Mutated blood stem cell receptors could be therapeutic targets for leukaemia – Drug Target Review

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Researchers have identified that in leukaemia, mutated receptors allow blood stem cells to activate one another without the proper signal and suggest this discovery could lead to targeted novel therapies.

Research into cell signalling has shown that in leukaemia, mutations in the cytokine receptors of blood stem cells triggers an overproduction of blood cells, causing the condition. The scientists hope this discovery will pave the way for targeted novel therapeutics in future.

In the study, published in Science, the research team discovered that while blood stem cells are normally regulated by cytokines, mutations can allow them to be activated without the correct signals, prompting the development of blood cells to spiral out of control.

The researchers used super-resolution fluorescent microscopy to study the way blood stem cells communicate with each other in real time. They observed cytokines binding to designated cell surface receptors, pairing the blood stem cells up and causing the production of blood cells. But when cells with mutations affecting these receptors were introduced, the cells paired up without cytokines and produced an imbalance of healthy platelets, white and red blood cells.

Professor Ian Hitchcock from the York Biomedical Research Institute and the Department of Biology at the University of York, UK, explained: Our bodies produce billions of blood cells every day via a process of cells signalling between each other. Cytokines act like a factory supervisor, tightly regulating this process and controlling the development and proliferation of the different blood cell types.

Our observations led us to a previously unknown mechanism for how individual mutations trigger blood stem cells to start signalling independently of cytokines, causing the normal system to become out of control and leading to diseases like leukaemia. Understanding this mechanism may enable the identification of targets for the development of new drugs.

Professor Ilpo Vattulainen from the University of Helsinki, Finland, added: Our biomolecular simulations unveiled surprising features concerning the orientation of active receptor pairs at the plasma membrane, explaining how mutations render activation possible without a ligand (eg, cytokine). These predictions were subsequently confirmed experimentally.

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Mutated blood stem cell receptors could be therapeutic targets for leukaemia - Drug Target Review

Chopping Genes and Growing Brains – The LumberJack

Biology professor John Steele guided a cell biology lab his first year at HSU wherein he wanted to teach students that cells need nutrients to survive. After 48 hours, the lab discovered quite the opposite. James Gomez, a current student in the lab, had the opportunity to research more into the groundbreaking discovery.

In science, youre kinda looking for that unexpected stuff, Gomez said. Right after I came in, I was really excited to be a part of that. There was this thing that was happening that we particularly cant fully explain, and Im actually in the lab doing that science.

Steeles experiment for his class involved students starving the cells of nutrients to trigger a state of autophagy, which is when the cell starts to consume itself. Steele meant to emphasize that cells needed nutrients like amino acids and lipids to survive. It was assumed that starving cells of key nutrients eventually killed them.

Steele said the experiment was common, and was usually shut down after six to eight hours. Steele decided to run it for 48 hours instead, since that was the time between lab sections. When his class returned returned to the lab, rather than seeing a bunch of dead cells, they were decidedly more alive. The lab had made a discovery.

Despite the cells being in autophagy in Steeles experiment, they had stopped dividing and took on a strange morphology. Their metabolic rate was highthey were very much not dead.

Now the lab, including Gomez, are deep in research. The lab is introducing pathway inhibitors, or drugs, to block basic cell functions, narrowing down the essential and non-essential. The project is open-ended, as students methodically look at every cellular pathway to determine the needs of cells.

What I love about this project is that it was born here, Steele said. Nobody else that I know of is working on this, outside of HSU. Thats an awesome process to be a part of, where students get hands-on training in phenotypic genetic screening and drug screening, and we get to learn about the basic biology of cells in doing this.

Steele encourages the students in his lab to explore the boundaries of their knowledge. CRISPR, Cas9 and stem cell cultures are unique tools available to these students, and they offer an opportunity to think outside the box and do creative science.

Steeles lab combines bio-technologies using unique stem cell cultures and genome editing techniques. The lab cultures stem cellscells which can grow into any cell typeand chops up DNA using CRISPR, a revolutionary gene-clipping tool, to learn how rare neurodegenerative diseases develop in the brain.

There have been some really cool applications of CRISPR out there. And theyre just because somebody said, I wonder if we could do that? and they did.

Steeles graduate student Kyle Anthoney, on the other hand, is working on making a model of a rare disease called progressive supernucleogical palsy, which looks like a combination of Parkinsons and Alzheimers diseases. The disease is a tauopathic disease because a main characteristic of the disease is a buildup of the tau protein, which blocks some necessary cell functions. To understand the finer details of the disease, Anthoney developed a new method for growing neurosphere cell types into what is, effectively, a miniature brain.

Scientifically named 3D neural sphere cultures, these miniature brains offer a platform for researchers to study three types of brain cells at the same time. Anthoneys method allowed him to organically grow neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, three dominant cell types in the brain, from human stem cells, so they would develop naturally like they would in a growing brain.

