Author Archives: admin


Stem Cell Clinic > Articles by: admin

See-through zebrafish, new imaging method put blood stem cells in high-resolution spotlight – University of Wisconsin-Madison

By Embryonic Stem Cells

Tracing features in a large 3D electron microscopy dataset reveals a zebrafish blood stem cell (in green) and its surrounding niche support cells, a group photo method that will help researchers understand factors that contribute to blood stem cell health which could in turn help develop therapies for blood diseases and cancers. Image by Keunyoung Kim.

MADISON For the first time, researchers can get a high-resolution view of single blood stem cells thanks to a little help from microscopy and zebrafish.

Researchers at the University of WisconsinMadison and the University of California San Diego have developed a method for scientists to track a single blood stem cell in a live organism and then describe the ultrastructure, or architecture, of that same cell using electron microscopy. This new technique will aid researchers as they develop therapies for blood diseases and cancers.

Currently, we look at stem cells in tissues with a limited number of markers and at low resolution, but we are missing so much information, says Owen Tamplin, an assistant professor in UWMadisons Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, a member of the Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Center, and a co-author on the new study, which was published Aug. 9 in eLife. Using our new techniques, we can now see not only the stem cell, but also all the surrounding niche cells that are in contact.

The niche is a microenvironment found within tissues like the bone marrow that contain the blood stem cells that support the blood system. The niche is where specialized interactions between blood stem cells and their neighboring cells occur every second, but these interactions are hard to track and not clearly understood.

As a part of the new study, Tamplin and his co-lead author, Mark Ellisman, a professor of neuroscience at UC San Diego, identified a way to integrate multiple types of microscopic imaging to investigate a cells niche. With the newly developed technique that uses confocal microscopy, X-ray microscopy, and serial block-face scanningelectron microscopy, researchers will now be able to track the once elusive cell-cell interactions occurring in this space.

This has allowed us to identify cell types in the microenvironment that we didnt even know interacted with stem cells, which is opening new research directions, Tamplin says.

As a part of this study, Tamplin, and his colleagues, including co-first authors Sobhika Agarwala and Keunyoung Kim, identified dopamine beta-hydroxylase positive ganglia cells, which were previously an uncharacterized cell type in the blood stem cell niche. This is crucial, as understanding the role of neurotransmitters like dopamine in regulating blood stem cells could lead to improved therapeutics.

Transplanted blood stem cells are used as a curative therapy for many blood diseases and cancers, but blood stem cells are very rare and difficult to locate in a living organism, Tamplin says. That makes it very challenging to characterize them and understand how they interact and connect with neighboring cells.

While blood stem cells are difficult to locate in most living organisms, the zebrafish larva, which is transparent, offers researchers a unique opportunity to view the inner workings of the blood stem cell niche more easily.

Thats the really nice thing about the zebrafish and being able to image the cells, Tamplin says of animals transparent quality. In mammals, blood stem cells develop in utero in the bone marrow, which makes it basically impossible to see those events happening in real time. But, with zebrafish you can actually watch the stem cell arrive through circulation, find the niche, attach to it, and then go in and lodge there.

While the zebrafish larva makes it easier to see blood stem cell development, specialized imaging is needed to find such small cells and then detail their ultrastructure. Tamplin and his colleagues spent over six years perfecting these imaging techniques. This allowed them to see and track the real-time development of a blood stem cell in the microenvironment of a live organism, then zoom in even further on the same cell using electron microscopy.

First, we identified single fluorescently labeledstem cells bylight sheet or confocal microscopy, Tamplin says. Next, we processed the same sample forserial block-face scanningelectron microscopy. We then aligned the 3D light and electron microscopy datasets. Byintersecting these different imaging techniques,we could see the ultrastructure of single rare cells deep inside a tissue. This also allowed us to find all the surrounding niche cellsthat contact a blood stem cell. We believe our approach will be broadly applicable for correlative light and electron microscopy in many systems.

