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Stem Cells in Plants and Animals Behave Surprisingly Similarly – Bioscience Technology

A new study from Lund University in Sweden shows that the behaviour of stem cells in plants and animals is surprisingly similar. The researchers were able to produce mathematical equations that reveal very small differences in the behaviour of the proteins. The results can hopefully be used in stem cell research involving humans.

"The plant and animal kingdoms were separated through evolution more than 1.6 billion years ago. It is surprising that the interactions between the handful of key genes that control the fate of each stem cell are so similar in both cases," said Carsten Peterson, professor at the Faculty of Science at Lund University.

Peterson is one of the researchers behind the recent study on differences and similarities between animal and plant stem cells. With a background in theoretical physics, he and his colleagues have tackled the stem cells from a different perspective, which proved successful.

By formulating mathematical equations, the researchers have performed a detailed study of the proteins that are central to the stem cells in mammals and plants. The proteins are linked to the genes that control the stem cells. In particular, the researchers have studied how these proteins mutually affect one another through interaction as the cells evolve.

"Although the proteins in mammalian and plant stem cells are very different when studied separately, there are major similarities in the ways in which they interact, that is, how they strengthen or weaken each other," said Peterson.

Stem cells are a hot topic in medical contexts, especially when it comes to cancer and autoimmune diseases. A stem cell is capable of evolving into several different types of cells and is thus a sort of mother cell to all of the body's specialized cell types. In animals, these specialized cells can never return to a stem cell state on their own. In plants, however, they can.

"Specialized cells of plants can return to being stem cells without external manipulation. In the plant world, there is a natural reprogramming process," said Peterson.

The mathematical equations show that very small differences are sufficient to explain why plant cells are so flexible while cells of mammals require artificial reprogramming to return to a stem cell state.

"When cells are influenced externally - artificially for animals or naturally for plants - the minor differences in interaction play a greater role, and the differences appear to be of greater significance," said Peterson.

He believes that a lot of work remains with regard to the efficiency of reprogramming of animal cells and therefore hopes that insights from the plant world can contribute. The current study provides clues about why it is so much easier to make a cell go back to being a stem cell in plants compared to mammals.

Reprogramming is a frequently used word in stem cell contexts today, ever since the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 2012. One of the prize winners, Shinya Yamanaka, had demonstrated how to externally manipulate cells to return to an embryonic stem cell state by increasing the concentration of certain proteins. Turning back the clock this way has enormous potential in clinical contexts. For example, on an individual basis, skin cells can be reprogrammed into embryonic stem cells, and be made into desired cell types by manipulating certain proteins. This process is known as regenerative medicine.

The study was recently published in the scientific journal PLoS ONE.

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Stem Cells in Plants and Animals Behave Surprisingly Similarly - Bioscience Technology

Skin regeneration, universal donor stem cells and new SMA treatment approach – The San Diego Union-Tribune

Injured skin repairs itself with the help of stem cells, but how this process works isnt well understood. A new study proposes that differentiated skin cells turn back into stem cells to heal the wound.

The process is regulated by a protein called Gata6 made by sebaceous duct cells. In response to injury, these cells migrate out into the skin and de-differentiate into stem cells, which then give rise to replacement skin, according to researchers led by Fiona Watt of Kings College London.

The study was published in Nature Cell Biology. When placed online, the study, Wounding induces dedifferentiation of epidermal Gata6 cells and acquisition of stem cell properties, can be found at j.mp/skincells. Watt was senior author. Giacomo Donati, also of Kings College London, was senior author.

Our data not only demonstrate that the structural and functional complexity of the junctional zone is regulated by Gata6, but also reveal that dedifferentiation is a previously unrecognized property of post-mitotic, terminally differentiated cells that have lost contact with the basement membrane, the study stated.

This resolves the long-standing debate about the contribution of terminally differentiated cells to epidermal wound repair.

One of the most-anticipated results of stem cell research would be generation of replacement tissues for those lost by disease or injury. But the potential for immune rejection limits this potential. While immune-matching can be achieved through patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, this process takes time and is costly.

Immune-tolerant allogenic stem cells have been produced in a study reported Monday in Nature Biotechnology. These cells were produced by making them express minimally variant human leukocyte antigen class E molecules. Production of these molecules causes a self response that inhibits attack by NK natural killer cells.

When published, the study, HLA-E-expressing pluripotent stem cells escape allogeneic responses and lysis by NK cells, can be found online at j.mp/allogenic. David W Russell was senior author and Germn Gornalusse was first author. Both are of University of Washington, Seattle.

