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‘Any One of Us’ Is More Than an Inspirational Film – Outside

The first time I watched the documentary Any One of Us was about four months before my fianc, Andrew Bernstein, was hit by a van and very nearly killed while riding his bike.

At the time, I was working on a feature story for Bicycling about professional mountain biker Paul Basagoitia, who had sustained a spinal-cord injury in 2015 at Red Bull Rampage, the sports most extreme competition. At the age of 29, Paulwas paralyzed below the waist, and doctors gave him a 5percent chance of walking again. Three and a half years later, Id seen on his Instagram that he was riding an e-mountain bike. When we started talking in February, Paul told me he was releasing a film with Red Bull about his journey. The documentary, called Any One of Us, would premiere in March at the SXSW Film Festival. In February, Andrew and I watched a screener together one Friday night on the couch, my notebook in my lap, our cat curled up in his. By the end of the film, I was crying, rocked not only by Pauls storybut that of the 17 other people in the film who share their honest perspective on what it is like to live with paralysis. A few weeks after that, I went to visit Paul in Reno, Nevada. I filed adraft of my piecein April. I hoped his story would inspire people. I hoped it would remind them to be grateful for what they have, to appreciate how instantaneously it can all go away.

In July, someone driving a cargo van hit Andrew while he was riding his bike home on a country road outside Boulder, Colorado. The driver fled the scene, leaving Andrew in a ditch with over 30 broken bones (including every rib), collapsed lungs, life-threatening internal bleeding from a shattered pelvis, andthough we wouldnt know at firsta spinal-cord injury (SCI). It would paralyze his left leg and disrupt his bowel and bladder functions. In September, after two months of intensive and acute hospitalization, Andrew ended up at Craig Hospital, the same nationally renowned SCI rehab facility in Denver that had treated Paul. We would not come home until October. Any One of Us would debut on HBO two weeks later, on October 29.

The strangeness of the parallel is undeniable. At first I felt sick thinking this could be karmicthat by making Paul revisit the most traumatic moments of his life, by capitalizing (even with good intentions) on his ordeal, I had brought this upon us. A good friend of mine had a more optimistic takethat meeting Paul had prepared us. The most likely reality is neither: This was simply a coincidence. This could happen to youor me.

As the films title belies, thats one of its main messages: a spinal-cord injury couldhappen to anyone. The narrative of Any One of Us follows the fallout of Pauls injury over two years. The first halfwas actually filmed by Paul himself, who hassome videography background and had the remarkable prescience to turn the camera on himself, almost from day one. But first-time director Fernando Villena uses a unique filmmaking technique to powerful effect: introducing what Villena calls a chorusof 17 other people who share their experiences with SCI throughout the documentary. At the moment of Pauls injury, which was recorded not only by Rampages live broadcastbut also on Pauls own GoPro, members of the chorus chimein with their own stories of the incidents that left them in wheelchairs: Caught by a wave while surfing. Botched epidural. BMX crash. Car accident. Knocked over while playing basketball.

Villena and Basagoitiawanted the film to be bigger than the story of one professional athlete. The National Spinal Cord and Injury Statistical Center estimates that 17,700 people in the U.S. suffer new spinal-cord injuries every yearand 288,000 people live with anSCI. The inclusion of the chorus creates the effect of describing a collective SCI experience. The wheelchair-bound individuals speak with clarity and courage about various aspects of the injuryfrom what happened to their sex lives, to the feeling of being in the way or an inconvenience to others, to their defiance at the idea that their value as a human being has somehow changed just because theyre in a wheelchair. I hated my fiance seeing me, says Olympic BMX racer Sam Willoughby.

I wanted to die. I didnt see how I could continue living like that. Or like this, says Steph Aiello, who was injured in a car accident.

Basagoitia himself reveals, Before this injury, I always said I would probably take my life if I was ever paralyzed. Its a sentiment that, even watching the film the first time, hit home. Particularly for active people, the idea of waking up paralyzed is, to borrow Pauls word, a nightmare. Paul had been one of the best professional slopestyle and freeride mountain bikers in the world. At age 17, he entered the inaugural edition of Crankworx, now the worlds premierslopestyle competition, on a lark, riding a borrowed bike. Against the best pros in the world, he won. The next year, he won again. Scenes from his recovery, as he relearns how to do basic things like transfer into a car from his wheelchair and walk haltingly on parallel bars, are juxtaposed with scenes from his career: Paul spinning in the air, doing a 360;Paul spraying himself with champagne on the podium;Paul shirtless, hanging jubilantly out of the drivers seat of a trophy truck he won in Germany(hed sell it the next day: There was no way I was getting that thing back to the U.S., he laughed, when he told me the story in Reno).

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In the hospital, I thought of Paul as I watched my fianc struggle with stairs for the first time after his injury, leaning on a handrail and laboriously placing his left leg, stiff and heavy in its metal brace, on each step. Andrew and I are both cyclists. We rode our bikes five to seven days a week. An elite-level track and road racer, Andrew had always been one of the strongest guys on the group ride. When I was tired, I would sit in the generous draft forged by his six-foot-threeframe, and he would pull me home. In the early days in the ICU, when we knew about his injury but he was too delirious and doped up on pain medications to yet be told, he had still somehow known. One night, after his brother, Eric,and I left the hospital, he texted us, Remember, I used to be a good bike racer.

I wanted to scream.

In Reno, Pauls then girlfriend andnow fiance, Nichole Munk, had told me that she did not cry throughout the three months that Paul was in hospitals. If that sounds unbelievable to you, it wont be once you watch the film, throughout which it becomes apparent that Nichole is an extraordinary human beingand one uncannily equipped to support Paul through his ordeal. Theres a moment in particular in Any One of Us that Paul and Nichole told me got a lot of surprised reactions from people during screenings: After a visit from his father in the hospital, Paul gets emotionaland starts choking up as he talks about it. Instead of cooing over him, Nichole tells him to toughen up.

Its a jarring interactionand one that flies in the face of our preconceptions of how women are supposed to be caretakers: soft and endlessly nurturing. And yet, a few minutes later, Nicholewho started dating Paul while she was cheerleading for the University of Nevada, Renois dancing in his wheelchair, laughing, an infectious smile on her face. And hes laughing, too. I have to be positive so he can be happy, she says in a voice-over. I have to be the rock. Munk does not embody the performative sympathy we think someone in that position might want; she is the constant source of no-bullshit straight talk, relentless positivity, and unshakable love that Paul Basagoitia actually needs. A year later, as the two of them argue over whether he should try fetal-stem-cell therapy, Nichole tells him, Youre not a very pleasant person to be around right now. They offer a real, unvarnished look at what it takes to be a partner and caregiver during this kind of life-altering ordeal.