Tamplin hopes that this approach can be used for many other types of stem cells, such as those in the gut, lung, and the tumor microenvironment, where rare cells need to be characterized at nanometer resolution. But, as a developmental biologist, Tamplin is especially excited to see how this work can improve researchers understanding of how the blood stem cell microenvironment forms.

I think this is really exciting because we generate all of our blood stem cells during embryonic development, and depending on what organism you are, a few hundred or maybe a few thousand of these stem cells will end up producing hundreds of billions of new blood cells every day throughout your life, Tamplin says. But we really dont know much about how stem cells first find their home in the niche where theyre going to be for the rest of the life of the organism. This research will really help us to understand how stem cells behave and function. A better understanding of stem cell behavior, and regulation by surrounding niche cells, could lead to improved stem cell-based therapies.

This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01HL142998, K01DK103908, 1U24NS120055-01, R24 GM137200) and the American Heart Association (19POST34380221).

The rest is here:
See-through zebrafish, new imaging method put blood stem cells in high-resolution spotlight - University of Wisconsin-Madison

First-Ever Embryos With Monkey And Human Cells; Scientists Divided Over The Creation – Boldsky

By Embryonic Stem Cells

Wellness

oi-Amritha K

For the first time, scientists have successfully grown monkey embryos containing human cells, marking a milestone in a rapidly advancing field that has raised ethical concerns.

Human stem cells may one day be used to grow new organs for people with failing hearts or kidneys by slipping them into the embryos of other animals. To achieve this goal, researchers have created the first embryos that contain human and monkey cells.

Researchers may be able to refine techniques for growing human tissue in species better suited for transplantation, such as pigs, by studying these chimaeras [1].

In genetics, a chimaera is an organism or tissue that contains at least two sets of DNA, most commonly resulting from the fusion of several zygotes (fertilized eggs). In Greek mythology, the term Chimera refers to a fire-breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part dragon [2].

According to the study published in the journal Cell, researchers in the United States and China injected 25 pluripotent stem cells (pluripotent stem cells of the body are capable of self-renewal and give rise to all cells of the body's tissues) from humans into monkey embryos.

After one day, researchers detected the development of human cells in 132 embryos, and the embryos ultimately survived for 19 days.

"The paper is a landmark in the stem cell and interspecies chimaera fields. The findings hint at mechanisms by which cells of one species can adjust to survive in the embryo of another", added experts [3].

According to the researchers, a third of the chimaeras had human cells present after 13 days. There appears to be an integration of human cells with monkey cells, and the human cells have begun to specialize into different types of cells that will develop into different organ types. A few previous studies by researchers in the same study group had explored embryo development along the same lines:

Researchers identified molecular pathways that were turned on or up in the chimaeras, possibly promoting the integration of human and monkey cells. Researchers believe that manipulating some of these pathways may allow human cells to survive in embryos of species more suitable for regenerative medicine for health problems.

However, the findings also stated that the human and monkey cells did not mesh perfectly. Human cells often stuck together, leading researchers to wonder if there is another barrier they are unaware of that would prevent human cells from thriving if the embryos mature further.

Chimaeras consisting of humans and monkeys do raise some concerns.

Last week, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released a report suggesting that human nerve cells may enter the brains of animals and alter their mental capabilities [7].

In this study, however, there are no nervous systems in the chimaeras. Therefore, it is impossible for them to experience pain and not be conscious. However, experts believe the story would be very different if human-monkey chimaeras were permitted to develop further - suggesting that it could go out of their hands.

"My first question is: Why?" Kirstin Matthews, a science and technology fellow at Rice University's Baker Institute, said, "I think the public is going to be concerned, and I am as well, that we're just kind of pushing forward with science without having a proper conversation about what we should or should not do" [8].

According to the researchers, they do not intend to implant any hybrid embryos into monkeys. Instead, the goal is to better understand how different cells communicate with one another during the early stages of embryonic development.