A study conducted in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy suggests that symptoms might be reduced by increasing the activity of synapses between sensory and motor neurons. It suggests there may be more than one path to improving or preserving muscle function in SMA patients.

SMA is caused by the deterioration and eventual death of spinal motor neurons. The only treatment shown to affect the underlying course of the disease, Spinraza, was researched by Ionis Pharmaceuticals in Carlsbad and brought to market in a partnership with Biogen.

The study was published Monday in Nature Neuroscience. George Z Mentis was the senior author and Emily V Fletcher was first author. Both are of Columbia University in New York. When placed online, the study, Reduced sensory synaptic excitation impairs motor neuron function via Kv2.1 in spinal muscular atrophy, can be found at j.mp/smanew.

Researchers treated the mice with kainate, which restored near-normal synaptic functioning and improved motor functioning. While the chemical induces seizures, the mice were given doses lower than the seizure threshold.

Because of kainates seizure-inducing potential, the researchers are looking for safer chemicals to stimulate the synaptic connections.

bradley.fikes@sduniontribune.com

(619) 293-1020

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Skin regeneration, universal donor stem cells and new SMA treatment approach - The San Diego Union-Tribune

One Year Follow Up of Cytori Cell Therapy in Investigator Erectile … – GlobeNewswire (press release)

May 10, 2017 09:00 ET | Source: Cytori Therapeutics

SAN DIEGO, May 10, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cytori Therapeutics, Inc.(NASDAQ:CYTX) announces one year follow up data of ADRCs (Cytori Cell Therapy) treatment in post prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. The related abstract and presentation will occur at the 2017 American Urological Association Annual Meeting, May 12-16 in Boston. The abstract is currently available in the Journal of Urology (online).

The investigator initiated, open label, Phase I, single arm pilot trial studied 21 men with post prostatectomy erectile dysfunction with insufficient clinical effect after maximal pharmacologic intervention. The abstract reports that following a single administration of Cytori Cell Therapy, eight of 14 (57%) of subjects with urinary continence at baseline recovered their erectile function and could implement sexual intercourse after 6 months with the effect sustained to 12 months after treatment. This was associated with a modest but statistically significant sustained improvement in the patients IIEF-5 score, a widely used measure of male sexual function. Efficacy was solely demonstrated in patients that were continent at inclusion of the trial. No serious adverse events and 8 minor events related to the liposuction were reported.

This data follows previously published six month follow-up from the same trial on a smaller subset of 17 men with erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy (publication available here).

In addition to this study in erectile dysfunction, Cytori Cell TherapyTM is currently being studied in the ADRESU trial in Japan for male urinary incontinence following prostatic surgery. This investigator initiated, phase III, multicenter, 45 patient trial of Cytoris ECCI-50 cellular therapeutic is based on promising pilot trial data published in the International Journal of Urology in 2014. Details of the pilot trial can be found on clinicaltrials.gov and the Japanese Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare website.

AboutCytori Therapeutics, Inc.

Cytori is a therapeutics company developing regenerative and oncologic therapies from its proprietary cell therapy and nanoparticle platforms for a variety of medical conditions. Data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that Cytori Cell Therapy acts principally by improving blood flow, modulating the immune system, and facilitating wound repair. As a result, Cytori Cell Therapy may provide benefits across multiple disease states and can be made available to the physician and patient at the point-of-care through Cytoris proprietary technologies and products. Cytori Nanomedicine is developing encapsulated therapies for regenerative medicine and oncologic indications. For more information, visit http://www.cytori.com.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release includes forward-looking statements regarding events, trends and business prospects, which may affect our future operating results and financial position. Such statements, including, without limitation, conduct of clinical trials and presentation of clinical data, are all subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results and financial position to differ materially. Some of these risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, inherent risk and uncertainty in conduct of investigator-initiated clinical trials, protection of intellectual property rights, regulatory uncertainties, risks in the collection and results of clinical data, final clinical outcomes, dependence on third party performance, performance and acceptance of our products in the marketplace, as well as other risks and uncertainties described under the heading "Risk Factors" in Cytori's Securities and Exchange Commission Filings on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q. We assume no responsibility to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events, trends or circumstances after the date they are made.

