent regulatory passivity couldnt come at a worse time either as the stem cell clinics proliferate like crazy in the US. Theres certainly a connection there. Less regulatory action = more dangerous clinics. Its frustrating because CBER of course remains very active with the good citizens of the stem cell world such as those in academia and legit biotechs withappropriately high expectations for them.

Hello, CBER, are you home? Are you paying attention? Patients need to be protected.

Ive tried talking with the FDA to get at the root of the stem cell clinic problem, but things remain nebulous. Are they afraid of being sued? Just too slow? Dont have the budget? Maybe part of the problem is the leadership transition at the FDA where there hasnt been a commissionerbut I think thats only part of the story.

The FDA took a healthy step last year in issuing draft guidance (see my interview here with the FDA on the draft guidance) to regulate fat stem cell products that are almost certainly biological drugs requiring approval, but thats been about it and those draft guidances have not been finalized. Until finalized, the draft guidances have no teeth. Meanwhile the fat stem cell clinics and others that sell unapproved stem cell biologics of various kinds such as amniotics, take advantage of this gray area to milk patients for millions of dollars all the while putting such patients at risk. The clinics are literally laughing at the FDA all the way to the bank.

Why should you care about this as a stem cell researcher, patient advocate, or other interested party? As has happened in the past, people are going to get hurt or killed at these clinics, and not only is that a tragedy unto itself, but also it will reflect badly on the whole stem cell arena. This magnifies the negative impact.

The unchecked stem cell clinic industry also has other negative effects such as muddying the waters for patients over just what is (and what isnt) a legit stem cell therapy and research. We are also seeing some at academic institutions starting to give in to temptation and work with the dubious clinics too probably for the big bucks involved. In short, the war isnt going well and the risks are growing.

So what do to?

We need to push the FDA to act more consistently, quickly, and forcefully on this problem. Maybe they think they are acting on it, but from my view it seems to be in slow motion. A recent poll on my blog indicates a larger sense within the stem cell community that the FDA isnt being effective on stem cell clinics. And by my own calculations, the number of stem cell clinics in the US alone is skyrocketing. The FDA doesnt have much time.

If more patients are injured or even die after getting questionable stem cell therapies, in a sense the FDA will bear part of the blame because of their ineffectiveness.

We also need organizations to step up to the plate and confront the clinics as well. When individuals such as myself and others including Leigh Turner and Doug Sipp do this, we have had some positive impact, but at great risk to ourselves. It is literally dangerous for us. I have been threatened with litigation and literally threatened to be attacked or killed.

Educational efforts can also be helpful and that is a major mission of this blog.

In the absence of timely FDA action, an out of control stem cell free market is churning. In January of thisyear I called it a wild west of medicine. It really feels that way. Theres demand so there will be supply. Something fundamental needs to change or the war is over and patients lose out, as does the stem cell field.

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Predatory stem cell clinics are winning the war; what can ...

Scientists reveal how stem cells defend against viruses

September 21, 2015 Left: Embryonic stem cells with silencing of viruses.Right: Removal of silencing machineries Cha1fa and Sumo2 resulting in the activation of viruses (in green). Credit: Jonathan Loh, A*STAR's Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology

Scientists from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), a research institute under the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, have uncovered the mechanisms which embryonic stem cells employ to inhibit virus expression. The ground-breaking discovery could potentially advance stem cell therapeutics and diagnostics.

Several stem cell types including embryonic and haematopoietic stem cells are known to be capable of suppressing the activities of infected viruses and viral DNA residing in the host genome. This characteristic property, known as proviral silencing, however, has not been fully understood. In order to study this, a team of scientists from IMCB designed a novel assay which allowed them to screen all the genes present in embryonic stem cells.

Through the screening platform, the team identified 303 genes and elucidated 148 biological processes and pathways linked to proviral silencing, suggesting that proviral silencing is controlled by coordinated mechanisms involving multiple cellular pathways. Through a comprehensive analysis, the scientists concluded that two specific genes, Chaf1a and Sumo2, are the key factors linked to proviral silencing. The findings of the study were reported in the top-tier scientific journal, Cell.

Further studies on the roles of Chaf1a and Sumo2 in stem cell proviral silencing can shed new light on stem cells and virus biology that could translate into valuable therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Dr Jonathan Loh, Principal Investigator of IMCB, said, "This is the first detailed study on proviral silencing in embryonic stem cells, and it helped us gain a deeper understanding of stem cells and its unique proviral silencing ability. With the new insights, we can better identify the good stem cells and use them more efficiently and safely in clinical therapies. We can also devise diagnostic approaches by studying the activities of the virus DNA within stem cells in various diseased conditions."

Prof Hong Wanjin, Executive Director of IMCB, said, "Fundamental research on human biology seeks to understand crucial biological processes occurring within humans in order to bring advancement in therapeutics and improve lives. With the growing importance of stem cell therapy, this study is a fitting example of how upstream research can potentially benefit and shape its applications."

Explore further: Stem cells born out of indecision

More information: Systematic Identification of Factors for Provirus Silencing in Embryonic Stem Cells, http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2815%2901089-2

Scientists at the University of Copenhagen have gained new insight into embryonic stem cells and how blocking their ability to make choices explains why they stay as stem cells in culture. The results have just been published ...

Each baby girl starts out with two X chromosomes, but to be healthy she only needs the genes from one. The extra X chromosome gets trussed up and shut down in the earliest stages of development.