Several scientists question the need for such experiments using closely related primates - these animals are unlikely to be used as model animals in the same way as mice and rodents. Researchers are concerned that such work may stoke public opposition as non-human primates are protected by stricter research ethics rules than rodents [9][10].

Although there are concerns, scientists hope that these human-animal hybrids, known as chimaeras, can provide better models for testing drugs and growing human organs for transplantation.

prenatal

What To Know About Superfetation (Getting Pregnant While Pregnant)

basics

Can A Blighted Ovum Cause A Positive Pregnancy Test?

insync

Viagra Boosts Conception!

prenatal

Steroid Treatment May Prevent Miscarriages

prenatal

Coffee Cuts Pregnancy Chances In Women

prenatal

Here's what causes morning sickness

prenatal

DNA Fingerprinting Breakthrough

health

Bangalore Hospital Performs Karnataka's Youngest Heart Transplant

news

Indian Student Develops AI Organ Donation App, Wins Microsoft's AI For Good Idea Challenge 2019

wellness

Skin Grafting: Types, Procedure And Complications

wellness

Nutrition After Blood And Marrow Transplant

wellness

Kidney Transplant: Do's And Dont's During Surgery & Post Surgery

GET THE BEST BOLDSKY STORIES!

Allow Notifications

You have already subscribed

Story first published: Tuesday, August 9, 2022, 16:35 [IST]

Original post:
First-Ever Embryos With Monkey And Human Cells; Scientists Divided Over The Creation - Boldsky

Researchers make progress toward a stem cellbased therapy for blindness – Ophthalmology Times

By Stem Cell Medical Center

What if, in people with blinding retinal disorders, one could simply introduce into the retina healthy photoreceptor cells derived in a dish from stem cells, and restore sight?

According to a news release form the University of Pennsylvania, it is a straightforward strategy to curing blindness, yet the approach has been met with a number of scientific roadblocks, including introduced cells dying rapidly or failing to integrate with the retina.

A new study, published in Stem Cell Reports, overcomes these challenges and marks significant progress toward a cell-based therapy. The work, led by a team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, and the National Institutes of Healths National Eye Institute (NEI), introduced precursors of human photoreceptor cells into the retinas of dogs. A cocktail of immunosuppressive drugs enabled the cells to survive in the recipients retinas for months, where they began forming connections with existing retinal cells.

In this study, we wanted to know if we could, one, improve the surgical delivery of these cells to the subretinal space; two, image the cells in vivo; three, improve their survival; and four, see them migrate to the layer of the retina where they should be and start integrating, said William Beltran, a professor of ophthalmology at Penn Vet and senior author on the study. The answer to all those questions was yes.

Beltran and Gustavo Aguirre at Penn Vet have long been interested in addressing retinal blinding disorders and they have had great successes to date at producing corrective gene therapies for conditions with known causative genes. But for many cases of inherited retinal degeneration, a gene has not been identified. In other patients, the disease has progressed so far that no photoreceptor cells remain intact enough for gene therapy. In either scenario, a regenerative medicine approach, in which photoreceptors could be regrown outright, would be extremely valuable.

To develop a cell therapy, Beltrans team joined with groups led by John Wolfe of CHOP and Penn Vet; David Gamm at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Kapil Bharti at the NEI, in a consortium supported by the NEIs Audacious Goals Initiative for Regenerative Medicine. The partnership combined Beltrans teams expertise in canine models of retinal degeneration and vast experience in cell-based therapy approaches from the Wolfe, Gamm, and Bharti labs.

According to the news release, photoreceptor cells, which are made up of rods and cones, constitute a layer of the outer retina critical to initiating the process of vision, whereby the energy of light transforms into an electrical signal. To function properly, they must form a connection, or synapse, with cells of the inner retina to pass along the visual information. Thus, the goal of this cell therapy is to recreate this layer and enable it to integrate with the retinas other cell types in order to relay signals from one layer to the next.