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Stem cells in plants and animals behave surprisingly similarly – Science Daily


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Stem cells in plants and animals behave surprisingly similarly
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Stem cells in plants and animals behave surprisingly similarly - Science Daily

Three-dimensional system enabling the maintenance and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under … – Science Advances

The development of in vitro models for the maintenance and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is an active area of stem cell research. The strategies used so far are based mainly on two-dimensional (2D) cultures, in which cellular phenotypes are regulated by soluble factors. We show that a 3D culture system with atelocollagen porous scaffolds can significantly improve the outcome of the current platforms intended for the maintenance and lineage specification of mouse PSCs (mPSCs). Unlike 2D conditions, the 3D conditions maintained the undifferentiated state of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) without exogenous stimulation and also supported endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm differentiation of mESCs under serum-free conditions. Moreover, 3D mPSCderived mesodermal cells showed accelerated osteogenic differentiation, giving rise to functional osteoblast-osteocyte populations within calcified structures. The present strategy offers a 3D platform suitable for the formation of organoids that mimic in vivo organs containing various cell types, and it may be adaptable to the generation of ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived tissues when combined with appropriate differentiation treatments.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

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Three-dimensional system enabling the maintenance and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under ... - Science Advances

Novel tissue-engineered islet transplant achieves insulin independence in type 1 diabetes – Science Daily


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Novel tissue-engineered islet transplant achieves insulin independence in type 1 diabetes
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Scientists from the Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine have produced the first clinical results demonstrating that pancreatic islet cells transplanted within a tissue-engineered platform can ...

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Novel tissue-engineered islet transplant achieves insulin independence in type 1 diabetes - Science Daily

INTERNATIONAL REGENERATIVE MEDICINE COMMUNITY TO … – GlobeNewswire (press release)

May 10, 2017 10:59 ET | Source: Regenerative Medicine Foundation Miami, Florida, May 10, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) --

The 13ththWorld Stem Cell Summit http://www.worldstemcellsummit.com is taking place January 23-26, 2018 at the Hyatt Regency Miami. Produced by the nonprofit Regenerative Medicine Foundation (RMF), the event is the global ecosystem meeting for advanced therapies; fostering public understanding, promoting positive policy initiatives and collaborations.

The World Stem Cell Summit will be co-located with the fields premier industry partnering event, Phacilitate Leaders Forum, Cell & Gene Therapy World and Immunotherapy World.

In addition to compelling keynotes, plenary and focus sessions, thediverse four-day program includesexpert lunch roundtables; a centrally located Expo packed with innovators in industry, academia and government; a poster forum showcasing science and policy research; the galaStem Cell Action Awards Dinnerhttp://regmedfoundation.org/awards/; as well as many exclusive networking and partnering opportunities.

RMF Executive Director Bernard Siegel, founder and co-chair of the Summit said, We are proud to select Miami to be our host for the next World Stem Cell Summit. Miami is often referred to as the 'City of the Future' and in 2018 it will be the center of the stem cell universe. Its the perfect venue for Summit attendees to gain knowledge, network and collect opportunities to advance their goals, in a superlative, cosmopolitan setting.

ABOUT RMFRegenerative Medicine Foundation is dedicated to accelerating regenerative medicine to improve health and deliver cures. RMF pursues its mission by producing its flagship World Stem Cell Summit, honoring leaders through the Stem Cell Action Awards http://worldstemcellsummit.com/stem-cell-action-awards/, publishing the World Stem Cell Report and RegMed Newsletter, organizing educational initiatives such as the upcoming Regenerative Medicine Essentials Course http://www.wakehealth.edu/Research/WFIRM/RMEssentials/Regenerative-Medicine-Essentials.htm and fostering strategic collaborations.

For more information about RMF, visitwww.regmedfoundation.orgor contact Bernard Siegel directly at Bernard@regmedfoundation.org.

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A photo accompanying this announcement is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/64ef8cd8-84a3-4130-8a8f-f1e020eaeba3

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New lung ‘organoids’ in a dish mimic features of full-size lung – Phys.Org

May 12, 2017 Bright-field images of day 50 LBO-derived Matrigel colonies from RUES2 cells. Representative of six independent experiments. Scale bars, 500?m. Credit: Snoeck lab/Columbia University Medical Center

New lung "organoids"tiny 3-D structures that mimic features of a full-sized lunghave been created from human pluripotent stem cells by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC). The team used the organoids to generate models of human lung diseases in a lab dish, which could be used to advance our understanding of a variety of respiratory diseases.

A paper detailing the discovery was published in the April 24 online issue of Nature Cell Biology.

Organoids are 3-D structures containing multiple cell types that look and function like a full-sized organ. By reproducing an organ in a dish, researchers hope to develop better models of human diseases, and find new ways of testing drugs and regenerating damaged tissue.