In cell division, nothing is as important as the precise replication of billions of genetic letters that make up DNA. Since this genomic integrity is so fundamental to survival, scientists had assumed that replication mechanisms ...

Singapore scientists from A*STAR's Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) have, for the first time, found further evidence of how the differentiation of pluripotent cells is tied to and controlled by the cell cycle clock. This ...

The importance of a chromatin remodeler gene, Chd1, in regulating the ability of embryonic stem cells to develop into other cell types has been revealed in a new study by A*STAR researchers.

In the animal kingdom, the flashiest males often have more luck attracting a mate. But when your predators hunt by sight, this can pose an interesting problem.

According to a well-known theory in evolutionary biology healthy females should give birth to more males than females. A study funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation shows why this is not always true.

We each give off millions of bacteria from our human microbiome to the air around us every day, and that cloud of bacteria can be traced back to an individual. New research focused on the personal microbial cloudthe airborne ...

New research shows beetles that received no care as larvae were less effective at raising a large brood as parents. Males paired with 'low quality' females - those that received no care as larvae - paid the price by dying ...

A team of scientists from the University of California, Riverside and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines, recently published a study unlocking the secret to just how rice seeds might be able ...

In deserts and other arid lands, microbes often form very thin top layers on soil known as biocrusts, which behave a bit like Rip Van Winkle. He removed himself from a stressful environment by sleeping for decades, and awoke ...

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Scientists reveal how stem cells defend against viruses

BMC Veterinary Research | All articles

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Investigating the prevalence of Salmonella in dogs within the Midlands region of the United Kingdom

Preena Lowden, Corrin Wallis, Nancy Gee, Anthony Hilton BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:239 (17 September 2015)

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Evaluation of inhibition of F4ac positive Escherichia coli attachment with xanthine dehydrogenase, butyrophilin, lactadherin and fatty acid binding protein

Predrag Novakovic, Chandrashekhar Charavaryamath, Igor Moshynskyy, Betty Lockerbie, Radhey Kaushik, Matthew Loewen, Beverly Kidney, Chris Stuart, Elemir Simko BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:238 (15 September 2015)

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Saliva as an alternative specimen for detection of Schmallenberg virus-specific antibodies in bovines

Justas Lazutka, Aliona Spakova, Vilimas Sereika, Raimundas Lelesius, Kestutis Sasnauskas, Rasa Petraityte-Burneikiene BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:237 (15 September 2015)

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Veterinary homeopathy: Systematic review of medical conditions studied by randomised trials controlled by other than placebo

Robert T Mathie, Jrgen Clausen BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:236 (15 September 2015)

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Endocrine control of canine mammary neoplasms: serum reproductive hormone levels and tissue expression of steroid hormone, prolactin and growth hormone receptors

Michle Spoerri, Franco Guscetti, Sonja Hartnack, Alois Boos, Christine Oei, Orsolya Balogh, Renata M Nowaczyk, Erika Michel, Iris M Reichler, Mariusz P Kowalewski BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:235 (15 September 2015)

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S100A12 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity in the intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs

Mohsen Hanifeh, Romy Heilmann, Satu Sankari, Minna Rajamki, Laura Mkitalo, Pernilla Syrj, Susanne Kilpinen, Jan Suchodolski, Jrg Steiner, Thomas Spillmann BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:234 (14 September 2015)

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Validity and practical utility of accelerometry for the measurement of in-hand physical activity in horses

R. Morrison, D. Sutton, C. Ramsoy, N. Hunter-Blair, J. Carnwath, E. Horsfield, P. Yam BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:233 (11 September 2015)

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Induction of ROS generation and NF-B activation in MARC-145 cells by a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Southwest of China isolate

Yulin Yan, Aiguo Xin, Qian Liu, Hui Huang, Zhiyong Shao, Yating Zang, Ling Chen, Yongke Sun, Hong Gao BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:232 (10 September 2015)

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Evaluation of eating and rumination behaviour in 300 cows of three different breeds using a noseband pressure sensor

Ueli Braun, Susanne Zrcher, Michael Hssig BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:231 (4 September 2015)

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Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor protein expression is asymmetrically distributed in primary lung tumor and metastatic to lung osteosarcoma samples and does not correlate with gene methylation

Chamisa Herrera, Dae Kim, Senthil Kumar, Jeffrey Bryan BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:230 (4 September 2015)

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Post mortem computed tomography and core needle biopsy in comparison to autopsy in eleven bernese mountain dogs with histiocytic sarcoma

Franziska Hostettler, Dominique Wiener, Monika Welle, Horst Posthaus, Urs Geissbhler BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:229 (2 September 2015)

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Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of imepitoin in dogs with newly diagnosed epilepsy in a randomized controlled clinical study with long-term follow up

Chris Rundfeldt, Andrea Tipold, Wolfgang Lscher BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:228 (2 September 2015)

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Ultrasonographic examination of the spinal cord and collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the atlanto-occipital space in cattle

Ueli Braun, Jeannette Attiger, Carina Brammertz BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:227 (2 September 2015)

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Screening anthelmintic resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica isolated from sheep by means of an egg hatch assay

David Robles-Prez, Jos Martnez-Prez, Francisco Rojo-Vzquez, Mara Martnez-Valladares BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:226 (28 August 2015)

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Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (1): duration of elimination diets

Thierry Olivry, Ralf Mueller, Pascal Prlaud BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:225 (28 August 2015)