Andrews injury has become the sun around which we orbit. It has its own gravitational pull, which overpowers that of the minor planets our lives used to revolve around: our bikes, our careers, our friends, our families. After July 20, life became a sleep-deprived blur of commuting up and down a traffic-choked interstate, days and nights spent in hospitals, and, once I went back to work, struggling to reintegrate into a new job Id just started three weeks before his crash. It was, plainly put, exhausting. I could sense, on a few occasions, that when friends and family dropped in on us, they thought I could be more dotingnicer, more attentive, fussing over him more. But as Andrew has gotten more self-sufficienthe spends most of his day in a wheelchairbut can walk short distances on forearm crutcheshe doesnt need someone to hover over himor shield him from the hard emotional work of making the best of this shitty situation. He needs someone to scrape the snow off his car early in the morning so he can get to PT, to carry the bags back in from the grocery store, and to call him out or make him smile or do both at the same time so he can self-arrest during the inevitable slides into darkness. He doesnt need a nurse. He needs a partner.

Since Andrews injury, I have thought of Nichole Munk often. In my mind, shes an example of what it means to be the support someone needs, not just the support everyone expects you to be. We should all hope to have and be the kind of partner she is.

At its core, this movie is an instructional. But for whom? The genre of disability stories too easily falls into the trap of inspiration porn for an able-bodied audience. Butfrom the first clips Paul took in the hospital, Any One of Us didnt begin as a documentary for the rest of us. In a way, it often feels like a conversation between people living with an SCI. We are allowed in to listen, watch, and learn.

When Basagoitia started filming himself, he told me, he didnt know what he was going to do with the footage. He just had the sense that his experience might one day help others going through the same thing. As early as the day he got his staples out from his back surgery, a couple of weeks after his crash, he said into the camera, I just hope this can be a guide for someone else. One of the most challenging aspects of a spinal-cord injury is uncertainty. The delicate bundle of nerve fibers that carries messages from your brain to the rest of your body, and which alsoregulates sensory, motor, and autonomic function, is highly susceptible to damageand heals slowly once injured, if at all. Mostrecovery takes place within 18 months to two years, but the neurological recovery of every person is different, and it is impossible to know what youll regain.

When Paul began collaborating with Villena and Red Bull, the intentions for the film became twofoldto be a field manual for people living with an SCIand to raise awareness about their experience. Awareness leads to interest, which leads to funding for a curewhich doesnt currently exist for spinal-cord injuries, though some experimental therapies have shown promise. Until now, awareness has been critically lacking, Basagoitia told me in Reno. Since the late actor Christopher Reeve, who suffered an SCI while horseback riding, passed in 2004, the popular media has largely overlooked it. Any One of Us was just one of two feature-length documentaries I could find online about the topic. (The other was Coming to My Senses, released in 2018.)

Basagoitia holds nothing back in educating viewers about the reality of an SCI. One of the rawest scenes of the film shows Paul nude in front of the hospital toilet in the middle of the night, inserting a catheter to urinate. It takes him over seven minutes. There is footage of Nichole helping him bathe. Its a searingly honest look into what people with an SCI endure on a daily basis. But it must also be said that both Paul and Andrew were relatively fortunate; both were paralyzed below the waist, with incomplete injuriestheir cords were not totally severed. Those with complete injuries face a life of paralysis with little hope of significant recovery. At Craig Hospital, Andrew and I also interacted with quadriplegic patients, some of whom were learning to control powered wheelchairs using their breath. In one scene, after he arrives at Craig, Paul tells the camera somberly, Theres not one person here at the hospital who isnt in a wheelchair.In fact, theres a lot of people who are in worse situations.

As the film follows Paul through his recovery, the viewer comes to relate with the experience of finding triumph in the smallest victoriesa feeling Andrew and I have come to know well. Hewould text me to tell me a new muscle strand had started twitchingor that he had stood for a full 30 seconds on his own. But there are big wins, too. Villena selected an impressive group to represent the chorus: author Annette Ross, who wrote a memoir after her injury; Chelsie Hill, who started a wheelchair dance team; Jesse Billauer, who became the adaptive world champion ofsurfing in 2015. As for Paul, he makes his way back onto the bike about a year after his injury. His first ride is captured on film, and his pure joy is palpable.

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These moments, which are paired with a stirring but not overly melodramatic soundtrack, are emotional, but its more than voyeuristic inspiration. Its a shared sense of triumph thats earned after bearing witness to the hardships of this injury. And for anyone living with an SCI, the scenes of those in the chorus walking, playing basketball, dancing, and riding a bike againare a powerful promise that your best days can still lie before you.

Perhaps that is one of the greatest accomplishments of this film, that it manages to speak to both audiences. Andrew and I know this because weve seen the film twice. The first time, we were deeply affected by the experience and determination of this community. We learned that, with resolve, life in a wheelchair could in fact be richer and more beautiful than life before it. We saw that its a defect, a bug coded into our human nature, that we never know how to truly appreciate what we have until we lose it.

The second time we watched the film, two weeks before it aired on HBO and three months after our own SCI journey began, we were searching for the common threads between our story and those of others who had been through it before. This timewe were hunting for clues that would show us the way forward. We cried when we saw them over and over.

Paul Basagoitia wanted to be a guide for how to beat a spinal-cord injury. With Any One of Us, he ended up creating a guide for how to live. This film is more than an inspirational story. It is a testimony. It is a map through hell. It is a gift of hope.

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'Any One of Us' Is More Than an Inspirational Film - Outside

Parents of Thalassemia-affected siblings seek Kochiites assistance – The New Indian Express

By Express News Service

KOCHI:Every parent prays for the well-being of their children. While the prayers of many are answered, there are some who are not so lucky. Yet, they do not lose hope and fight for their childrens lives.Mubarak and Nisha are one such couple which is fighting for the lives of not one but all three of their children.

Faizy, our six-year-old son, was diagnosed with Thalassemia Major, a blood disorder, when he was three-months-old, said Nisha. The couple had been struggling to come to terms with the news when they were dealt another blow.