"Researchers have taken up the challenge of creating organoids to help us understand and treat a variety of diseases," said Hans-Willem Snoeck, PhD, professor of medicine (in Microbiology & Immunology) at CUMC and lead investigator of the study. "But we have been tested by our limited ability to create organoids that can replicate key features of human disease."

The lung organoids created in Dr. Snoeck's lab are the first to include branching airway and alveolar structures, similar to human lungs.

To demonstrate their functionality, the researchers showed that the organoids reacted in much the same way as a real lung does when infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Additional experiments revealed that the organoids also responded as a human lung would when carrying a gene mutation linked to pulmonary fibrosis.

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RSV is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and has no vaccine or effective antiviral therapy. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a condition that causes scarring in the lungs, causes 30,000 to 40,000 deaths in the U.S. each year. A lung transplant is the only cure for this condition.

"Organoids, created with human pluripotent or genome-edited embryonic stem cells, may be the best, and perhaps only, way to gain insight into the pathogenesis of these diseases," Dr. Snoeck says.

Explore further: New study makes strides towards generating lung tissue

More information: Ya-Wen Chen et al, A three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells, Nature Cell Biology (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncb3510

Using Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), researchers have for the first time profiled the complete genetic programs of early lung progenitors identifying genes that control lung formation and have created mini-lung organoids ...

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Human lungs, like all organs, begin their existence as clumps of undifferentiated stem cells. But in a matter of months, the cells get organized. They gather together, branch and bud, some forming airways and others alveoli, ...

Scientists at KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Belgium, have succeeded in growing three-dimensional cultures of the endometrium, the uterus' inner lining, in a dish. These so-called endometrial organoids promise to shed ...

A new method to create kidney organoids from patient cells may provide insights into how kidney diseases arise and how they should be treated. The research will be presented at ASN Kidney Week 2016 November 15-20 at McCormick ...

Brazilian researchers from the D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) have demonstrated the harmful effects of ZIKA virus (ZIKV) in human neural stem cells, neurospheres ...

An ancient sink hole in eastern Tennessee holds the clues to an important transitional time in the evolutionary history of snakes. Among the fossilized creatures found there, according to a new paper co-authored by a University ...

New lung "organoids"tiny 3-D structures that mimic features of a full-sized lunghave been created from human pluripotent stem cells by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC). The team used the organoids ...

University of Dundee scientists have solved a mystery concerning one of the most fundamental processes in cell biology, in a new discovery that they hope may help to tackle cancer one day.

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In their quest to replicate themselves, viruses have gotten awfully good at tricking human cells into pumping out viral proteins. That's why scientists have been working to use viruses as forces for good: to deliver useful ...

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Stem Cell Regeneration Clinics: Waiting to Pounce on the Desperate – Patheos (blog)

Manuelas most recent email set my skeptic senses tingling. This worried Colombian wife had reached out to me across the transom of the World Wide Web emphasis on the World Wide because of my personal experience and extensive research into awareness in vegetative states. Yet in this instance, I think my skeptical chops may be more helpful, as I attempt to get between her and predatory stem cell regeneration quacks.

Youll see why Im so concerned when you read her message:

Thanks for replying to my emails, this also helps me a lot [after I sent her a list Kate Allatt prepared for people in a locked-in or minimally conscious state].

I think my Husband (His name is Felipe [my pseudonym for him])is in that period of the coma [referring to my last email, in which I described my partial awareness during my coma, as my consciousness flickered in and out], he seem to be conscious some times, but other times he looks like he is somewhere else. He also has against his health that he has lost so much weight, he was 185 pounds, and today he is 125. We are looking for other options too, there is something called cells regeneration, it is very expensive, but I think is a good option. I will check out your blog.

Have a great day!

You may have picked this up by now, but my diplomacy skills are so atrocious that I could qualify for a position in the Trump administration diplomatic corps if I werent such a liberal. Thus, this was my typically too-blunt reply:

Manuela,

I would highly recommend against trying stem cell regeneration! Its not only unproven, but is potentially extremely dangerous. Read this article about three women who lost their all or part of their sight after having stem cells injected in their eyes in an attempt to cure macular degeneration:Patients Lose Sight After Stem Cells Are Injected Into Their Eyes. I think that in many cases, stem cell regeneration therapy is performed by quacks or at least unlicensed doctors pushing an unproven therapy, often exploiting desperate people.

If I were you, I would first try Ambien. Its harmless, inexpensive to try, and has had a few but remarkable successes (it was a small study). Zolpidem is the drugs name. Its available in a cheap generic. I used to take it myself before my coma.

