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Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy (Vampire Facelift)

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy Sub Menu Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy background information

Platelet Rich Plasma or PRP therapy, also known as autologous rejuvenation therapy, is a revolutionary new treatment. It is often also referred to, by the media, as a Vampire Facelift or Dracula Therapy.

PRP therapy works on the basis that the bodys own natural healing powers may slow and even reverse the ageing process its a revolutionary repair system that places growth factors in the exact location where we want the skin to repair and rejuvenate itself.

Blood (a small amount) is taken from the patient during the treatment, then treated (in a centrifuge) to harvest the platelet rich plasma and re-injected into the desired area. The therapy is said to plump skin, fill out fine lines and wrinkles, and give an overall more radiant appearance.

Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy has been used for a number of years in urology, ophthalmology, dentistry, neurosurgery, orthopaedics and sports medicine, to treat muscle and ligament injuries, pain problems, skin lesions and more. Due to the success of Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy in medicine, the procedure was then developed into a cosmetic procedure.

Platelets contain a high content of growth factors proteins that help to heal injured tissue or damaged skin. Upon re-injection the platelets release their growth factors which trigger surrounding cells to proliferate, in turn stimulating repair, increasing volume and rejuvenating the skin.

If you are considering Platelet Rich Plasma therapy the following information will give you a basic understanding of the procedure. It can't answer all your questions, since a lot depends on the individual patient and the practitioner. Please ask a practitioner about anything you don't understand.

PRP therapy involves harvesting platelets from the patients own blood in order to inject them into problem skin areas, giving it the nicknames Vampire Facelift and Dracula Therapy. Before the procedure, a small amount of blood is taken from the patient and put into a centrifuge, where the blood is spun in order to separate the red blood cells from the platelet plasma. The platelet plasma, which is the component of the blood that is known for being highly effective in treating burns and skin injuries, is then injected into the chosen area, where it plumps up the skin, reducing fine lines and wrinkles.

When the platelet plasma is injected into the skin, the platelets release their growth factors. The growth factors stimulate other cells surrounding the injection site, plumping them up and causing them to increase in volume. The platelet plasma sends out signals to other cells in the body when it is injected, telling them to rush forward to the injection site. One cell that is stimulated during the process is the fibroblast cell, which is the cell type that creates collagen. Collagen is what gives skin a youthful appearance. As we age, collagen is produced less and less, causing wrinkles and fine lines in the skin, and therapies such as PRP therapy that stimulate collagen production can counteract this. Another cell stimulated during the process is the pre-adipocyte cell, which is a cell type that can convert into a fat cell, which is especially important in the face to fill out lines and to contour the face.

PRP therapy can be used on the face, particularly around the eyes, mouth and nose, the backs of the hands, and all over the body, more commonly the dcolletage and even the knees to give skin a more youthful and radiant appearance.

There are now many brands of Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy for use in cosmetic enhancement including Regen, Selphyl, GLOPRP, Angel Lift and Tropocells (also known by the brand MyCells in other countries outside of the UK), which all offer a different method or process for refining and creating the PRP product from the original blood source.

Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy can be used to treat numerous cosmetic problems, such as fine lines and wrinkles or crepey skin around the mouth and nose, crows feet around the eyes and mild drooping or sagging skin around the eyes or on the cheeks. PRP therapy can also be used to improve the appearance of dehydrated or mildly sagging skin on the backs of the hands, on the tops of the feet, elbows and knees. It can be used all over the body.

In terms of medical treatment rather than cosmetic treatment, PRP therapy can be used to treat a multitude of problems, including osteoarthritis and ligament and muscle injuries. It has been used widely in medicine for a number of years.

During your first visit to a clinic, you should explain what you expect from PRP Therapy and how you would like to look afterwards. Your practitioner should discuss any potential problems connected with the treatment based on your medical history.

The practitioner should take a medical history to make sure that there are no reasons why you shouldnt have the treatment. Then you will usually be asked to read detailed information and sign a consent form which means that you have understood what the treatment may do, along with any potential side effects. Photographs may also be taken by the practitioner for a before and after comparison of the treatment.