We neither knew nor expected that Faiha, our five-year-old daughter, would also be diagnosed with the same disorder. She was diagnosed with Thalassemia Major when she was just nine-months-old, she said.For the past six years, the children have been undergoing blood transfusions every 14 days. Our lives revolve around the transfusion dates and the struggle to find the money for the procedures, she said. Her husband, Mubarak, is a driver. He drives a waste collection truck. However, the regular hospital visits mean he has to skip work on many occasions, Nisha said.

Tragedy struck the family again when their third child, a boy, was also diagnosed with the same disorder when he turned one.

The doctors said only a stem cell transplant could save my kids. We got ourselves tested, but I was ruled out and my husbands stem cell was a partial match, she said.She said the doctors have warned against performing surgery with a partially-matched stem cell as it has its dangers. So, we are seeking donors. Everyday is painful for my children. Faizy alone has undergone 100 transfusions till date, she said.

Ramiz Rehman of Smilemakers, Cusat, said time was limited for Faizy. We need a donor as soon as possible. Else, the family will have to use the fathers stem cell. The procedure has to be done in January, said Ramiz.

How to helpTo help the children, Cusats Smilemakers, in association with the Department of Sociology and the NSS unit of St Teresas College as well as Datri (Blood stem cell donors registry), are conducting a blood stem cell donor registration drive on Tuesday at the college.Aby Sam, the state head of Datri, said one registration drive each were held in Changanassery and Mattancherry.

The drive at Mattancherry saw the highest participation with over 3,600 people registering as donors, he said. People believe that blood is checked to identify donors and compatibility. It is not true. A cheek swab is done for the purpose, said Aby.We only examine and register people aged between 18 and 50 years as donors, said Aby, who was the first person in the state to register as a stem cell donor.

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Parents of Thalassemia-affected siblings seek Kochiites assistance - The New Indian Express

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Market is expected to witness a strong CAGR of 7.0% from 2018 to 2026 – Zebvo

The healthcare industry has been focusing on excessive research and development in the last couple of decades to ensure that the need to address issues related to the availability of drugs and treatments for certain chronic diseases is effectively met.

Healthcare researchers and scientists at the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the Hong Kong University have successfully demonstrated the utilization of human induced pluripotent stem cells or hiPSCs from the skin cells of the patient for testing therapeutic drugs.

The success of this research suggests that scientists have crossed one more hurdle towards using stem cells in precision medicine for the treatment of patients suffering from sporadic hereditary diseases. iPSCs are the new generation approach towards the prevention and treatment of diseases that takes into account patients on an individual basis considering their genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environment. Along with the capacity to transform into different body cell types and same genetic composition of the donors, hiPSCs have surfaced as a promising cell source to screen and test drugs.

In the present research, hiPSC was synthesized from patients suffering from a rare form of hereditary cardiomyopathy owing to the mutations in Lamin A/C related cardiomyopathy in their distinct families. The affected individuals suffer from sudden death, stroke, and heart failure at a very young age. As on date, there is no exact treatment available for this condition. This team in Hong Kong tested a drug named PTC124 to suppress specific genetic mutations in other genetic diseases into the iPSC transformed heart muscle cells. While this technology is being considered as a breakthrough in clinical stem cell research, the team at Hong Kong University is collaborating with drug companies regarding its clinical application.

The unique properties of iPS cells provides extensive potential to several biopharmaceutical applications. iPSCs are also used in toxicology testing, high throughput, disease modeling, and target identification.

This type of stem cell has the potential to transform drug discovery by offering physiologically relevant cells for tool discovery, compound identification, and target validation. A new report by Persistence Market Research (PMR) states that the globalinduced pluripotent stem or iPS cell marketis expected to witness a strong CAGR of 7.0% from 2018 to 2026. In 2017, the market was worth US$ 1,254.0 Mn and is expected to reach US$ 2,299.5 Mn by the end of the forecast period in 2026.

For More Information Get Sample Copy Of This Report @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/samples/17968

Customization to be the Key Focus of Market Players

Due to the evolving needs of the research community, the demand for specialized cell lines have increased to a certain point where most vendors offering these products cannot depend solely on sales from catalog products.

The quality of the products and lead time can determine the choices while requesting custom solutions at the same time. Companies usually focus on establishing a strong distribution network for enabling products to reach customers from the manufacturing units in a short time period.

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Entry of Multiple Small Players to be Witnessed in the Coming Years

Several leading players have their presence in the global market; however, many specialized products and services are provided by small and regional vendors. By targeting their marketing strategies towards research institutes and small biotechnology companies, these new players have swiftly established their presence in the market.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Market is expected to witness a strong CAGR of 7.0% from 2018 to 2026 - Zebvo

Stem Cell Therapy: What’s Real and What’s Not at California’s For-Profit Clinics – UCSF News Services

Many for-profit stem cell clinics advertise therapies that are not backed by science and may actually cause harm.

For-profit stem cell clinics have popped up around California in recent years, advertising that they can treat everything from arthritis to Alzheimers, without FDA approval.

They claim that injections of stem cells (naturally occurring blank slate cells that can grow into any type of cell) can help alleviate pain or illness by replacing or regenerating diseased tissue claims that are not supported by existing research. The procedures can cost thousands of dollars out-of-pocket, and regulators have warned that patients have developed tumors, suffered infections and even lost eyesight after unapproved procedures.

No one knows how many clinics there are, but California reportedly has more than any other state. We asked Arnold Kriegstein, MD, PhD, director of the UC San Francisco Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, about whats real and whats not in stem cell medicine.

How do these clinics operate?

There has been an explosion of so-called clinics offering stem cell treatments for a wide range of ailments, none of which have been shown to be effective. They are largely unregulated. Many clinics claim that they can treat untreatable illnesses like Alzheimer's disease, autism, muscular dystrophy, or stroke. The list is quite extensive.

The majority are using fat tissue for their stem cells, obtained through liposuction. These are usually autologous cells, which means that they are taking the patient's own tissue and extracting cells to re-administer to the same patient, usually through an intravenous route. In addition to fat cells, some clinics administer bone marrow stem cells or umbilical cord or placental stem cells, which come from unrelated donors.

The clinics often advertise through testimonials from patients who've received their therapies. Many of the conditions that the testimonials address are the kinds that normally improve or fluctuate over time, such as joint pain, low back pain, arthritis, or multiple sclerosis.

The problem is that patients will receive a treatment, and then, within a month or two, they'll notice that the aches and pains in the joints are improving, and they will attribute the improvement to the stem cell therapy, when in fact it would've happened regardless.