Another technique that has shown temporary effectiveness is deep brain stimulation. I put some links into my first email, but here they are again (actually, this time the Ambien link is more specific to the drug treatment). Ambien:Sleeping pill may rouse coma patientsand deep brain stimulation:Electric brain stimulation rouses some people in a minimally conscious or vegetative state. The other thing that might help Felipes would be the physical therapy youve already said you were committed to beginning. If careful enough, that should be harmless as well.

As for Felipes weight, I myself lost a lot of weight and became dangerously skinny while being fed through my gastric tube. Perhaps you can request the high calorie liquid food I was eventually put on (if he isnt on it already).

Also, would you like me to put you in contact with the woman I mentioned who was in a locked-in state, Kate Allatt? (The link is Kates website, so you can contact her yourself if you like.) Kate is much more experienced in directing patients to resources than I am! In her memoir, by the way, she advocates for sometimes going against doctors wishes when you know whats best for your own body. She wasnt talking about a loved ones body, but you are Felipes voice right now.

At any rate, I hope you have a great day, as well, and that Felipe continues to improve!

There are further medical steps Manuela could take beyond the ones I had already suggested to her, though some involve slightly more powerful drugs. (Shes a looong way away from worrying about Ambien affecting Felipes driving.) These drugs at least have the advantage of having shown clinical effectiveness, albeit in studies that were small by necessity.

While stem cell regeneration is a promising area of legitimate medical research, these unlicensed clinics are a whole other kettle of fishiness. I had read about these scammers before, including an article about threewomen who lost their eyesight in whole or in part in an attempt to forestall their macular degeneration (which I linked to in my email).

I had also read about the sad case of Jim Gass, who had traveled to Mexico, China, and Argentina and paid tens of thousands of dollars to have stem cells injected into his spine in order to help him recover from a stroke.

Instead, he developed a huge tumor on his spine.

Whereas Gass was hampered before with a disabled arm and weakness in one of his legs, hes now a quadriplegic with the exception of one arm. And the growth of his spinal tumor continues unabated.

It may be too late for Jim Gass to learn this lesson about the dangers of unlicensed and unregulated stem cell regeneration clinics. But how can I impress that on Manuela without sounding paternalistic?

On the one hand, shes obviously a dogged online researcher. Thats how she found my coma recovery blog in the first place. But theres a reason why these scammers have a continual stream of victims beating down their doors to be fleeced.

There are a lot of desperate patients out there with no legitimate medical treatments, and theyre grasping for treatment options. Ive only been able to sense secondhand what my loved ones went through as I lay near death, with my doctors telling them to give up hope for my full recovery.

Or any recovery at all.

Keith did what Manuela is doing now, researching online. He found Dr. Adrian Owens tennis study, in which Dr. Owen and his team managed to communicated with a few people judged to be in persistent vegetative states.

That gave Keith the encouragement to continue trying to stimulate my mind as best he could without access to the expensive fMRI scanners Dr. Owen et al used.

What kind of desperately-needed hope can I offer Manuela?

Well, Ill probably send her a few more links to clinically tested treatments. Amantadine,a flu-fighting medication used as well for tremor in Parkinsons patients, and Levadopa(also used for Parkinsons disease) have both helped to improve awareness, increase periods of wakefulness, or even sparked awakening. While use of these drugs would be off label, at least there is clinical if limited data to back up their potential effectiveness.

Indeed, this is what the International Brain Injury Association had to say regarding patients in developing countries:

The situation gets worse in undeveloped countries where one can hardly find a brain trauma neurorehabilitation unit and exceptionally few patients can access them.

These treatment studies of course need to be replicated to spread more widely. But given that they employ tested treatments/drugs that are being used off label by specialists in the developed world, theyre certainly safer than stem cell regeneration, which is at best worthless and at worst has caused proven harm to many.

Manuela is already determined to take the matters into her own hands by giving Felipe physical therapy, despite his doctors dismissal of its utility. (My doctors said the same thing, and I believe that passive exercise wouldve at the very least shortened my recovery time. And given that my awareness and movement improved every time I was significantly stimulated, the physical therapy might well have hastened my awakening.)

In the end, all I can do is to try to gently encourage Manuela to try these safer and much cheaper interventions, which have show actual clinical effectiveness. With my decided lack of diplomatic skill, Im far from the best person to attempt this.

The stem cell regeneration clinic scammers will be waiting to pounce if I fail.

For as little as $1 a month, you can help feed a starving writer. Please considersupporting my work on Patreon.

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