10 to 20 minutes before your procedure, your practitioner will draw 10-20ml of blood. This is done in a similar way to when you have blood taken for testing at the doctors office.

The blood will then be spun in a centrifuge to separate the platelet plasma from the red blood cells using one of the branded systems described.

Any makeup on the skin will be removed using a wipe, and antiseptic will be applied to the injection site. Depending on your practitioner, a topical local anaesthetic will then be applied to the skin of the injection site. The PRP will then be injected into the skin in the desired area using a very fine needle. Injections will be given multiple times in multiple locations in order to give an overall improvement to the area.

An ice pack may then be pressed onto the treated site to reduce any swelling. You will then be free to leave and go about your daily business. The whole procedure usually takes about 30 minutes.

It may take a few weeks for the results of the PRP therapy to become visible, but with two to three top-up treatments, you can expect the results of PRP therapy to last for up to one and a half years.

Recovery time is minimal with Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy, much like a visit to the doctor for a blood test. The actual procedure of reinjection of the PRP involves the use of topical anaesthetic, although not always depending on the patient and area being treated, rather than local or general anaesthetic, meaning that most patients feel comfortable returning to their normal activities straight after the treatment or within a short while.

There are few side effects associated with Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy. Immediately after the procedure, you can expect some bruising, swelling and redness at the injection sites. You may also experience some tenderness and pain at the injection sites. However, any side effects should dissipate within a few days following the procedure.

It is very important that you follow the advice of your physician following treatment. Post-treatment advice could include:

Most patients will be able to go straight back to their normal regime following treatment, but if you experience any tenderness or pain at the treatment site, you should take extra care when washing and caring for your skin in the days following the PRP therapy.

To undergo PRP therapy, you should be in general good health and you should have realistic expectations of the outcome. Most people are suitable candidates for PRP therapy, and it is recommended as a safe treatment for individuals who are unable to undergo more invasive procedures such as a full face lift, due to the risks associated with general anaesthetic (although it will not achieve the same results as a surgical face lift).

Individuals with platelet dysfunction syndrome, critical thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenaemia, haemodynamic instability, sepsis, acute & chronic infections and chronic liver pathology are not suitable candidates for PRP therapy.

Those undergoing anti-coagulant therapy are also not suitable candidates.

Only fully trained and qualified medical practitioners (nurses, doctors or cosmetic surgeons) should perform PRP therapy.

It is unlikely that anyone considering PRP Therapy for cosmetic indications would be able to access this free of charge on the National Health Service (NHS).

Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy costs between 350 and 500 per session, depending on the practitioner. Generally, you need two to three top-up sessions after your first treatment, so you could pay between 700 and 1500, depending on how many top-up sessions you have. Further maintenance may be required.

PRP therapy is a revolutionary new therapy that is a safe and alternative treatment to various other non-invasive cosmetic treatments such as botulinum toxins and dermal fillers. Its considered to be a natural treatment, as it uses the bodys own cells (blood plasma) rather than a synthetic substance.

Following PRP therapy, your skin will look more smooth, radiant and youthful.

There are very few risks associated with PRP therapy if it is administered by a fully trained physician.

Coming soon.

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Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy (Vampire Facelift)

The Stem Cell Center at Texas Heart Institute

Welcome

The Stem Cell Center Texas Heart Institute is dedicated to the study of adult stem cells and their role in treating diseases of the heart and the circulatory system. Through numerous clinical and preclinical studies, we have come to realize the potential of stem cells to help patients suffering from cardiovascular disease.We are actively enrolling patients in studies using stem cells for the treatment of heart failure, heart attacks, and peripheral vascular disease.

Whether you are a patient looking for information regarding our research, or a doctor hoping to learn more about stem cell therapy, we welcome you to the Stem Cell Center. Please visit our Clinical Trials page for more information about our current trials.