What is the risk of trying an unproven stem cell treatment?

Reports of physical harm have included infections and the development of tumors. When using cells that are not the patients own, umbilical cord cells for example, immune responses can occur often triggering inflammatory conditions.

In cases where stem cells have been delivered into the eye, blindness has been reported, and when they have been delivered to the central nervous system through lumbar puncture (spinal tap), adverse outcomes including serious infections of the central nervous system and tumors have occurred.

Then there's the emotional cost associated with raising false hope, and the financial loss that comes from exorbitant fees charged for ineffective, potentially harmful therapies.

Why arent there more legitimate stem cell therapies available?

Stem cells have been in the news so much over the last decade or so that I think it has created the impression that therapies are already on the market. The reality is that it is very early days for the science. The most interesting, most promising animal studies are only now beginning to be translated into clinical trials, and the process for approval of therapies takes many years and very few are likely to succeed.

Unfortunately, the public needs to be patient, but the good news is that potential treatments are progressing along the pipeline.

What are some examples of proven stem cell therapies?

For the last 50 years or so, there have been countless patients successfully treated with hematopoietic stem cells, commonly known as bone marrow transplants. This remains the prototype for how a stem cell therapy can work. Other successful examples include corneal stem cell grafts for certain eye conditions, and skin grafts for burn victims.

There are efforts to see if stem cells could successfully treat diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes. There are clinical trials testing whether stem cell therapy might work against macular degeneration, a blinding disease that is very common as people age. There are also early stage clinical trials for nervous system disorders including stroke, spinal cord injury, and ALS (Lou Gehrigs disease).

All of these examples are still at a very early stage, where the primary goal is to make sure that the approaches are safe. To determine if they are effective will require large, well-controlled, relatively long-term clinical trials.

What will it take to advance stem cell therapy into more real treatments?

This is where basic research comes in. The field is evolving quickly, there's much to be done, and there's still a huge amount of promise in stem cell therapies down the road. But it's going to take a lot of very careful and very laborious research before we get there.

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Stem Cell Therapy: What's Real and What's Not at California's For-Profit Clinics - UCSF News Services

The Science Of Stem Cell Research Hits A Snag With Bad Batch – Forbes

Bad Batch logo

Dr. Death was a brilliant series about a rogue doctor that was unqualified at his job and made a lot of bad decisions that injured or killed many people. This terrifying tale of medical malpractice also shone a light on the problems with the medical system that could allow such an individual to bounce around from office to office and keep his medical license.

Laura Beil, host and reporter of Dr. Death, did an amazing job on a series that at times felt like a horror movie, but she just may have topped herself with her new six-part series, Bad Batch, that doesnt just call into question medical practices, but an entire largely unregulated industry - stem cells.

Heres the show summary from Wondery:

Patients are offered a miracle cure, but instead they end up rushed to the hospital in critical condition. The race is on to track down what went wrong with several patients in Texas before more people get hurt. The trail leads to a stem cell company with a charismatic CEO, and to an entire multibillion dollar industry where greed and desperation collide.

The bulk of the show is about John Kosolcharoen, the charismatic CEO of Liveyon, an ambitious stem cell company that raced ahead of existing research to provide cure-alls to patients who can afford the $5000 injections. After successfully injecting himself with stem cells and later his mother, he was convinced that he had found the answer that people were looking for, along with a way to make a lot of money.

After people starting getting sick, all the bad batch of vials of stem cells were destroyed and the finger-pointing began on who was to blame. John blamed the doctors who purchased the stem cells from him for improper handling of the vials even though the FDA didnt share his conclusions.

Host and researcher Laura Beil expanded the basic news story to look at the science and regulation behind stem cells and explain it in an easy to understand way. John K, as hes referred to in the podcast, was more than happy to talk to her because he did not see himself as the villain, which made the story more complicated.

At a Wondery listening party Q and A for Bad Batch, Laura told me that to tell a big story like this narratively You have to pick out the details that matter most, but leave in enough to tell the story. You have one central character, the industry itself, the science of it, and the regulations.

The main reason that any of this happened, according to Beil, is that stem cells are not treated as drugs and the FDAs attitude is that its not a drug to regulate since youre just moving parts of your own body around.

There is a legitimate scientific supported use for stem cells, and the promise is legitimate but theyre being abused. Liveyon spent a million dollars on a commercial seminar for doctors who were pitched on how much money they could make and then given a script of exactly what to say to patients.

Liveyon was preying on people for whom the promise of a miracle cure from stem cells was their last hope for a better life and they were happy to pay whatever it took. Their ads for patients were like siren songs that caused people to want to believe that its going to work and that belief creates a placebo effect.

Ive been writing about medicine for 25 years, Laura says, and the placebo effect is powerful. The more you pay for something the stronger the placebo effect is.

Hernan Lopez, the CEO of Wondery, was at the Q and A and asked Laura, Should the fact that the treatments are cash only be a red flag?

Yes!, Laura responded, but there are patients that have the idea that medical research is too slow. For those who still want to try stem cells please do your research first.

The scary part is that theres still a lot we dont know about stem cell treatments. As Laura pointed out, we dont know whose a good candidate and we dont know whats a safe treatment. Its all about informed consent but people arent getting it, she says.

Lauras advice for people who are desperate for something to happen is to join a clinical trial where you are monitored by doctors with an expected outcome. Unfortunately, theres evidence that 90 percent of drugs that go into clinical trials dont work and the general public is often misled by slick advertising that often uses exaggerated or misleading claims.

And beyond all the science and the explanations, theres the story of the man behind it all. John K. is a quintessentially American figure, a smooth talker who got in over his head Liveyon and he comes across as a very sympathetic character which makes him hard to hate.

Its an utterly devastating story that hopefully will cause people to think twice before paying cash for the dream of an instant fix to all their problems.

The first four episodes of Bad Batch are available now or you can sign up for Wondery Plus and listen to all six.

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The Science Of Stem Cell Research Hits A Snag With Bad Batch - Forbes

Mallinckrodt Announces UVADEX (Methoxsalen) Approved in Australia for use with the THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System for Treatment of Chronic Graft…

STAINES-UPON-THAMES, United Kingdom, Oct. 31, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Mallinckrodt plc (NYSE: MNK), a global biopharmaceutical company, today announced thatUVADEX(methoxsalen) has received regulatory approval in Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for extracorporeal administration with the THERAKOSCELLEXPhotopheresis System. The treatment is indicated for steroid-refractory and steroid-intolerant chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) in adults following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. The TGA also approved Uvadex in conjunction with the THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System for the palliative treatment of skin manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment.