Anthoneys research is up for review in a number of scientific publications and his name is on some breakthrough scientific papers. He is contributing to research about progressive supernucleogical palsy and other tauopathic diseases. His research concentrates the tau protein in a miniature brain to simulate the symptoms of progressive supernucleogical palsy, and he is exploring how the protein and disease impact his lab-grown brain cells.

There have been some really cool applications of CRISPR out there, Steele said. And theyre just because somebody said, I wonder if we could do that? and they did.

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Chopping Genes and Growing Brains - The LumberJack

Engineered Living-Cell Blood Vessel Provides New Insights to Progeria – Duke Today

Biomedical engineers at Duke University have developed the most advanced disease model for blood vessels to date and used it to discover a unique role of the endothelium in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Called progeria for short, the devastating and extremely rare genetic disease causes symptoms resembling accelerated aging in children.

The model is the first to grow both the smooth muscle and inner lining, or endothelium, layers of blood vessels from stem cells derived from the patients own skin. Combined with an advanced experimental setup that pushes culture media that models blood through the engineered blood vessels, the model reveals that the endothelium responds differently to flow and shear stress with progeria than it does when healthy.

The study shows that a diseased endothelium alone is enough to produce symptoms of progeria, and also demonstrates a new way of studying blood vessels in dynamic 3D models to better understand and test treatments for serious diseases.

The results appear online on February 6 in the journal Stem Cell Reports.

The endothelium expresses the toxic protein that causes the symptoms of progeria, but it does so at much lower levels than the outer layer of blood vessels made of smooth muscle, said Nadia Abutaleb, a biomedical engineering PhD student at Duke and co-first author of the paper. Because of this, the entire field has been focused on smooth muscle, and the few that have looked at the endothelium have mostly looked at it in a static 2D culture. But weve discovered that its necessary to work dynamically in three dimensions to see the full effects of the disease.

Progeria is a non-hereditary genetic disease caused by a random single-point mutation in the genome. It is so rare and so deadly that there are only about 250 people known to be currently living with the disease worldwide.

Progeria is triggered by a defect in a protein called progerin that leads it to accumulate outside of a cell's nucleus rather than becoming part of the nuclear structural support system. This causes the nucleus to take on an abnormal shape and inhibits its ability to divide. The resulting symptoms look much like accelerated aging, and affected patients usually die of heart disease brought on by weakened blood vessels before the age of 15.

"Progeria isn't considered hereditary, because nobody lives long enough to pass it on," said George Truskey, the R. Eugene and Susie E. Goodson Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Duke. "Because the disease is so rare, its difficult to get enough patients for clinical trials. We're hoping our platform will provide an alternative way to test the numerous compounds under consideration."

Blood vessels are difficult to simulate because their walls have multiple layers of cells, including the endothelium and the media. The endothelium is the innermost lining of all blood vessels that interacts with circulating blood. The media is made mostly of smooth muscle cells that help control the flow and pressure of the blood.

In 2017, the Truskey laboratory engineered the first 3D platform for testing blood vessels grown from skin cells taken from progeria patients. The blood vessels exhibited many of the symptoms seen in people with the disease and responded similarly to pharmaceuticals.

While the smooth muscle cells in our previous study were created using cells from progeria patients, the endothelial cells were not, said Abutaleb. We suspected that the endothelial cells might be responsible for some of the lingering symptoms in the original study, so we began working to grow blood vessels with both smooth muscle and endothelial cells derived from the same patient.

By successfully growing endothelial cells derived from progeria patients, the researchers were able to create a more complete model of the disease. They also tested the endotheliums unique contribution to the diseases symptoms by mixing impaired endothelium with healthy smooth muscle.

They found that a diseased endothelium alone was enough to produce many of the symptoms of progeria, but that these results only appeared when the cells were tested under dynamic conditions.

One of the major findings is that the progeria endothelium responds to flow and shear stresses differently than healthy endothelium, said Abutaleb.

The new models healthy blood vessels responded to pharmaceuticals more strongly than in past papers, and the diseased blood vessels showed a greater drop in functionality. With this advanced model in hand, the team is now beginning to investigate how new and current drugs for progeria affect a patients blood vessels.

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01 HL138252-01, UH3TR000505, UH3TR002142) and the National Science Foundation (GRFP Grants #1106401 and DGE1644868).

CITATION: iPSC-derived Endothelial Cells Affect Vascular Function in a Tissue Engineered Blood Vessel Model of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, Leigh Atchison, Nadia O. Abutaleb, Elizabeth Snyder-Mounts, Yantenew Gete, Alim Ladha, Thomas Ribar, Kan Cao, George A. Truskey. Stem Cell Reports, vol. 14, issue 2 (2020). DOI:10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.005

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Engineered Living-Cell Blood Vessel Provides New Insights to Progeria - Duke Today

Stem Cell Antibody Market Research report covers the Industry share and Growth, 2020 2027: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (US), Merck Group (Germany),…

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Stem Cell Therapy Market 2020 | Research, Opportunities, Emerging Trends, Competitive Strategies and Forecasts 2020-2026 – Instant Tech News

New Jersey, United States The report is a comprehensive research study of the global Stem Cell Therapy market, taking into account growth factors, recent trends, developments, opportunities and the competitive landscape. Market analysts and researchers performed an in-depth analysis of the Stem Cell Therapy global market using research methodologies such as PESTLE and Porters Five Forces analysis. They provided precise and reliable data on the market and useful recommendations in order to help the actors to better understand the global scenario of the present and future market. The report includes an in-depth study of potential segments, including product type, application and end user, as well as their contribution to the overall size of the market.