Emerson C. Perin, MD, PhD, FACC Director, Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medicine Medical Director, Stem Cell Center McNair Scholar

You may contact us at:

E-mail: stemcell@texasheart.org Toll free: 1-866-924-STEM (7836) Phone: 832-355-9405 Fax: 832-355-9440

We are a network of physicians, scientists, and support staff dedicatedto studying stem cell therapy for treating heart disease. Thegoals of the Network are to complete research studies that will potentially lead to more effective treatments for patients with cardiovasculardisease, and to share knowledge quickly with the healthcare community.

Websitein Spanish (En espaol)

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The Stem Cell Center at Texas Heart Institute

Why I’m sure human stem cell trial will be safe – New …

(Image: Natasha Little)

The new kind of stem cell announced yesterday may be the future of regenerative medicine, but Masayo Takahashis pilot safety study using a type of stem cell to treat age-related blindness is at the cutting edge

Later this year, you will make history when you begin the first ever human trial of induced pluripotent stem cells. Why is this such a big deal? Stem cells have enormous medical potential because they can become any other type of cell. If we can use them to replace old or damaged cells, this could have huge implications for treating degenerative diseases.

Stem cells can be harvested from embryos, but this is ethically controversial. Despite this, there are several trials of these embryonic stem cells under way. Their use often requires drugs to stop the immune system from rejecting them, which can cause complications for elderly patients. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer an alternative. These are made from a patients own cells, removing the need for the immunosuppressant drugs. Plus there are no ethical issues.

How would treatment with iPS cells work? iPS cells are made by injecting several reprogramming genes into adult cells that have been removed from the body. This makes them rewind to an embryonic state. Then, we can make iPS cells differentiate into the cell type we need by injecting proteins that instruct embryonic stem cells to become liver, retina or any other type of cell. The idea is that these reprogrammed cells can then be inserted in the body to replace damaged cells. We are at least 20 years from any clinical treatments, but the potential is exciting.

Are there any potential pitfalls with iPS cell treatments? Yes, we have to be very careful because iPS cells multiply endlessly. This means that if any undifferentiated iPS cells were accidentally put into someone, they could cause tumours. Thats why this study is so important. It is not a clinical trial, but a six-subject pilot study to confirm the safety of putting cells derived from iPS cells into humans.

Who are the participants in the study? The six people all have age-related macular degeneration in their eyes. This weakens the vision in the central field, eventually leaving people with only peripheral vision. In the type of degeneration we are working with, this is caused by the deterioration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) the layer of cells that clears away extra-cellular debris that lands on the retina.

We aim to replace the damaged section of the RPE with cells created from skin taken from the patients arm. The skin cells will be reprogrammed into iPS cells and then differentiated into RPE cells. It will take a year to grow enough RPE cells to introduce them to a damaged eye. Although I am excited to see if there is any improvement in sight, this study aims only to demonstrate the safety of RPE cells derived from IPS cells.

How confident are you that the pilot will be a success? Very confident. We have trialled this intervention on mice, rats and monkeys, and observed no tumours. I chose to work with RPE cells because of their characteristic brown pigment. This means we can avoid injecting tumour-causing iPS cells by selecting only the clumps of pure brown RPE cells. Of course, we do have to pick out around 50,000 RPE cells, so it can be a bit tough.

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Arguments Against Embryonic Stem Cell Research – Stem …

An embryo is actually a human; it should be valued as highly as a human life.

The reasoning can be summed up by the fact that, once an egg is fertilized, unless inhibited, it will develop into a fully-developed adult. This opinion is often related to religious doctrines which assert that conception marks the beginning of human life or the presence of a soul.

Viability is another standard under which embryos and fetuses have been regarded as human lives. In the United States, the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade concluded that viability determined the permissibility of abortions performed for reasons other than the protection of the woman's health, defining viability as the point at which a fetus is "potentially able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid."

The point of viability was 24 to 28 weeks when the case was decided and has since moved to about 22 weeks due to advancement in medical technology.

If further technological advances allow a sperm and egg to be combined and fully developed completely outside of the womb, an embryo will be viable as soon as it is conceived, and under the viability standard, life will begin at conception.