The TGA approval marks the first combined indication label and the first regulatory approval in the world for UVADEXin conjunction with the THERAKOS Photopheresis System for the treatment of chronic graft versus host disease in adults.

"The TGA approval of UVADEX with the Therakos ECP platform opens up new treatment options for patients with these challenging conditions," said Steven Romano, M.D., Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, Mallinckrodt. "The cGvHD indication is also an important milestone for Mallinckrodt, confirming the potential benefit of this therapeutic option for patients who are refractory to or intolerant of steroid treatments."

About Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (cGvHD)Graft-versus-host-disease is a common complication of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)transplantation resulting in significant morbidity and mortality.1 It can be classified as acute or chronic based on the clinical presentation and the time of occurrence after the transplantation. Signs and symptoms of cGvHD nearly always occur within the first year post transplantation but can occasionally happen several years later.2 In cGvHD, the skin is the most frequently affected organ with manifestations of itchy rash, hyper or hypopigmentation and changes in texture. However, the disease can affect multiple sites, which may have a major impact upon a patient's quality of life.2,3Chronic GvHD can lead to debilitating consequences, such as joint contractures, loss of sight, end-stage lung disease, or mortality resulting from profound chronic immune suppression leading to recurrent or life-threatening infections.1

About Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an umbrella term for a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas involving T lymphocytes that localize in the skin. It is a relatively rare cancer, with 2,500 to 3,000 new cases per year in the United States.4 The age of onset of the condition is typically greater than 50 years, with the incidence rising significantly in the later decades of life.5 CTCL causes visible skin symptoms ranging from a small rash to extensive redness, peeling, burning, soreness, and itchiness all over the body.6,7 CTCL falls into different categories based on the severity of the disease and symptoms.8

Minimum Product Information: UVADEX(methoxsalen) Concentrated Injection for extracorporeal circulation via photopheresis (ECP)

This medicinal product is subject to additional monitoring in Australia. This will allow quick identification of new safety information. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse events at http://www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems.

Indicationsin Australia: UVADEX (methoxsalen) is indicated for extracorporeal administration with the THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System for the:

Contraindications:History of idiosyncratic or hypersensitivity reaction to methoxsalen, psoralen compounds or any excipients of UVADEX; coexisting melanoma, basal cell or squamous cell skin carcinoma; lactation; aphakia. ECP procedure contra-indications: Photosensitive disease; inability to tolerate extracorporeal volume loss; WBC count > 25,000 mm3; previous splenectomy; coagulation disorders. Special warnings and precautions:Only physicians who have special competence in the diagnosis and treatment of cGVHD and CTCL who have special training and experience with the THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System should use UVADEX. Men and women being treated with UVADEX should take adequate contraceptive precautions both during and after completion of photopheresis treatment. Exposure to large doses of UVA causes cataracts in animals, an effect enhanced by the administration of oral methoxsalen. The patient's eyes should be protected from UVA light by wearing wraparound, UVAopaque sunglasses during the treatment cycle and during the following 24hours. Exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation (even through window glass) may result in serious burns and, in the longterm, "premature aging" of the skin therefore patients should avoid exposure to sunlight during the 24hours following photopheresis treatment. Thromboembolic events, such as pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, have been reported with UVADEX administration through photopheresis systems for treatment of patients with graft versus host disease. This product contains 4.1% w/v ethanol and each 1 mL of UVADEX contains 40.55 mg of ethanol. Caution is advised in patients with liver disease, alcoholism, epilepsy, brain injury or disease. No specific information is available for use in renal or hepatic impairment and there is no evidence for dose adjustment in the elderly. The safety and efficacy of UVADEX have not been established in children. Use in pregnancy: Category D. Use in Lactation: UVADEX is contra-indicated. Interactions with other medicines: Effects on P450 system metabolism may affect clearance / activation of other drugs (caffeine, paracetamol) or may extend the methoxsalen half-life leading to prolonged photosensitivity in patients. Methoxsalen binding to albumin may be displaced by dicoumarol, warfarin, promethazine and tolbutamide with potential for enhanced photosensitivity. Caution when treating with concomitant photosensitising agents. Adverse effects: In the clinical trials, published information and postmarketing surveillance of UVADEX/ECP, adverse events were usually mild and transient and in most cases, related to the underlying pathology. Verycommon: diarrhoea, anaemia, nausea, headache, hypertension, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infection, fatigue, pain in extremity, pyrexia, cough, dyspnoea, cushingoid, dry eye, photophobia, toothache, anorexia. Common: depression, lacrimation increased, abdominal pain, hypokalaemia, paraesthesia oral, pharyngolaryngeal pain, tachycardia, conjunctivitis, eye pain, visual acuity reduced, dysphagia, chills, mucosal inflammation, nasopharyngitis, contusion, blood pressure diastolic decreased, haemoglobin decreased, hyperglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, neuropathy peripheral, tremor, rash, hypotension. Additional adverse effects seen in clinical trials include vomiting, infections. Adverse events related to the ECP/CELLEX procedure thromboembolism and severe allergic reactions, vascular access complication, vasovagal spasm, hickman catheter infection/thrombosis, headache, hypercoagulability, haemolysis.Additional adverse events identified post-marketing: anaphylactic reaction, allergic reaction, dysgeusia, exacerbation of congestive heart failure, sepsis, endocarditis, and vomiting. Dosage and Administration: Chronic Graft versus Host Disease: Three ECPtreatments in the first week then two ECP treatments per week for at least 12 weeks, or as clinically indicated. Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma: ECP treatment on two successive days each month for six months. Patients who show an increase in skin scores after eight treatment sessions may have their treatment schedule increased to two successive days every two weeks for the next three months. Refer to full Product Information and THERAKOS CELLEX Operator's Manual for information regarding administration.

Store below 25C. Date of first approval: 16 September 2019. Date of revision: 11 October 2019.

Indications and Prescribing Information for Uvadex vary globally. Please refer to the individual country product label for complete information.

Before prescribing Uvadex, please refer to the full Product Informationalso available by calling+ 1 800.778.7898.