Global Stem Cell TherapyMarketwas valued at USD 86.62 million in 2016 and is projected to reach USD 221.03million by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 10.97% from 2017 to 2025.

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Table of Content

1 Introduction of Stem Cell Therapy Market

1.1 Overview of the Market 1.2 Scope of Report 1.3 Assumptions

2 Executive Summary

3 Research Methodology of Verified Market Research

3.1 Data Mining 3.2 Validation 3.3 Primary Interviews 3.4 List of Data Sources

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6 Stem Cell Therapy Market , By Solution

6.1 Overview

7 Stem Cell Therapy Market , By Vertical

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8 Stem Cell Therapy Market , By Geography

8.1 Overview 8.2 North America 8.2.1 U.S. 8.2.2 Canada 8.2.3 Mexico 8.3 Europe 8.3.1 Germany 8.3.2 U.K. 8.3.3 France 8.3.4 Rest of Europe 8.4 Asia Pacific 8.4.1 China 8.4.2 Japan 8.4.3 India 8.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific 8.5 Rest of the World 8.5.1 Latin America 8.5.2 Middle East

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AI is transforming healthcare as we know it: Arab Health 2020 – Euronews

The recent outbreak of the coronavirus has shown us that our global health system is only as strong as its weakest link.

The key to stemming the spread of such illnesses lies in bolstering connectivity and communication between health bodies and thats precisely the theme here at Arab Health 2020.

Artificial intelligence means medical bodies can link up their data and act quickly in a crisis.

"As emergency physicians and practitioners were often on the frontline. But Ill give you an example of how technology and AI may help outbreaks, not just Coronavirus, but for seasonal influenza," says Dr Jacques Kobersy, emergency medicine institute chair, Cleveland Hospital Abu Dhabi.

"When you have an organisation like WHO who are alerted to the fact that there is some new virus circulating, Artificial intelligence might give us the opportunity to flag that those unusual symptoms are occurring way before human clinicians and departments of health realize it. And help us get ahead of these sort of pandemics maybe a month or so ahead of time before they really fester."

55,000 attendees from 159 countries have touched down in Dubai to showcase and learn about the life-changing and groundbreaking technologies poised to transform healthcare as we know it.

Autonomous ambulances

Soon, AI could make autonomous ambulances that automatically arrive at a patients house as soon as somethings wrong.

"We call it a smart ambulance. The high-risk patient, they will start to wear wearable devices. Let's say something happened to that patient. These devices will start to send all the vital data to the system and the hospital. So the physician, he can monitor all the data and monitor the patient 24 hour," says Dr Rashid al Hashimi - youth council member, UAE ministry of health (mohap).

In the future, the ambulance will be auto-drive. So it will go directly to the patient. While they are moving all these signals will be green for them.

When the patient enters the ambulance, there will be some high-resolution cameras. They will detect the patient's face and will give all the data which is very important for the rescuers to help the patient.

While they are going to the hospital, there will be like a virtual doctor inside the ambulance.

AI implants

AI is already powering implants that can monitor patients vitals around the clock.

"We can put devices under the skin and telemonitor heart patients even at home. We have put this device on 30 patients," says Dr Noor al Muhairi, head of medical services, hospital dept (mohap).

"One of them was in London. And we saw that we have an abnormality in his heart. And we called them directly and told him, go to the nearest hospital and this saved him."

And unprecedented advancements in stem-cell research mean damaged heart cells can now be regrown.

"In treatment, we collaborated with Osaka University, where they have done a study on stem cells that have been generated to cardiac cells. You can bring stem cells to make the heart cells regenerate," says Dr Muhairi.

"So this is one of the latest technology in heart treatment and in collaboration with Japan, we are going to do a clinical study here in the Ministry of Health."

Analysing wounds

Meanwhile, image analysis of wounds using machine learning can now prevent amputations caused by diseases like diabetes.

"This machine is checking the healing process for the diabetic foot. It will give us the results within 30 seconds. We are just scanning for the wound.2

"There is information going back 15 years in this machine. So it will check with other types of wound and it will analyze for us exactly the problem. We can prevent amputations from the complication of diabetes," says Dr Halima el Shehhi, the emergency department unit manager at the ministry of health and prevention, UAE.

Whether it's artificial intelligence, new equipment, new abilities to analyze patients and treat them, things that we could only imagine a few years ago now have come to fruition.

Soon the days of treating illnesses after they occur will give way to an age of truly preventative healthcare.

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AI is transforming healthcare as we know it: Arab Health 2020 - Euronews