Embryonic stem cells should be abandoned in favor of alternatives, such as those involving adult stem cells.

This argument is used by opponents of embryonic destruction as well as researchers specializing in adult stem cell research. It is often claimed by pro-life supporters that the use of adult stem cells from sources such as umbilical cord blood has consistently produced more promising results than the use of embryonic stem cells.

Furthermore, adult stem cell research may be able to make greater advances if less money and resources were channeled into embryonic stem cell research. Adult stem cells have already produced therapies, while embryonic stem cells have not.

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STEM CELL THERAPY IN BANGKOK – Andrew Drummond

He is a gifted speaker and recently targeted audiences have included readers of the Pattaya People newspaper and today it seems the Pattaya Expats Club run by controversial Pattaya People Media CEO Niels Colov. But listeners should always be cautious when it comes to stell cell treatment, a speciality of Dr. Richard DeAndrea.

No stem cell treatments (except hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) have been given approval by the U.S. Federal Drug Aministration, which means that they have not been tested for safety or for efficacy.

Although Dr. DeAndrea appears to be a highly qualified doctor, controversy still rages worldwide over stem cell therapy. Research is still in progress but there seems little doubt that the discovery of stem cells and what they could be potentially used for will be of great benefit.

Indeed the The U.S. National Institutes of Health's Guidelines has stated:

Dr Richard DeAndrea, MD, ND, also recently addressed the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) Conference.

A4M is not recognised by the American Medical Association and critics have accused the group of using misleading marketing to sell expensive and ineffective products. This is not something I am accusing Dr. DeAndrea of doing.

But GSCN in Bangkok, for whom Dr. DeAndrew works, is offering Stem Cell therapy as a cure for multiple conditons.

Recently CBS 60 Minutes exposed a doctor who offered stem cell therapy for cerebral palsy when there was no research justifying its use. The programme makers also exposed other sharks in the industry. Stems cell therapy is not yet the Holy Grail or elixir of life.

Stem cell therapy treatments have been offered in Bangkok at prices in the region of US$40,000 and Thailands retirement visa foreigners could be a prize market though perhaps the Pattaya Expat Club may not have that many potential clients with such an amount of money spare.

GLOBAL STEM CELL NETWORK COMPANY LIMITED 210/3 SOI NA THONG DIN DAENG, KHET DIN DAENG, BANGKOK founded 30/06/2552 2M baht registered capital. 2 Thai shareholders with 61% + 1 American shareholder with 39% Given the number of firms crammed in, this address is probably virtual offices or an accountant's office.

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STEM CELL THERAPY IN BANGKOK - Andrew Drummond

JAX Mice Database – 014543 STOCK Hgf Prkdc …

Agerstam H; Jaras M; Andersson A; Johnels P; Hansen N; Lassen C; Rissler M; Gisselsson D; Olofsson T; Richter J; Fan X; Ehinger M; Fioretos T. 2010. Modeling the human 8p11-myeloproliferative syndrome in immunodeficient mice. Blood 116(12):2103-11. [PubMed: 20554971] [MGI Ref ID J:164507]

Agliano A; Martin-Padura I; Mancuso P; Marighetti P; Rabascio C; Pruneri G; Shultz LD; Bertolini F. 2008. Human acute leukemia cells injected in NOD/LtSz-scid/IL-2Rgamma null mice generate a faster and more efficient disease compared to other NOD/scid-related strains. Int J Cancer 123(9):2222-7. [PubMed: 18688847] [MGI Ref ID J:142410]

Ahsmann EJ; van Tol MJ; Oudeman-Gruber J; Lokhorst H; Uytdehaag FG; Schuurman HJ; Bloem AC. 1995. The SCID mouse as a model for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 89(2):319-27. [PubMed: 7873382] [MGI Ref ID J:22989]

Akiba H; Takeda K; Kojima Y; Usui Y; Harada N; Yamazaki T; Ma J; Tezuka K; Yagita H; Okumura K. 2005. The role of ICOS in the CXCR5+ follicular B helper T cell maintenance in vivo. J Immunol 175(4):2340-8. [PubMed: 16081804] [MGI Ref ID J:107507]