ABOUT THERAKOSMallinckrodt is the world's only provider of approved, fully-integrated systems for administering immunomodulatory therapy through ECP. Its Therakos ECP platforms, including the latest generation THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System, are used by academic medical centres, hospitals, and treatment centres in nearly 40 countries and have delivered more than 1 million treatments globally. For more information, please visitwww.therakos.co.uk.

Terumo BCT is the exclusive distributor of the Therakos ECP platform in Australia, as well as Latin America and select countries in Europe. To learn more about Terumo BCT, visit http://www.terumobct.com.

UVADEX (methoxsalen) and THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis Systems are separately approved in a number of global markets. Please refer to your local approved labelling for Uvadex and the Operator's Manual for CELLEX for more information on approved uses for specific indications.

Before administering therapy using the THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System, please refer to the Operator's Manual available at +61 2 9429 3600or +1 (800)778-7898.

ABOUTMALLINCKRODTMallinckrodt is a global business consisting of multiple wholly owned subsidiaries that develop, manufacture, market and distribute specialty pharmaceutical products and therapies. The company's Specialty Brands reportable segment's areas of focus include autoimmune and rare diseases in specialty areas like neurology, rheumatology, nephrology, pulmonology and ophthalmology; immunotherapy and neonatal respiratory critical care therapies; analgesics and gastrointestinal products. Its Specialty Generics reportable segment includes specialty generic drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients. To learn more about Mallinckrodt, visit http://www.mallinckrodt.com.

Mallinckrodtuses its website as a channel of distribution of important company information, such as press releases, investor presentations and other financial information. It also uses its website to expedite public access to time-critical information regarding the company in advance of or in lieu of distributing a press release or a filing with theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) disclosing the same information. Therefore, investors should look to the Investor Relations page of the website for important and time-critical information. Visitors to the website can also register to receive automatic e-mail and other notifications alerting them when new information is made available on the Investor Relations page of the website.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS RELATED TO FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSThis release includes forward-looking statements for Mallinckrodt concerning THERAKOS Photopheresis including potential benefits associated with its use. The statements are based on assumptions about many important factors, including the following, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements: satisfaction of regulatory and other requirements; actions of regulatory bodies and other governmental authorities; changes in laws and regulations; issues with product quality, manufacturing or supply, or patient safety issues; and other risks identified and described in more detail in the "Risk Factors" section of Mallinckrodt's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the SEC, all of which are available on its website. The forward-looking statements made herein speak only as of the date hereof and Mallinckrodt does not assume any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events and developments or otherwise, except as required by law.

CONTACTSMedia InquiriesJames Tate The Henley Group+1 44 1491 570 971james@henley.co.uk

Investor RelationsDaniel J. Speciale, CPAVice President, Investor Relations and IRO314-654-3638daniel.speciale@mnk.com

Mallinckrodt, the "M" brand mark and theMallinckrodt Pharmaceuticalslogo are trademarks of aMallinckrodtcompany. 2019Mallinckrodt. 10/19. FR-1900004

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Jagasia 2015. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015; 21(3): 389401.

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Pavletic et al. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006;12:25266.

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Agar NS, Wedgeworth E, Crichton S, et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. JCO. 2010;28:47304739

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SOURCE Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals

http://www.mallinckrodt.com

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Mallinckrodt Announces UVADEX (Methoxsalen) Approved in Australia for use with the THERAKOS CELLEX Photopheresis System for Treatment of Chronic Graft...

AIVITA Biomedical to Present at Upcoming Regenerative Medicine, Oncology and Investor Conferences in November – P&T Community

IRVINE, Calif., Nov. 1, 2019 /PRNewswire/ --AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., a biotech company specializing in innovative stem cell applications, today announced that it will be presenting at the following regenerative medicine and investor conferences in November:

Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Annual MeetingOral PresentationPresenter: Dr. Daniela Bota, MD, PhD, University of California, Irvine; AIVITA GBM Principal InvestigatorTitle: Phase II trial of therapeutic vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor cell antigens from self-renewing cancer cells in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastomaTime: November 6-10, 2019Location: Gaylord National Hotel & Convention Center, National Harbor, MD

The Regenerative Medicine Consortium of the Gulf Coast Consortia for Biomedical SciencesOral Presentation Presenter: Dr. Hans S. Keirstead, AIVITA Chairman and CEOTitle: Clinical and Commercial Application of Scaled Human Stem Cell DerivatesTime: November 8, 4:00 PM CTLocation: Bioscience Research Collaborative, Houston, TX

NYC Oncology Investor ConferenceOral Presentation Presenter: Dr. Hans S. Keirstead, AIVITA Chairman and CEO Title: AIVITA Corporate PresentationTime: November 12, 4:50 PM - 5:10 PMLocation: Rockefeller Center, New York, NY

Society for NeuroOncology Annual MeetingPoster PresentationTitle: Phase II trial of AV-GBM-1 (autologous dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor associated antigens) as adjunctive therapy following primary surgery plus concurrent chemoradiation in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.Time: November 20-24, 2019Location: JW Marriott Desert Ridge, Phoenix, AZ

About AIVITA Biomedical

AIVITA Biomedical is a privately held company engaged in the advancement of commercial and clinical-stage programs utilizing curative and regenerative medicines. Founded in 2016 by pioneers in the stem cell industry, AIVITA Biomedical utilizes its expertise in stem cell growth and directed, high-purity differentiation to enable safe, efficient and economical manufacturing systems which support its therapeutic pipeline and commercial line of skin care products. All proceeds from the sale of AIVITA's skin care products support the treatment of women with ovarian cancer.

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SOURCE AIVITA Biomedical, Inc.

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AIVITA Biomedical to Present at Upcoming Regenerative Medicine, Oncology and Investor Conferences in November - P&T Community

Q&A: Draper’s Jenna Balestrini on the future of CAR-T – – pharmaphorum

As exciting as CAR-T is, there are still myriad challenges preventing it from reaching its full potential. Jenna Balestrini, head of strategy and business development at Draper, gives us her views on the biggest barriers to wider usage of these innovative treatments and how to overcome them.

Is CAR-T living up to its promise yet?

The promise of CAR-T is that we can have a single-dose curative solution to treat cancer, and in some ways that is true. There are some cases where a patient (such as Emily Whitehead) was dosed with an autologously-sourced cellular therapy after traditional approaches of radiation and chemo failed, and that cell therapy eradicated cancer in their body.