In the current work, the team used stem cellderived precursors of human photoreceptor cells developed in the Gamm lab to serve as the basis of the cell therapy. In collaboration with the Bharti lab, they developed a new surgical approach to inject the cells, which were labeled with fluorescent markers, into the retinas of seven dogs with normal vision and three with a form of inherited retinal degeneration, then used a variety of non-invasive imaging techniques to track the cells over time.

The use of a large animal model that undergoes a naturally occurring form of retinal degeneration and has a human-size eye was instrumental to optimize a safe and efficient surgical procedure to deliver doses of cells that could be used in patients, Gamm said in the news release.

The researchers observed that cell uptake was significantly better in the animals with retinal degeneration compared to those with normal retinas.

What we showed was that, if you inject the cells into a normal retina that has its own photoreceptor cells, the retina is pretty much intact and serves as a physical barrier, so the introduced cells dont connect with the second-order neurons in the retina, the bipolar cells, Beltran noted in the news release. But in three dogs that were at an advanced stage of retinal degeneration, the retinal barrier was more permeable. In that environment, cells had a better ability to start moving into the correct layer of the retina.

Because the transplanted human cells could be interpreted by the dogs immune system as foreign entities, the researchers did what would be done in other tissue transplant procedures: They gave the dogs immunosuppressive drugs. The trio of medications had been tested previously by Oliver Garden, a veterinary immunologist with Penn Vet at the time of the study, who is now dean of Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine.

Indeed, while the injected cell populations declined substantially in dogs that did not receive the immune-suppressing drugs, the cell numbers dipped but then sustained in the dogs that received the cocktail.

The university noted that further characterization of the introduced cells revealed evidence of potential synapses.

We saw that yes, some are appearing to shake hands with those second-order neurons, Beltran added in the release. There appeared to be contact.

The next stage for this project will be to continue optimizing the therapy, and then test whether there is a functional responsein other words, improved visionin its recipients.

Visit link:
Researchers make progress toward a stem cellbased therapy for blindness - Ophthalmology Times

New milestone organoid synthesis will boost disease and drug development research – RegMedNet

By Stem Cell Medical Center

The concept of synthesizing small-scale human organs in lab dishes has matured from pure science fiction to legitimate bioscientific reality in recent years. However, the usefulness of organoids as a research tool for studying the digestive system quickly ran into a roadblock, due to the fact that these in-demand tissues remain difficult to create.

Organoids are stem cell-derived three-dimensional tissue cultures that are designed to exhibit detailed characteristics of organs or act as model organs to produce a specific cell type in laboratory conditions. However, when growing organoids, the yield from each batch of starting material can vary massively and can even fail to produce any viable organoids at all. This of course results in severe delays in their production and utilization in pre-clinical experiments that test the efficacy and safety of drugs.

In a recently published paper from Stem Cell Reports, researchers from Cincinnati childrens (OH, USA) have developed a new practice that overcomes the organoid production hurdle. This novel procedure is already being utilized within the medical facility to boost organoid studies. However, because the materials utilized can be frozen and thawed while still producing high-quality organoids, this discovery allows for the shipment of starter materials to other labs anywhere in the world, foreseeably leading to a dramatic increase in the utilization of human gastrointestinal organoids in medical research.

This method can make organoids a more accessible tool, explains the first author Amy Pitstick, manager of the Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility at Cincinnati Childrens. We show that the aggregation approach consistently produces high yields and we have proven that precursor cells can be thawed from cryogenic storage to produce organoids of the small intestine.

Using this approach will make it possible for many research labs to use organoids in their experiments without the time and expense of learning how to grow induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), states corresponding author Chris Mayhew, director of the Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility. The ability to freeze the precursor cells also will allow labs to easily make organoids without having to start each new experiment with complicated and highly variable iPSC differentiation.

Generally, organoid creation begins with the collection of skin or blood cells, which are then transformed in the lab to become induced pluripotent stem cells. To create intestinal organoids, highly skilled lab professionals produce a flat layer of organ precursor cells known as the mid-hindgut endoderm.