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International veterinary epilepsy task force recommendations for systematic sampling and processing of brains from epileptic dogs and cats

Kaspar Matiasek, Mart Pumarola i Batlle, Marco Rosati, Francisco Fernndez-Flores, Andrea Fischer, Eva Wagner, Mette Berendt, Sofie Bhatti, Luisa De Risio, Robyn Farquhar, Sam Long, Karen Muana, Edward Patterson, Akos Pakozdy, Jacques Penderis, Simon Platt, Michael Podell, Heidrun Potschka, Clare Rusbridge, Veronika Stein, Andrea Tipold, Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:216 (28 August 2015)

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International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol

Clare Rusbridge, Sam Long, Jelena Jovanovik, Marjorie Milne, Mette Berendt, Sofie Bhatti, Luisa De Risio, Robyn Farqhuar, Andrea Fischer, Kaspar Matiasek, Karen Muana, Edward Patterson, Akos Pakozdy, Jacques Penderis, Simon Platt, Michael Podell, Heidrun Potschka, Veronika Stein, Andrea Tipold, Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:194 (28 August 2015)

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International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals

Mette Berendt, Robyn Farquhar, Paul Mandigers, Akos Pakozdy, Sofie Bhatti, Luisa De Risio, Andrea Fischer, Sam Long, Kaspar Matiasek, Karen Muana, Edward Patterson, Jacques Penderis, Simon Platt, Michael Podell, Heidrun Potschka, Mart Pumarola, Clare Rusbridge, Veronika Stein, Andrea Tipold, Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:182 (28 August 2015)

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International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: outcome of therapeutic interventions in canine and feline epilepsy

Heidrun Potschka, Andrea Fischer, Wolfgang Lscher, Ned Patterson, Sofie Bhatti, Mette Berendt, Luisa De Risio, Robyn Farquhar, Sam Long, Paul Mandigers, Kaspar Matiasek, Karen Muana, Akos Pakozdy, Jacques Penderis, Simon Platt, Michael Podell, Clare Rusbridge, Veronika Stein, Andrea Tipold, Holger A Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:177 (28 August 2015)

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International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe

Sofie Bhatti, Luisa De Risio, Karen Muana, Jacques Penderis, Veronika Stein, Andrea Tipold, Mette Berendt, Robyn Farquhar, Andrea Fischer, Sam Long, Wolfgang Lscher, Paul Mandigers, Kaspar Matiasek, Akos Pakozdy, Edward Patterson, Simon Platt, Michael Podell, Heidrun Potschka, Clare Rusbridge, Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:176 (28 August 2015)

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International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Forces current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs

Velia-Isabel Hlsmeyer, Andrea Fischer, Paul Mandigers, Luisa DeRisio, Mette Berendt, Clare Rusbridge, Sofie Bhatti, Akos Pakozdy, Edward Patterson, Simon Platt, Rowena Packer, Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:175 (28 August 2015)

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International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus reports on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology, affected dog breeds, diagnosis, treatment, outcome measures of therapeutic trials, neuroimaging and neuropathology in companion animals

Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:174 (28 August 2015)

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International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs

Luisa De Risio, Sofie Bhatti, Karen Muana, Jacques Penderis, Veronika Stein, Andrea Tipold, Mette Berendt, Robyn Farqhuar, Andrea Fischer, Sam Long, Paul Mandigers, Kaspar Matiasek, Rowena Packer, Akos Pakozdy, Ned Patterson, Simon Platt, Michael Podell, Heidrun Potschka, Mart Batlle, Clare Rusbridge, Holger Volk BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:148 (28 August 2015)

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BoHV-4 immediate early 1 gene is a dispensable gene and its product is not a bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 counteracting factor

Valentina Franceschi, Antonio Capocefalo, Sarah Jacca, Alfonso Rosamilia, Sandro Cavirani, Fengwen Xu, Wentao Qiao, Gaetano Donofrio BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:224 (27 August 2015)

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Update on epidemiology of canine babesiosis in Southern France

Magalie Ren-Martellet, Claire Moro, Jeanne Chne, Gilles Bourdoiseau, Luc Chabanne, Patrick Mavingui BMC Veterinary Research 2015, 11:223 (25 August 2015)

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Has the FDA given up on regulating stem cell clinics …

What the heck happened to the FDA when it comes to regulating stem cell clinics?

Has it given up?

Or does it just seem that way because it moves in slow motion?

The FDA might as well have thrown in the towelbecause, as I like to say, the stem cell field moves in dog years. Often times 7 years worth of stem cell happenings take place in just onehuman calendar year. An example of this warp speed is the approximate doubling of the number of stem cell clinics in the US in the last year or so.

There was a time when I was perhaps naive enough thatI thought that regulatory agencies legally tasked with oversight of biologics would take swift action against violators, particularly if the products or procedures in question were not proven to be safe or effective. Patients are at serious risk.

Throw in some evidence of predatory behavior and dubious public claims and lack of training at some clinics, and the FDA in the US, for example, surely would do something about it as thousands of patients get these dubious interventions. Right?

Im no so sure anymore.

I still believe in appropriate regulation of stem cell-based medical products and interventions.The FDA has now won their recent legal case on regulating proliferated stem cell products as biological drugs and it would seem they should if anything be energized to put the stem cell clinic sphere in order.

Cue crickets chirping.