In that way CAR-T has and is living up to its promise as a curative solution. However, this is not the case for the majority of patients who receive this therapeutic. There are a number of issues including relapse, lack of specificity, limited response, toxicity and side effects. Also, there is a general lack of patient access, especially outside of the indications already approved for the two available cell therapies (Yescarta and Kymriah). Unless a patient is lucky enough to get into a certain trial, under certain care, with a certain kind of cancer, and with a certain kind of genetic predisposition, CAR-T may not work for them.

What needs to be done to fulfill the promise of CAR-T are two things. As a scientific community, we need to think more critically about ways we can broaden the abilities of these biologic agentsthese living cell therapiesto treat not just the immediate hematologic blood cancers but also those patients who have gone through multiple rounds of chemotherapy and radiation, which can seriously damage their initial blood material.

We also need to make a system that is much more one-size-fits-all in terms of its capability of treating cancer. So, the starting material needs to be better, and the biology needs to be more specific. For example, in the case of solid tumors, you need to have a scenario where the cell-based therapy doesnt introduce rejection via either graft-versus-host or host-versus-graft disease. We need to have a scenario where if you have a patient population that doesnt have, say, enough healthy T-cells to begin with, or have enough healthy blood material to work with, we will have a source for that starting material.

What are the biggest remaining unmet needs for patients when it comes to CAR-T?

There are both scientific and business needs that must be understood for these therapies.

The unmet scientific need is understanding why some of these CAR T-cell therapies work and why some dont. As scientists, we need to understand why certain patients respond better, and why we have scenarios in which we can readily adapt these therapeutics for some kinds of cancer but not others. Finally, we need to be able to create biologics that are readily available so that patients can get them when they are initially sick and not after multiple rounds of other options, like chemotherapy and radiation.

There are a large number of studies that show once a patient completes one to two rounds or more of chemotherapy or radiation, their cells are unable to efficaciously be changed into a cell-based therapy. Getting a patients materials earlier would be beneficial. For example, the first time you, as a patient, are diagnosed with cancer, you could have your cells removed and made into a therapeutic, and that would give you a much greater chance for the therapy to be successful. It would also avoid the current situation where your starting material is damaged through rounds of chemotherapy.

In terms of unmet business needs, it is safe to say that these customised immunotherapies are on the brink of revolutionizing how we treat cancer. The commercially approved applications of CAR-T therapies are currently limited to treating just a few kinds of blood cancers, and even these indications require a patient to have undergone several other therapies unsuccessfully. The reality is that when we do develop therapies for larger patient indications, the current healthcare system cannot afford them. Consider the cost of treating 300,000 cancer patients a year, roughly half of those that die from their disease. At $373,000 per patient, the increased burden to the healthcare system would not be sustainable. This cost does not include other associated costs from providing the therapy to the patient hospitalisation, medical support, etc. The unmet need is having a means to manufacture therapeutics at high volume, in significantly less time (i.e. less than 3 days), and at significantly lower cost per therapy. Patient access to these potentially life-saving therapies will require that the costs do not significantly increase the burden on the established healthcare systems.

What are some other barriers to widespread adoption of CAR-T and accessibility for patients?

Other barriers center on patient access to the therapy. For instance, one barrier is how clinical trials are set up, which patient cohorts are chosen and therefore are the contingency that are approved for the therapy use, and ultimately what patients are allowed to have access to them.

Another barrier is the current approach to introducing CAR T-cell therapy only after other treatment options are exhausted. This is a big challenge because its not just about the patients starting material but its about how sick the patient is once they get to you. A patient may have gone through seven rounds of chemotherapy and radiation, and now they are compromised. If we can make CAR-T a front-line therapy, it would make it more accessible and affordable.

What makes CAR-T treatments so expensive? Are there any ways to reduce costs?

One of the reasons CAR-T treatments are so expensive is that the industry does not have an automated, systematic manufacturing process, and because of that, there is an over-reliance on using instrumentation and processes that have been borrowed from other therapies, like blood banking or stem cell transplantation. Most cell therapy manufacturing processes came out of academic institutions. In academia, your touch labor is typically grad students and therefore is inexpensive, while the touch labor in industry is trained professionals and comes at a much higher cost. The high degree of touch labor also contributes to a breakdown in therapy development and hinders its scalability. Tissue engineering, as a field, suffered broadly for these exact reasons.

What difficulties exist in manufacturing CAR-T therapies? How are they affecting access?

CAR T-cells are a promising therapy, but the current state of biomanufacturing is very complex, expensive and time-consuming, often requiring multiple rooms, highly skilled technicians and many instruments. The process for developing CAR T-cell therapies involves gathering T cells from the cancer patients blood, re-engineering them in a lab so they will recognise cancer cells as an enemy and then reintroducing these enriched T cells to the patients body. The current price tag for a single treatment is $450,000. The typical timeframe is 12-17 days.

One reason for this bioprocessing bottleneck is that manufacturers are using equipment thats been retrofitted from other purposes, and then strung them together. With each step in the process, manufacturers typically have to conduct extra quality control measures, which can result in lost time and material and significant expense.

Whats needed is a bioprocessing platform that can help cell therapy developers bring their therapies to market more quickly, safely and affordably.

Draper is working to develop microfluidic platforms that will perform key steps of the CAR T-cell manufacturing process, as well as processes for other types of cell therapies. Innovations include a technique known as acoustophoresis for separating and enriching the immune system cell population that includes T cells using sound energy, as well as a platform for accelerating the process for transferring genetic material into T cells from the current one-to-three days to less than a day.

The goal of these microfluidic technologies is to create improvements in the cell therapy manufacturing process by combining fluidic control, precision and the ability to scale to higher throughput systems for easy integration with existing manufacturing equipment.

What are your future plans for the technology?

I can imagine a scenario where Draper is not just making devices that manufacture cell-based therapies but going further by incorporating artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning) into these devices. This intelligence would enable us to not just study and learn from the data that is being extracted from our devices but also inform the process. I think thats the future of really smart engineering.

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Q&A: Draper's Jenna Balestrini on the future of CAR-T - - pharmaphorum

Organ donations: What you can do to help save a life – Calgary Herald

Saving the life of a fellow Canadian can be as easy as checking a box online or saying yes to being an organ donor when you renew your drivers license. But, thats just the beginning for those wanting to make a difference.