Under the correct conditions, early-stage organoids, termed spheroids, autonomously develop into a three-dimensional ball of cells. These are then collected and placed into a growth medium, which supplies the required signals for the cells to develop into the specialized cell types of a human organ.

However, the quantity of spheroids produced in this manner has been unpredictable. The Cincinnati Childrens researchers discovered that they could harvest the unused precursor cell layer and employ a centrifuge to transport cells into hundreds of tiny wells housed on small plastic plates. This causes the creation of 3D cell aggregates, which may then be collected and utilized to produce organoids.

The experiment described in the research paper demonstrates that the spheroids created in this manner had no discernible differences from those that formed naturally. The scientists then stored samples of the progenitor cells in freezers. These cells generated viable spheroids after being frozen and aggregated.

The paper goes on to verify that these spheroids can be consistently grown into mature organoids, which can simulate organ function. In the case of this research, the mature organoids went on to mimic the function of the small intestine, large intestine and the antrum, the portion of the stomach that links to the intestine.

Although this development is a welcome and promising advance in organoid fabrication, years of research will be required to create organoids large enough and complex enough to be utilized as replacement tissue in transplant surgery. However, having access to a large number of readily manufactured organoids offers up numerous possibilities for medical study.

More labs will be able to create patient-specific organoids in order to evaluate drugcombination therapiesfor precision treatment of complex or rare disease states that necessitate personalized care. Scientists also conducting basic research to understand more about the genetic factors and molecular pathways at play in digestive tract diseases will be able to incorporate organoids in their experiments by procuring frozen spheroid precursors.

In his current effort to generate transplantable intestinal tissues, Michael Helmrath, Director of Clinical Translation for the Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM) at Cincinnati Childrens, has already begun employing materials made from this new method.

This is a great step forward for the field on many fronts, Helmrath says. To be able to reduce the complexity of the process and provide higher yields is beneficial to our work. And to be able to translate the methods to other labs will help move regenerative medicine forward.

Source: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213671122003599

Read more:
New milestone organoid synthesis will boost disease and drug development research - RegMedNet

Research discovery may help diagnose and treat cancer and brain disorders – EurekAlert

By Stem Cell Medical Center

Researchers at Queens University Belfast have revealed how the pathway of an identified protein could lead to early diagnosis and targeted treatment for several cancers and brain disorders.

The team of researchers discovered how the journey or molecular pathway of an identified protein is both essential for brain development and howan alteration to its pathway could result in the spread of cancer.

The study, published today inNature Cell Biology, has revealed the molecular mechanisms of a timely and spatially controlled movement of cells that is essential for the migration of newborn neurons during brain development and can also cause the spread of cancer, or cancer metastasis throughout the body.

It is expected this discovery will have a huge impact on the fundamental understanding of cancer metastasis and brain development and could lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatments, the research authors said.

During brain development, neural stem cells give birth to neurons, which then migrate to specific locations within the brain where they form connections and mature in function. A defect in this process is known to cause several neurodevelopmental disorders. A better understanding of these events is key to decoding fundamental mechanisms of brain development and revealing novel diagnostics and therapeutic avenues for such disorders.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. The majority of tumours are solid, except for a few cancer types of blood origin. Often by the time solid tumours are detected, some cells from the primary tumor have begun to spread to other parts of the body by a process called metastasis, giving rise to secondary tumors whose cells are often resistant to chemotherapy. While surgical removal, chemotherapy and other types of anti-tumour therapy can target the primary tumour, metastasis makes the outcome unpredictable and can lead to more aggressive relapse. It is crucial to understand the features of cancer in order to tackle it.

Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a particular molecular pathway that enables cell migration and is vital for early development processes including brain development as well as for wound healing later in life but is also used by cancer cells for metastasis. The research team identified a particular protein, ZNF827, which they identified as a critical regulator of EMT. The study shows how the journey or molecular pathway of the protein is both employed for migration of newborn neurons to proper places during brain development and also exploited by tumour cells to gain migration potential and thereby cause metastasize to different organs.