The FDA appears at least on the surface not to be doing much of anything on stem cell clinics even as the number of dubious stem cell clinics in the US has stormed past 100. One problem right up the FDAs alley for regulation is that these places are selling and using unapproved products and devices, and in that way putting patients at serious risk. For example, as best as I can tell there has been no recent FDA action on stromal vascular fraction (SVF), a product that the FDA has, at least in the past, defined in no uncertain terms as a biological drug. Meanwhile more and moreclinics sell SVF treatments and it isspiraling out of control.

What is happening as a result of this lack of action by the FDA is bad for the stem cell field and for biomedical science more generally in addition to putting patients at risk as they literally pay to be participants in unapproved, for-profit human experiments. The reputation of the stem cell field overall is also in jeopardy.

Its a weird situation. On the one hand the FDA holds those with good intentions (e.g. biotech and academic researchers working to do clinical trials) to appropriate, relatively strict standards, but on the other hand turns an apparent blind eye to an entire unregulated industry of stem cell clinics.

Even as the number of dubious clinics rockets upward, in the past year or so the FDA has issued no warning letters in this sphere and as best as I can tell not done much of anything. If the lack of FDA action meant that the stem cell clinic sphere was becoming more responsible and safer then Id be cheering that, but instead I think it reflects some change at the FDA that is not encouraging.

The FDA has a unique opportunity to do something to help remedy this situation and clarify the regulatory sphere related to stem cells this year as it is slated to release new guidance sometime in 2014 on amongst other things SVF and other fat stem cell products. Will they punt? Will they stand firm? At this point, its anybodys guess.

Here are the pertinent sections to focus on in the page linked to above:

The FDA tells me they are taking actual actions too in this arena, but they cannot discuss it and the action is not apparent in the public sphereyet.

However, effectively their inaction or slow motion action has created what I have termed default deregulation and this will only become more entrenched as the number of dubious clinics and untrained physicians pitching stem cell interventions without regulatory approval continues to skyrocket.

I often talk to the clinics and as appropriate I sometimes tell them they are not following FDA regulations, etc.

Im not sure if I can even say that anymore since the FDA seems to be in effective hibernation on stem cell clinics.

Are the clinic operators right they can pretty much do whatever they want with whatever devices and products they feel like without worrying about the FDA? Im not sure anymore because it feels like the FDA is all talk and no action lately on stem cell clinics. Well, actually, no talk and no action.

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Stem Cell Treatment May Help Ease Osteoarthritis Pain …

Last year, Patricia Beals was told she'd need a double knee replacement to repair her severely arthritic knees or she'd probably spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair.

Hoping to avoid surgery, Beals, 72, opted instead for an experimental treatment that involved harvesting bone marrow stem cells from her hip, concentrating the cells in a centrifuge and injecting them back into her damaged joints.

"Almost from the moment I got up from the table, I was able to throw away my cane," Beals says. "Now I'm biking and hiking like a 30-year-old."

A handful of doctors around the country are administering treatments like the one Beals received to stop or even reverse the ravages of osteoarthritis. Stem cells are the only cells in the body able to morph into other types of specialized cells. When the patient's own stem cells are injected into a damaged joint, they appear to transform into chondrocytes, the cells that go on to produce fresh cartilage. They also seem to amplify the body's own natural repair efforts by accelerating healing, reducing inflammation, and preventing scarring and loss of function.

Christopher J. Centeno, M.D., the rehab medicine specialist who performed Beals' procedure, says the results he sees from stem cell therapy are remarkable. Of the more-than-200 patients his Bloomfield, Colo., clinic treated over a two-year period, he says, "two thirds of them reported greater than 50 percent relief and about 40 percent reported more than 75 percent relief one to two years afterward."

According to Centeno, knees respond better to the treatment than hips. Only eight percent of his knee patients opted for a total knee replacement two years after receiving a stem cell injection. The complete results from his clinical observations will be published in a major orthopedic journal later this year.

The Pros and Cons

The biggest advantage stem cell injections seem to offer over more invasive arthritis remedies is a quicker, easier recovery. The procedure is done on an outpatient basis and the majority of patients are up and moving within 24 hours. Most wear a brace for several weeks but still can get around. Many are even able to do some gentle stationary cycling by the end of the first week.

There are also fewer complications. A friend who had knee replacement surgery the same day Beals had her treatment developed life-threatening blood clots and couldn't walk for weeks afterwards. Six months out, she still hasn't made a full recovery.

Most surgeries don't go so awry, but still: Beals just returned from a week-long cycling trip where she covered 20 to 40 miles per day without so much as a tweak of pain.

As for risks, Centeno maintains they are virtually nonexistent.

"Because the stem cells come from your own body, there's little chance of infection or rejection," he says.

Not all medical experts are quite so enthusiastic, however. Dr. Tom Einhorn, chairman of the department of orthopedic surgery at Boston University, conducts research with stem cells but does not use them to treat arthritic patients. He thinks the idea is interesting but the science is not there yet.

"We need to have animal studies and analyze what's really happening under the microscope. Then, and only then, can you start doing this with patients," he says.

The few studies completed to date have examined how stem cells heal traumatic injuries rather than degenerative conditions such as arthritis. Results have been promising but, as Einhorn points out, the required repair mechanisms in each circumstance are very different.

Another downside is cost: The injections aren't approved by the FDA, which means they aren't covered by insurance. At $4,000 a pop -- all out of pocket -- they certainly aren't cheap, and many patients require more than one shot.

