Overview
Cell scienceis an emerging field of therapeutics and as well as stem cell therapyalso. In this Stem cells are playing widal role to develop into a newregenerative medicineof modern era in the globe. Most researchers believe thatStem Cellsare play a major role in future generations and give the big global business market across the world. This event leads us to build a great opportunity to fulfill the global needs and human welfare.
1.Molecular and Cellular Physiology and of Structural Biology
The cell structure is an important target structure for drugs and bacterial pathogens. It is composed of different protein filaments that are continuously remodeledto construct a dynamic cellular scaffold. The cytoskeleton is a scaffold that gives cells their diverse and adaptable shapes and that organizes their internal structures.The cytoskeleton plays a fundamental role in all aspects of cell mechanics, such as cell adhesion and motility, cell division, intracellular transport, the establishment of cell polarity and the organization of cells in tissues and organs.Many drugs and bacterial toxins act by blocking or activating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins.We primarily investigate the regulation of the cytoskeleton in the context of cancer and bacterial infections.
2.Cell Biology of Vertebrates, Microbes and Parasites
Vertebrates are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. Biologists have identified 1.3 million living species of animals. Estimates of the total number of animal species run far higher, from 10 to 20 million to as many as 100 to 200 million.in general vertebrates are all motile, heterotropic, and multicellular .Animals are ingestive heterotrophs unlike plants, who store their food as starch,and animals store their food as glycogen. Vertebrates cells lack of cell walls that provide structural support for plants and fungi .The multicellular bodies of animals are held together by extracellular structural proteins especially collagen. Vertebrate cells are made up of cells organized into tissues .each tissue specialized to some specific functions .vertebrates have their unique types of intracellular junctions, including tight junctions, desmosomes. And gap junctions together. Microbes are member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
3.Current Research in Cell and Molecular Biology
Cell biology is playing a vital role in current scientific research oriented studies. Current situation is all about cell biology leads to invention of regenerative medicine and receptor and antibody mediated medicine. Stem cells are using as a therapy for diseases include bone marrow transplantation ,cancer therapy and treating in Alzheimers disease and cardiac treatments etc. The cell science research is mainly target to to achieve the diagnostic and therapeutic uses for the people across the global. Currently it has emerged as a rapidly diversifying field with the potential to address the worldwide organ shortage issue and comprises of tissue regeneration and organ replacement. Regenerative medicine save public health bodies money by reducing the need for long-term care and reducing associated disorders, with potential benefits for the world economy as a whole.
4.Nanotechnology: Stem Cells & Cancer
Nanotechnology in medicine offers some exciting possibilities. Some techniques are only imagined, while others are at various stages of testing, or actually being used today. Nanotechnologies in medicine involve applications of nano particles currently under development, as well as longer range research that involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level. Nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves employing nano particlesto deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer cells). Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to diseased cells, which allow direct treatment of those cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of disease.
5.Molecular and Cellular Basis of Growth and Regeneration
Cell growth is used in the biological cell development and cell reproduction. Where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells. In the cell development cytoplasmic and organelle volume increase and genetic material also. Regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells,organisms, and ecosystems resilent to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.
6.Stem Cells, Self-Assembly, Tissue Growth and Regeneration
Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.
7.Germline Stem Cells
Germ cells are specialized cells which are involved in reproduction. The most well-known examples of this type of cell are gametes, the sperm and eggs which come together to create a zygote which can develop into a foetus. In addition to gametes, a number of other cells involved in reproduction are also germ cells, including gonocytes, the cells which regulate the production of eggs and sperm. All germ cells carry the germ line, the genetic material which an organism can pass on to its offspring. In humans, these cells are haploid, meaning that they carry only half the number of chromosomes necessary to create an organism. When germ cells from two different people meet, their haploid genetic material combines to create diploid cells which can replicate themselves through cell division, ultimately building a baby.
8.Cellular And Molecular Medicine
Regenerative medicines have the ability to repair, replace, and regenerate tissues and organs affected due to injury, disease, or natural aging process. These medicines are capable of restoring the functionality of cells & tissues and are applicable in a wide range of degenerative disorders such as dermatology, Neurodegenerativediseases, cardiovascular and orthopaedic applications. Researchers focus on developing technologies based on biologics, genes, somatic as well as stem cells. Stem cells are capable of proliferation and differentiation owing to which they are of importance in this field.
9.Computational Biology and Drug Designing
Computational Biology is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Computational biology is different from biological computation, which is a sub field of computer science and computer engineering using bio engineering and biology to build computers, but is similar to bioinformatics, which is an interdisciplinary science using computers to store and process biological data. Computer-aided drug design methods have played a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules for over three decades. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in computer science, applied mathematics, animation, statistics, biochemistry, chemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, ecology, evolution, anatomy, neuroscience, and visualization.
10.Cell Signaling Technology
Cell signalling is major part of communication that coordinates basic activities of cells and perform cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their micro environment on the basis of development, tissue reform, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Damage in cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes. By understanding cell signalling, diseases may be treated more effectively and, theoretically, artificial tissues may be created. Cell signalling has been most studied in human diseases. Cell signalling may also occur between the cells of two different organisms. In mammals, early embryo cells exchange signals with cells of the uterus.
11.Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering evolved from the field of bio material development and describes the practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs. Artificial skin and cartilage are examples of engineered tissues that have been approved by the FDA. This field continues to evolve. In addition to medical applications, non-therapeutic applications include using tissues as biosensorsto detect biological or chemical threat agents, and tissue chips that can be used to test the toxicity of an experimental medication.
12.Cell Rejuvenation and Wound Healing
Cell Rejuvenation is described as the reforming of a damaged cell. Skin compartments, epidermis, and hair follicles house stem cells that are indispensable for skin homeostasis and regeneration. The stem cells also contribute to wound repair, resulting in restoration of tissue integrity and function of damaged tissue. Unsuccessful wound healing processes often lead to non-healing wounds. Chronic wounds are caused by depletion of stem cells and a variety of other cellular and molecular mechanisms, many of which are still poorly understood. Current chronic wound therapies are limited, so the search to develop better therapeutic strategies is on going.Adult stem cells are gaining recognition as potential candidates for numerous skin pathologies. Emerging concepts offer some perspectives on how skin tissue-engineered products can be optimized to provide efficacious therapy in cutaneous repair and regeneration.
13.Stem Cell Therapeutics in Modern era
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions. Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced spluripotent stem cell. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.
14.Cancer Cell Biology
Cancer stem cells are cancer cells that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are therefore tumorogenic , perhaps in contrast to other non-tumorigenic cancer cells. CSCs may generate tumours through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. Such cells are hypothesized to persist in tumours as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumours. Therefore, development of specific therapies targeted at CSCs holds hope for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients, especially for patients with metastatic disease.
15.Bioethical Issues in Cell and Stem Cell Biology
The main Bioethical issues associated with human stem cells involve their derivation and use for research. Although there are interesting ethical issues surrounding the collection and use of somatic adult stem cells from aborted foetuses and umbilical cord blood, the most intense controversy to date has focused on the source of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. At present, new ethical issues are beginning to emerge around the derivation and use of other hES celllike stem cells that have the capacity to differentiate into all types of human tissue. In the near future, as the stem cell field progresses closer to the clinic, additional ethical issues are likely to arise concerning the clinical translation of basic stem cell knowledge into reasonably safe, effective and accessible patient therapies. This Review summarizes these and other bio ethical issues of the past, present and future of stem cell research.
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Cell Science, Stem Cell Research & Regenerative ...