Al-Qaoud KM; Fleischer B; Hoerauf A. 1998. The Xid defect imparts susceptibility to experimental murine filariosis--association with a lack of antibody and IL-10 production by B cells in response to phosphorylcholine. Int Immunol 10(1):17-25. [PubMed: 9488152] [MGI Ref ID J:110480]

Alba A; Puertas MC; Carrillo J; Planas R; Ampudia R; Pastor X; Bosch F; Pujol-Borrell R; Verdaguer J; Vives-Pi M. 2004. IFNbeta accelerates autoimmune type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice and breaks the tolerance to beta cells in nondiabetes-prone mice. J Immunol 173(11):6667-75. [PubMed: 15557158] [MGI Ref ID J:94366]

Alfaro MP; Pagni M; Vincent A; Atkinson J; Hill MF; Cates J; Davidson JM; Rottman J; Lee E; Young PP. 2008. The Wnt modulator sFRP2 enhances mesenchymal stem cell engraftment, granulation tissue formation and myocardial repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(47):18366-71. [PubMed: 19017790] [MGI Ref ID J:142215]

Ali N; Flutter B; Sanchez Rodriguez R; Sharif-Paghaleh E; Barber LD; Lombardi G; Nestle FO. 2012. Xenogeneic graft-versus-host-disease in NOD-scid IL-2Rgammanull mice display a T-effector memory phenotype. PLoS One 7(8):e44219. [PubMed: 22937164] [MGI Ref ID J:191672]

Alugupalli KR; Gerstein RM; Chen J; Szomolanyi-Tsuda E; Woodland RT; Leong JM. 2003. The resolution of relapsing fever borreliosis requires IgM and is concurrent with expansion of B1b lymphocytes. J Immunol 170(7):3819-27. [PubMed: 12646649] [MGI Ref ID J:125443]

Ambrosino E; Spadaro M; Iezzi M; Curcio C; Forni G; Musiani P; Wei WZ; Cavallo F. 2006. Immunosurveillance of Erbb2 carcinogenesis in transgenic mice is concealed by a dominant regulatory T-cell self-tolerance. Cancer Res 66(15):7734-40. [PubMed: 16885376] [MGI Ref ID J:112102]

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Induced pluripotent stem cell therapy – Wikipedia, the …

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan was the first to disprove the previous notion that reversible cell differentiation of mammals was impossible. He reprogrammed a fully differentiated mouse cell into a pluripotent stem cell by introducing four genes, Oct-4, SOX2, KLF4, and Myc, into the mouse fibroblast through gene-carrying viruses. With this method, he and his coworkers created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), the key component in this experiment.[1] Scientists have been able to conduct experiments that show the ability of iPS cells to treat and even cure diseases. In this experiment, tests were run on mice with inherited sickle cell anemia.Skin cells were turned into cells containing genes that transformed the cells into iPS cells. These replaced the diseased sickled cells, curing the test mice. The reprogramming of the pluripotent stem cells in mice was successfully duplicated with human pluripotent stem cells within about a year of the experiment on the mice.

Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. Red blood cells are flexible and round, moving easily through the blood vessels. Infected cells are shaped like a crescent or sickle (the namesake of the disease). As a result of this disorder the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells is faulty. Normal hemoglobin bonds to oxygen, then releases it into cells that need it. The blood cell retains its original form and is cycled back to the lungs and re-oxygenated.

Sickle cell hemoglobin, however, after giving up oxygen, cling together and make the red blood cell stiff. The sickle shape also makes it difficult for the red blood cell to navigate arteries and causes blockages.[2] This can cause intense pain and organ damage. The sickled red blood cells are fragile and prone to rupture. When the number of red blood cells decreases from rupture (hemolysis), anemia is the result. Sickle cells also die in 1020 days as opposed to the traditional 120-day lifespan of a normal red blood cell.