Ironically, one thing driving up the price is FDA involvement. Two years ago, the agency stepped in and stopped physicians from intensifying stem cells in the lab for several days before putting them back into the patient. This means all procedures must be done on the same day, no stem cells may be preserved and many of the more expensive aspects of the treatment must be repeated each time.

Centeno says same day treatments often aren't as effective, either.

But despite the sky-high price tag and lack of evidence, patients like Beals believe the treatment is nothing short of a miracle. She advises anyone who is a candidate for joint replacement to consider stem cells first.

"Open your mind up and step into it," she says. "Do it. It's so effective. It's the future and it works."

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Pluripotent Stem Cells 101 | Boston Children’s Hospital

Pluripotent stem cells are master cells. Theyre able to make cells from all three basic body layers, so they can potentially produce any cell or tissue the body needs to repair itself. This master property is called pluripotency. Like all stem cells, pluripotent stem cells are also able to self-renew, meaning they can perpetually create more copies of themselves.

There are several types of pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells. At Childrens Hospital Boston, we use the broader term because pluripotent stem cells can come from different sources, and each method creates a cell with slightly different properties.

But all of them are able to differentiate, or mature, into the three primary groups of cells that form a human being:

Right now, its not clear which type or types of pluripotent stem cells will ultimately be used to create cells for treatment, but all of them are valuable for research purposes, and each type has unique lessons to teach scientists. Scientists are just beginning to understand the subtle differences between the different kinds of pluripotent stem cells, and studying all of them offers the greatest chance of success in using them to help patients.

Types of pluripotent stem cells:

All four types of pluripotent stem cells are being actively studied at Childrens.

Induced pluripotent cells (iPS cells): Scientists have discovered ways to take an ordinary cell, such as a skin cell, and reprogram it by introducing several genes that convert it into a pluripotent cell. These genetically reprogrammed cells are known as induced pluripotent cells, or iPS cells. The Stem Cell Program at Childrens Hospital Boston was one of the first three labs to do this in human cells, an accomplishment cited as the Breakthrough of the Year in 2008 by the journal Science.

iPS cells offer great therapeutic potential. Because they come from a patients own cells, they are genetically matched to that patient, so they can eliminate tissue matching and tissue rejection problems that currently hinder successful cell and tissue transplantation. iPS cells are also a valuable research tool for understanding how different diseases develop.

Because iPS cells are derived from skin or other body cells, some people feel that genetic reprogramming is more ethical than deriving embryonic stem cells from embryos or eggs. However, this process must be carefully controlled and tested for safety before its used to create treatments. In animal studies, some of the genes and the viruses used to introduce them have been observed to cause cancer. More research is also needed to make the process of creating iPS cells more efficient.

iPS cells are of great interest at Childrens, and the lab of George Q. Daley, MD, PhD, Director of Stem Cell Transplantation Program, reported creating 10 disease-specific iPS lines, the start of a growing repository of iPS cell lines.

Embryonic stem cells: Scientists use embryonic stem cell as a general term for pluripotent stem cells that are made using embryos or eggs, rather than for cells genetically reprogrammed from the body. There are several types of embryonic stem cells:

1. True embryonic stem cell (ES cells) These are perhaps the best-known type of pluripotent stem cell, made from unused embryos that are donated by couples who have undergone in vitro fertilization (IVF). The IVF process, in which the egg and sperm are brought together in a lab dish, frequently generates more embryos than a couple needs to achieve a pregnancy.

These unused embryos are sometimes frozen for future use, sometimes made available to other couples undergoing fertility treatment, and sometimes simply discarded, but some couples choose to donate them to science. For details on how theyre turned into stem cells, visit our page How do we get pluripotent stem cells?

Pluripotent stem cells made from embryos are generic and arent genetically matched to a particular patient, so are unlikely to be used to create cells for treatment. Instead, they are used to advance our knowledge of how stem cells behave and differentiate.

2. Stem cells made by somatic cell nuclear transfer (ntES cells) The term somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) means, literally, transferring the nucleus (which contains all of a cells genetic instructions) from a somatic cellany cell of the bodyto another cell, in this case an egg cell. This type of pluripotent stem cell, sometimes called an ntES cell, has only been made successfully in lower animals. To make ntES cells in human patients, an egg donor would be needed, as well as a cell from the patient (typically a skin cell).

The process of transferring a different nucleus into the egg reprograms it to a pluripotent state, reactivating the full set of genes for making all the tissues of the body. The egg is then allowed to develop in the lab for several days, and pluripotent stem cells are derived from it. (Read more in How do we get pluripotent stem cells?)

Like iPS cells, ntES cells match the patient genetically. If created successfully in humans, and if proven safe, ntES cells could completely eliminate tissue matching and tissue rejection problems. For this reason, they are actively being researched at Childrens.

3. Stem cells from unfertilized eggs (parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells) Through chemical treatments, unfertilized eggs can be tricked into developing into embryos without being fertilized by sperm, a process called parthenogenesis. The embryos are allowed to develop in the lab for several days, and then pluripotent stem cells can be derived from them (for more, see How do we get pluripotent stem cells?)

If this technique is proven safe, a woman might be able to donate her own eggs to create pluripotent stem cells matching her genetically that in turn could be used to make cells that wouldnt be rejected by her immune system.