Deceased donations

In Alberta, individuals over the age of 18 can register their intent to become an organ or tissue donor when they die by using the Alberta Organ and Tissue Donation Registry. (Go to myhealth.alberta.ca online and search organ donation registry.) As well, agents and provincial registries are required to ask the donor question when clients are renewing a drivers licence or identification card.

For those who have Alberta Health Cards issued prior to 2018, the back of the card can be signed (with a witness) to declare their intention to donate.

The Alberta registry has been integrated into the provinces health care system through the use of donor co-ordinators. If a person has declared his or her intent to donate and is in a position to be considered for organ or tissue donation, a co-ordinator will discuss it with family members, who ultimately make the final decision.

Each deceased donor can provide up to eight organs (both lungs, both kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, intestines), while donated tissues can benefit up to 75 individuals.

Living donations

The vast majority of living organ donors spares one of their two functioning kidneys to a person in need, though living liver donations also occur to a lesser extent.

In most cases, family members or acquaintances donate a living organ if theyre healthy enough to safely act as a donor. Once a viable donor is found, transplant programs in both Calgary and Edmonton perform the surgeries for kidneys, while live liver transplants are only performed in Edmonton.

Theres also been a rise in so-called altruistic donors, who are willing to share their organs with a stranger. Both the Kidney Foundation of Canada and Canadian Blood Services can advise prospective living donors on where to turn, while Alberta Health can connect donors to local living donor programs.

Canadian Blood Services also operates the Kidney Paired Donation Program, an inter-provincial initiative that maintains prospective donors in a registry if they arent a compatible match for their intended recipient. Since January 2009, some 500 living donors across Canada have entered the KPD program, including 90 anonymous donors who joined the program without a specific recipient in mind. Non-directed, anonymous donations are responsible for more than two-thirds of the transplants in the KPD program, and all patients with a match have received a transplant in less than a year.

The Living Donor Services Program Edmonton: Phone 780-407-8698; toll free 1-866-253-6833; email: livingdonors@ahs.ca.

Southern Alberta Transplant Program Calgary: Phone 403-944-4635.

More information on kidney health is available from the Kidney Foundation of Canada: http://www.kidney.ca; 780-451-6900 or 403-255-6108.

More information on liver health is available from the Canadian Liver Foundation: http://www.liver.ca; 403-276-3390 or 1-800-563-5483.

Details about Green Shirt Day and Logan Boulet are at greenshirtday.ca.

Stem cell donations

Stem cell transplants replace a patients unhealthy stem cells with a donors healthy ones, and can be used to treat cancers and other diseases. The three sources of stem cells are from bone marrow, peripheral (circulating) blood and umbilical cord blood.

Prior to any donation, the donor will undergo a comprehensive health assessment before undergoing the procedure. Peripheral blood stem cell donation only requires blood to be drawn from a needle in hospital following five days of under-the-skin injections to boost the number of blood cells in the bloodstream.

Bone marrow donations are performed under anesthesia, with hollow needles used to withdraw stem cells from bone marrow in the back of pelvic bones. The procedure lasts between 45 to 90 minutes and the marrow replenishes itself in four to six weeks.

Those who wish to become a stem cell donor can call Canadian Blood Services at 1-888-2-DONATE (1-888-236-6283) or by visiting the agencys website at blood.ca.

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Organ donations: What you can do to help save a life - Calgary Herald

Six ways cancer is treated – The Standard

Radiation treatments involve the use of radiation beams to help eliminate different types of cancer (Image: Pixabay)

Dealing with cancer first hand requires a lot of emotional strength. As soon as you get the diagnosis, many fears and questions run through your mind. You experience fear, anger, worry and sadness as you begin to wonder if recovery will be possible.

ALSO READ: Five reasons your daughter needs the HPV vaccine

Thank God for technology because doctors have been able to come up with, and develop, different ways to treat cancer and prevent it from spreading. Because of this, there have been many recovery stories proving that cancer is not always fatal.

These treatments range from the use of medicines, machines and other forms of treatment in order to stop cancer cells from spreading.

Below are some of the different forms of cancer treatment that our doctors and other health practioners are putting into use today.

This is probably one of the most known forms of treatment. Chemotherapy involves the use of medicines to help slow down cancerous cells and tumours that spread within the body. When cancer treatments are mentioned, people generally steer to chemotherapy as the only known form of treatment. It includes injections, oral drugs, creams and other forms of medication as a form of treatment. Chemotherapy is usually used alongside other treatments to help eliminate different forms of cancer.

As the definition indicates, this treatment involves the use of radiation beams to help eliminate different types of cancer. The different forms of radiation that are known are high dose radiation and low dose radiation. A patient usually undergoes radiotherapy sessions to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and to also shrink tumours. The advantage to this is that its generally not a painful process. However, the beams might damage surrounding healthy cells while targeting the cancerous ones.

This is also one of the effective forms of cancer treatments that patients go through. Surgery is used to remove tumours and growths before they spread to other parts of the body. However, through surgery, a patient might lose certain body parts as a preventive measure. They often lose their breasts, glands and other parts where the cancer might be located. In small scale surgery, however, the surgeon can insert tools into the body to locate small tumours and remove them early before they grow.Surgery removes tumours and growths before they spread to other parts of the body (Image: sasint on Canva)

This is also known as bone marrow transplant. The process involves replacing the blood-making cells in the body that might have been damaged during processes like radiotherapy. High dose radiotherapy often causes damage to the healthy cells that are essential for survival. Because of this, its necessary for patients to undergo stem cell transplants in order to recover. A patient can then regenerate new cells or even get new cells from a donor.

ALSO READ: How to give yourself a breast exam

Patients can often register for a clinical trial for new forms of cancer treatments. If a patient is having a hard time with other forms of treatment, they might often opt for test runs with medicines that are still being tested. The great thing with this is that a patient is able to get hold of new medicines before other patients. Bodies such as African Consortium for cancer clinical trials handle clinical trials for cancer patients. One of the downsides to clinical trials is having to put up with the different side effects that these new drugs may have.A clinical trial is the use of new forms of cancer treatments (Image:Ibrahim BoranonUnsplash)

Immunotherapy is also an effective cancer treatment. This therapy involves boosting ones immunity to fight cancer. It helps strengthen the white blood cells so that they can fight infections more effectively. Some of the aspects to immunotherapy include the use of vaccines and also inhibitors to help protect the body from cancer. However, some of the side effects that come with immunotherapy are weight gain, skin problems, stomach upsets, fatigue and in rare occasions, death.

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Six ways cancer is treated - The Standard