Sickle cell anemia is inherited as an autosomal (meaning that the gene is not linked to a sex chromosome) recessive condition.[2] This means that the gene can be passed on from a carrier to his or her children. In order for sickle cell anemia to affect a person, the gene must be inherited from both the mother and the father, so that the child has two recessive sickle cell genes (a homozygous inheritance). People who inherit one sickle cell gene from one parent and one normal gene from the other parent, i.e. heterozygous patients, have a condition called sickle cell trait. Their bodies make both sickle hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin. They may pass the trait on to their children.

The effects of sickle cell anemia vary from person to person. People who have the disease suffer from varying degrees of chronic pain and fatigue. With proper care and treatment, the quality of health of most patients will improve. Doctors have learned a great deal about sickle cell anemia since its discovery in 1979. They know its causes, its effects on the body, and possible treatments for complications. Sickle cell anemia has no widely available cure. A bone marrow transplant is the only treatment method currently recognized to be able to cure the disease, though it does not work for every patient. Finding a donor is difficult and the procedure could potentially do more harm than good. Treatments for sickle cell anemia are generally aimed at avoiding crises, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications. Such treatments may include medications, blood transfusions, and supplemental oxygen.

During the first step of the experiment, skin cells (also known as fibroblasts) were collected from infected test mice and put in a culture. The fibroblasts were reprogrammed by infecting them with retroviruses that contained genes common to embryonic stem cells. These genes were the same four used by Yamanaka (Oct-4, SOX2, KLF4, and Myc) in his earlier study. The investigators were trying to produce cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell needed (i.e. pluripotent stem cells). As the experiment continued, the fibroblasts multiplied into identical copies of iPS cells. The cells were then treated to form the mutation needed to reverse the anemia in the mice. This was accomplished by restructuring the DNA containing the defective globin gene into DNA with the normal gene through the process of homologous recombination. The iPS cells then differentiated into blood stem cells, or hematopoietic stem cells. The hematopoietic cells were injected back into the infected mice, where they proliferate and differentiate into normal blood cells, curing the mice of the disease.[3][4][verification needed]

To determine whether the mice were cured from the disease, the scientists checked for the usual symptoms of sickle cell disease. They examined the blood for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW) and urine concentration defects. They also checked for sickled red blood cells. They examined the DNA through gel electrophoresis, checking for bands that display an allele that causes sickling. Compared to the untreated mice with the disease, which they used as a control, the treated animals had marked increases in RBC counts, healthy hemoglobin, and packed cell volume levels.[5]

Researchers examined the urine concentration defect, which results from RBC sickling in renal tubules and consequent reduction in renal medullary blood flow, and the general deteriorated systemic condition reflected by lower body weight and increased breathing.[5] They were able to see that these parts of the body of the mice had healed or improved. This indicated that all hematological and systemic parameters of sickle cell anemia improved substantially and were comparable to those in control mice.[5] They cannot say if this will work in humans because a safe way to inject the genes for the induced pluripotent cells is still needed.[citation needed]

The reprogramming of the induced pluripotent stem cells in mice was successfully duplicated in humans within a year of the successful experiment on the mice. This reprogramming was done in several labs and it was shown that the iPS cells in humans were almost identical to original embryonic stem cells (ES cells) that are responsible for the creation of all structures in a fetus.[1] An important feature of iPS cells is that they can be generated with cells taken from an adult, which would circumvent many of the ethical problems associated with working with ES cells. These iPS cells also have potential in creating and examining new disease models and developing more efficient drug treatments.[6] Another feature of these cells is that they provide researchers with a human cell sample, as opposed to simply using an animal with similar DNA, for drug testing.

One major problem with iPS cells is the way in which the cells are reprogrammed. Using gene-carrying viruses has the potential to cause iPS cells to develop into cancerous cells.[1] Also, an implant made using undifferentiated iPS cells, could cause a teratoma to form. Any implant that is generated from using these iPS cells would only be viable for transplant into the original subject that the cells were taken from. In order for these iPS cells to become viable in therapeutic use, there are still many steps that must be taken.[5][7]

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Induced pluripotent stem cell therapy - Wikipedia, the ...