Through careful genetic typing, it might also be possible to use pES cells to create treatments for patients beyond the egg donor herself, by creating master banks of cells matched to different tissue types. In 2006, working with mice, Childrens researchers were the first to demonstrate the potential feasibility of this approach. (For details, see Turning pluripotent stem cells into treatment).

Because pES cells can be made more easily and more efficiently than ntES cells, they could potentially be ready for clinical use sooner. However, more needs to be known about their safety. Concerns have been raised that tissues derived from them might not function normally.

Read more about pluripotent stem cells by following these links:

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Pluripotent Stem Cells 101 | Boston Children's Hospital

PRP Therapy (Platelet-Rich Plasma) – JointRehab.com

Although PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) Therapy has been around since the mid-1990s many people are still unaware of this beneficial treatment.

Various fields of medicine, including dentistry, neurosurgery, wound healing, and orthopedics, have only just begun to scrape the surface of the long-term and ongoing benefits that can result from employing this valuable therapy.

What is it? A Quick Lesson on Blood In a nutshell, a PRP injection delivers a high concentration of endogenous (your own home-grown) platelets to an area of injury.

To understand the therapeutic value of PRP injections, you need to have a basic understanding of the make-up of blood. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Its these platelets that are the injurys first-responders and help revascularize an injured area, construct new tissue, and stop the bleeding.

Because platelets play a significant role in the healing of tissue, reintroducing a high concentration of platelets directly into the injured area may enhance the healing process.

The physiological effects include:

Increase tissue regeneration (tendon, ligament, soft tissue) Decrease inflammation Decrease pain Increase collagen (base component of connective tissue) Increase bone density Increase angiogenesis (development of new blood cells)

In the world of high-stakes sports, many stars swear by it. Tiger Woods received PRP injections in his left knee following surgery, and L.A. Dodgers pitcher, Takashi Saito was able to return to the mound for the 2008 playoffs as a result of this little-known therapy.

Studies have seconded these testimonials. A recent study published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine (2006) reviewed the effectiveness of PRP therapy in patients with chronic elbow pain. Fifteen patients were treated with PRP therapy. The results documented a 60% improvement at eight weeks, 81% at six months, and 93% at final follow-up (12-38 months). There were no side effects or complications reported.

The Trouble with Tendons Tendon injuries often become chronic because of the poor blood supply to these areas. Athletes and active people tend to have these issues and sometimes a whole career or hobby can be ruined by this ongoing complication. A PRP injection allows a quick and focused action to the area of injury, which allows it to heal more effectively and rapidly.

The Procedure A patients blood is drawn and placed in a centrifuge which separates the platelet-rich plasma from the rest of the blood. This plasma is then injected into the area of injury. Its a quick procedure with little, if any, downtime. Its also safe because the platelets are derived from the patients own blood, so there is no risk of rejection or reaction.

Not every patient is treated with PRP. We do not treat every patient with PRP, most often, Dextrose Prolotherapy is used instead of PRP, because of the extra step in drawing your blood, the extra expense in purchasing the PRP kit, and extra time it takes to prepare the platelets. The injections are exactly the same way, but the proliferant, or solution injected is different. For many years we have had great success in healing 1000s of patients and having them avoid surgery with dextrose Prolotherapy.

Your decision to have PRP should be discussed with us to determine which type of Prolotherapy, (Dextrose, platelets, or another proliferant) is best for you.

Not every doctor is proficient in PRP Therapy Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy has become very popular. Physicians who do not do traditional Prolotherapy are now offering PRP. Unfortunately, these untrained doctors are injecting the platelets in a way that is often painful, debilitating for weeks, and can leave hematomas (collections of clotted blood) in the area injected. We believe that PRP is best delivered by a physician already experienced and well versed in Prolotherapy.

Platelet alpha granules contain potent growth factors necessary to begin tissue repair and regeneration at the wound site. Concentrated autologous platelets contain large reservoirs of growth factors that have the potential to greatly accelerate the normal healing process, naturally. The use of concentrated growth factors is considered by many to be a new frontier of clinical therapy

Excerpts in this article from Harvest Technologies Corp

1. Marx, R.E. , et al,Platelet-Rich Plasma Growth Factor Enhancement for Bone Grafts, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Patrhol, 1998;85:638-646.

2. Antonaides, H.N., et al,Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Structure and Functions, Federation Proceedings, 1983;42:2630-2634.

3. Pierce, G.F., et al,PDGF-BB,TGF-1 and Basic FGF in Dermal Wound Healing: Neovessel and Matrix Formation and Cessation Repair, Am J Pathology, 1992;140:1375-1388.

Marc Darrow, M.D., J.D., utilizes Stem Cell Therapy, Platatelt Rich Plasma Therapy, and Prolotherapy for the treatment of chronoc joint and back pain. Dr. Marc Darrow is a Board Certified Physiatrist specializing in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