Human embryonic stem cells derived by somatic cell nuclear …

(A) Nuclear DNA genotyping from four human NT-ESC lines (hESO-NT1, hESO-NT2, hESO-NT3, and hESO-NT4) determined by microsatellite parentage analysis. A total of 24 microsatellite markers were used for each analysis. The representative markers for D2S1333 and D4S413 loci demonstrate that the nuclear DNA in these cell lines was exclusively derived from the somatic HDF-f cell line. No contribution of oocyte nuclear DNA was detected. (B) mtDNA genotyping by Sanger sequencing demonstrated that all NT-ESC lines contain oocyte mtDNA. (C) Cytogenetic G-banding analysis confirmed that all NT-ESCs exhibited a normal 46XX karyotype (hESO-NT1 result is representative). (D) Human NT-ESCs expressed standard pluripotency markers detected by immunocytochemistry for antibodies against OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA-4, TRA-160, and TRA-181. Original magnification, 200; Ph, phase contrast. Note that the upper-left image for hESO-NT1 is the same shown in Figure 2F. The upper-right image for hESO-7 is the same shown in Figure S5 (upper-right). (E) Histological analysis of teratoma tumors produced after injection of human NT-ESCs into SCID mice. An arrow and arrowhead in the top panel indicate intestinal-type epithelium with goblet cells (endoderm) and cartilage (mesodermal), respectively. An arrow and arrowhead in the lower panel depict neuroecto-dermal (ectoderm) and muscle (mesoderm) tissues, respectively. Original magnification, 200. See also Figures S4 and S5 and Tables S4 and S5.

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Glossary Index | womenshealth.gov

Find your glossary term by first letter:

a form of complementary and alternative medicine that involves inserting thin needles thorugh the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms.

a form of complementary and alternative medicine that involves inserting thin needles thorugh the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms.

written instructions letting others know the type of care you want if you are seriously ill or dying. These include a living will and health care power of attorney.

written instructions letting others know the type of care you want if you are seriously ill or dying. These include a living will and health care power of attorney.

disorders that involve an immune response in the body. Allergies are reactions to allergens such as plant pollen, other grasses and weeds, certain foods, rubber latex, insect bites, or certain drugs.

tiny glands in the breast that produce milk.

a brain disease that cripples the brain's nerve cells over time and destroys memory and learning. It usually starts in late middle age or old age and gets worse over time. Symptoms include loss of memory, confusion, problems in thinking, and changes in language, behavior, and personality.

clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy. It is contained in the amniotic sac.

when the amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin (the substance in the blood that carries oxygen to organs) becomes reduced, causing fatigue that can be severe.

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Glossary Index | womenshealth.gov

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) injections – About.com Health

PRP is concentrated from normal blood, and injected to injured parts of the body. 3660 Group Inc. / Getty Images

Updated April 04, 2015.

Written or reviewed by a board-certified physician. See About.com's Medical Review Board.

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP):

Platelet rich plasma (abbreviated PRP) is a new treatment used for some common orthopedic conditions. PRP is a concentration of platelet cells taken from your blood, and these platelets have growth factors that may help in the healing process of chronic injuries. Growth factors are chemicals that signal the body to initiate a healing response. By injecting PRP into areas of an injury, the hope is to stimulate and optimize your body's ability to heal the chronic conditions.

What PRP Can Be Used For:

PRP has been used in operating rooms for several decades to help with wound healing, and to stimulate bone formation in spinal fusion surgery. Recently, PRP has been used in outpatient settings for treatment of common overuse conditions including:

How PRP Is Obtained:

PRP is obtained from the patient. Blood is withdrawn from a vein in the patient's arm and the blood is placed in a centrifuge, a machine that spins at a high speed to separate the different types of blood cells. The physician extracts the platelet-rich portion of the blood, and injects this into the area of injury.

How PRP Is Injected:

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Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) injections - About.com Health