Originally posted here:
PRP Therapy (Platelet-Rich Plasma) - JointRehab.com

Stem Cells News — ScienceDaily

Sep. 3, 2015 A number of illnesses causing blindness can be cured from transplanting cells from the oral cavity. New findings make the treatment accessible to the places where the condition strikes the most ... read more Aug. 26, 2015 Compounds found in purple potatoes may help kill colon cancer stem cells and limit the spread of the cancer, according to a team of ... read more Aug. 20, 2015 Scientists have developed a novel way to engineer the growth and expansion of energy-burning 'good' fat, and then found that this fat helped reduce weight gain and lower blood glucose ... read more How Newts Can Help Osteoarthritis Patients Aug. 20, 2015 Osteoarthritis is the most common form of joint disease worldwide. Now, scientists have taken a leaf out of natures book in an attempt to develop effective stem cell treatment for osteoarthritis, ... read more Regenerating Nerve Tissue in Spinal Cord Injuries Aug. 13, 2015 Researchers are exploring a new therapy using stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries within the first 14 to 30 days of injury. The therapy uses a population of cells derived from human embryonic ... read more Newly Discovered Cells Regenerate Liver Tissue Without Forming Tumors Aug. 13, 2015 The mechanisms that allow the liver to repair and regenerate itself have long been a matter of debate. Now researchers have discovered a population of liver cells that are better at regenerating ... read more Aug. 12, 2015 Scientists have discovered metabolic rejuvenation factors in eggs. This critical finding furthers our understanding of how cellular metabolism changes during aging, and during rejuvenation after egg ... read more Can Stem Cells Cause and Cure Cancer? Aug. 12, 2015 Simply put, cancer is caused by mutations to genes within a cell that lead to abnormal cell growth. Finding out what causes that genetic mutation has been the holy grail of medical science for ... read more Why Statins Should Be Viewed as a Double-Edged Sword Aug. 12, 2015 Statins have significant cardiovascular benefits, but also serious side effects. A new study finds that statin use impairs stem cell function, which helps in slowing atherosclerosis but hinders other ... read more Researcher Studying Advances in Next-Generation Stem Cell Culture Technologies Aug. 10, 2015 A researcher is studying ways to advance the next generation of cell culture technologiesthe removal of stem cells from an organism and the controlled growth of those cells in an engineering ... read more Stem Cells Help Researchers Study the Effects of Pollution on Human Health Aug. 10, 2015 Embryonic stem cells could serve as a model to evaluate the physiological effects of environmental pollutants efficiently and cost-effectively. The use of stem cells has found another facade. In the ... read more Aug. 5, 2015 Scientists have, for the first time, found further evidence of how the differentiation of pluripotent cells is tied to and controlled by the cell cycle clock. This deeper understanding of how cells ... read more From Pluripotency to Totipotency Aug. 4, 2015 While it is already possible to obtain in vitro pluripotent cells (i.e., cells capable of generating all tissues of an embryo) from any cell type, researchers have pushed the limits of science even ... read more Precision Medicine Brought One Step Closer to the Clinic Aug. 3, 2015 A revolutionary, high-throughput, robotic platform has been designed that automates and standardizes the process of transforming patient samples into stem cells. This unique platform for the first ... read more Aug. 3, 2015 Investigators report that they have been able to drive cells to grow into muscle fibers, producing millimeter-long muscle fibers capable of contracting in a dish and multiplying in large numbers. ... read more July 30, 2015 Evaluating drug-induced liver injury is a critical part of pharmaceutical drug discovery and must be carried out on human liver cells. Now, scientists report that they produced large amounts of ... read more How a Single Molecule Turns One Immune Cell Into Another July 30, 2015 All it takes is one molecule to reprogram an antibody-producing B cell into a scavenging macrophage. This transformation is possible, new evidence shows, because the molecule (C/EBPa, a transcription ... read more July 29, 2015 A first-of-its kind prostate 'organoid' grown from human embryonic stem cells has enabled researchers to show that exposure to bisphenol A, a chemical in many plastics, can cause ... read more Scientists Identify Gene Vital for Rebuilding Intestine After Cancer Treatment July 29, 2015 A rare type of stem cell is immune to radiation damage thanks to high levels of a gene called Sox9, researchers have ... read more New Drug for Blood Cancers Now in Five Phase II Clinical Trials July 28, 2015 The safety and dosing of a new drug for treating blood cancers has now been established by a group of scientists. The drug is a small molecule inhibitor that suppresses the activity of a signaling ... read more

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Stem Cells News -- ScienceDaily

Doctors Question Perry’s Stem Cell Back Treatment

Associated PressAugust 19, 2011

He calls it innovative. Others call it a big risk. In any case, the stem cell procedure that Texas Gov. Rick Perry had last month was an unusual experiment to fix a common malady: a bad back. Perry and his doctor chose a treatment beyond mainstream medicine: He had stem cells taken from fat in his own body, grown in a lab and then injected into his back and his bloodstream during a July 1 operation to fuse part of his spine.

Some top scientists are questioning the safety and wisdom of Perry's treatment, especially because it was not part of a clinical trial in which unproven therapies are tested in a way that helps protect patients and advances medical knowledge.

It used Perry's own "adult" stem cells.Adult stem cells have long been used to treat cancers such as leukemia and lymphomait's what doctors are using when they do bone marrow transplants.

Perry, however, had an even more experimental procedure: stem cells from fat removed by liposuction and grown in a lab for some time before they were put into his spine and bloodstream.

Besides safety concerns, little is known about whether such cell therapies work.

Patients may believe cells helped them, but there's no way to know they did unless a study is done comparing those who did and did not receive such treatment, said Dr. Scott Rodeo, an orthopedic surgeon at Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. He was a physician to the USA Olympics Teams in 2004 and 2008 and is associate team physician for the New York Giants football team.

Read the full story at news.yahoo.com.

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Doctors Question Perry's Stem Cell Back Treatment

Embryonic stem cell research: an ethical dilemma | Europe …

A human embryo can split into twins or triplets until about 14 days after fertilization

Egg and sperm: some people believe an embryo must be fully protected from conception onwards (Wellcome Images/Spike Walker)

Human blastocyst on the tip of a pin: embryonic stem cells can be grown from cells found in the blastocyst (Wellcome Images/Yorgos Nikas)

Some people think an embryo deserves special protection from about 14 days after fertilization

Many patients could one day benefit from embryonic stem cell research

The rules controlling embryonic stem cell research vary around the world and have been the topic of much discussion

Embryonic stem cell research poses a moral dilemma. It forces us to choose between two moral principles:

In the case of embryonic stem cell research, it is impossible to respect both moral principles.To obtain embryonic stem cells, the early embryo has to be destroyed. This means destroying a potential human life. But embryonic stem cell research could lead to the discovery of new medical treatments that would alleviate the suffering of many people. So which moral principle should have the upper hand in this situation? The answer hinges on how we view the embryo. Does it have the status of a person?

Chapter 1 of this film introduces some of the key ethical arguments. Watch this film and others on our films page.

The moral status of the embryo is a controversial and complex issue. The main viewpoints are outlined below.

1. The embryo has full moral status from fertilization onwards Either the embryo is viewed as a person whilst it is still an embryo, or it is seen as a potential person. The criteria for personhood are notoriously unclear; different people define what makes a person in different ways.

Development from a fertilized egg into to baby is a continuous process and any attempt to pinpoint when personhood begins is arbitrary. A human embryo is a human being in the embryonic stage, just as an infant is a human being in the infant stage. Although an embryo does not currently have the characteristics of a person, it will become a person and should be given the respect and dignity of a person.

An early embryo that has not yet implanted into the uterus does not have the psychological, emotional or physical properties that we associate with being a person. It therefore does not have any interests to be protected and we can use it for the benefit of patients (who ARE persons).

The embryo cannot develop into a child without being transferred to a womans uterus. It needs external help to develop. Even then, the probability that embryos used for in vitro fertilization will develop into full-term successful births is low. Something that could potentially become a person should not be treated as if it actually were a person

2. There is a cut-off point at 14 days after fertilization Some people argue that a human embryo deserves special protection from around day 14 after fertilization because:

3. The embryo has increasing status as it develops An embryo deserves some protection from the moment the sperm fertilizes the egg, and its moral status increases as it becomes more human-like.

There are several stages of development that could be given increasing moral status:

1. Implantation of the embryo into the uterus wall around six days after fertilization. 2. Appearance of the primitive streak the beginnings of the nervous system at around 14 days. 3. The phase when the baby could survive if born prematurely. 4. Birth.

If a life is lost, we tend to feel differently about it depending on the stage of the lost life. A fertilized egg before implantation in the uterus could be granted a lesser degree of respect than a human fetus or a born baby.

More than half of all fertilized eggs are lost due to natural causes. If the natural process involves such loss, then using some embryos in stem cell research should not worry us either.

We protect a persons life and interests not because they are valuable from the point of view of the universe, but because they are important to the person concerned. Whatever moral status the human embryo has for us, the life that it lives has a value to the embryo itself.

If we judge the moral status of the embryo from its age, then we are making arbitrary decisions about who is human. For example, even if we say formation of the nervous system marks the start of personhood, we still would not say a patient who has lost nerve cells in a stroke has become less human.

If we are not sure whether a fertilized egg should be considered a human being, then we should not destroy it. A hunter does not shoot if he is not sure whether his target is a deer or a man.

4. The embryo has no moral status at all An embryo is organic material with a status no different from other body parts.

Fertilized human eggs are just parts of other peoples bodies until they have developed enough to survive independently. The only respect due to blastocysts is the respect that should be shown to other peoples property. If we destroy a blastocyst before implantation into the uterus we do not harm it because it has no beliefs, desires, expectations, aims or purposes to be harmed.

By taking embryonic stem cells out of an early embryo, we prevent the embryo from developing in its normal way. This means it is prevented from becoming what it was programmed to become a human being.

Different religions view the status of the early human embryo in different ways. For example, the Roman Catholic, Orthodox and conservative Protestant Churches believe the embryo has the status of a human from conception and no embryo research should be permitted. Judaism and Islam emphasize the importance of helping others and argue that the embryo does not have full human status before 40 days, so both these religions permit some research on embryos. Other religions take other positions. You can read more about this by downloading the extended version of this factsheet below.

Extended factsheet with a fuller discussion of the issues by Kristina Hug (pdf) EuroStemCell film "Conversations: ethics, science, stem cells" EuroStemCell factsheet on ethical issues relating to the sources of embyronic stem cells EuroStemCell factsheet on the science of embryonic stem cells EuroStemCell FAQ on human embryonic stem cells and their use in research EuroStemCell summaries of regulations on stem cell research in Europe Booklet for 16+ year olds about stem cells and ethics from the BBSRC Research paper on the ethics of embryonic stem cell research by Kristina Hug

This factsheet was created by Kristina Hug and reviewed by Gran Hermern.

Images courtesy of Wellcome Images: Egg and sperm by Spike Walker; Blastocyst on pin by Yorgos Nikas; Diabetes patient injecting insulin by the Wellcome library, London.

Other images from "Conversations : ethics, science, stem cells", a film by EuroStemCell.

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Embryonic stem cell research: an ethical dilemma | Europe ...