Lead Author, Dr Vijay Tiwari from the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine at Queens University, said: Our study not only sheds light on the development of one of the most important organs in our body the brain but it also shows how the same protein that is key for brain development can also be the cause or target for the spread of cancer in the body, a real Jekyll and Hyde protein.

The process for migrating newborn neurons to proper places during brain development is the same process exploited by tumour cells to gain migration potential, causing the movement of cancer throughout the body, or cancer metastasis.

By identifying key regulators of these pathways, we open new opportunities for a therapeutic intervention against cancer and a better understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders involving defects in brain development.

The international team includes researchers from Queens University Belfast, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Altos Labs, University of Montpellier, Karolinska Institutet, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH (TRON gGmbH).

This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Wilhelm Sander Stiftung and Innovation to Commercialisation of University Research programme.

Nature Cell Biology

Experimental study

Animals

'A complex epigenome-splicing crosstalk governs epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in metastasis and brain development'

9-Aug-2022

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

The rest is here:
Research discovery may help diagnose and treat cancer and brain disorders - EurekAlert

Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size, Scope, Revenue, Opportunities and Growth by 2028 Shanghaiist – Shanghaiist

By Stem Cell Medical Center

New Jersey, United States Stem Cell Alopecia TreatmentMarket analysis is to capture an in-depth examination of an increase in the customer journeys, which have a huge impact on market categories. It does the market classification based on region; product type and end-user to ease the market players jobs. Major industries are able to obtain key data about the whole market scenario, find out market prospects and get huge help for business operations. It further aims at providing customers deeds and their purchasing nature towards particular product or service. This sort of Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market report provides projected trends and presents industry size for major regions to help business players make the right business plan and obtain huge earnings. It contains measured and theoretical market variable predictions. It reveals the latest industry changes by classifying the market into different sections and sub-sections.

With the help of the latest industry trends, market share, and activities provided in this Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market analysis helps key organizations in business expansion hugely. It aids to discover the proper visions in the global market by providing insights into customer behavior, current trends, competitor analysis, and market entry strategies for novel players and strategies followed by key players. It works as the beneficial tool for the operations of several businesses. It fulfills the clients requirements and demands to increase the gains in the business.

Get Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) @https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/download-sample/?rid=15102

Key Players Mentioned in the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Research Report:

APEX Biologix, Belgravia Center, RepliCel, Riken Research Institute, Kerastem, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute.

Stem Cell Alopecia TreatmentMarket Segmentation:

Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market, By Indication

Male Pattern Baldness Female Pattern Baldness Others

This Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market report assists a number of investors, shareholders as well as enterprises in understanding the tough areas of marketing ideas, technical development, key issues, and systematic analysis in order to accomplish long-term competitive gain in the industry. It goes on to talk about basic market facets along with market drivers, restraints, existing problems, forthcoming opportunities, and forecasts. This Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market survey depicts a few exact customer insights in order to build technology strategies to make investment useful. It makes use of both primary and secondary methods to offer wide-ranging industry data to help out you in making business choices and introducing new items to the market.

Inquire for a Discount on this Premium Report@ https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/ask-for-discount/?rid=15102

For Prepare TOC Our Analyst deep Researched the Following Things:

Report Overview:It includes major players of the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market covered in the research study, research scope, market segments by type, market segments by application, years considered for the research study, and objectives of the report.

Global Growth Trends:This section focuses on industry trends where market drivers and top market trends are shed light upon. It also provides growth rates of key producers operating in the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market. Furthermore, it offers production and capacity analysis where marketing pricing trends, capacity, production, and production value of the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market are discussed.

Market Share by Manufacturers:Here, the report provides details about revenue by manufacturers, production and capacity by manufacturers, price by manufacturers, expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, and products, market entry dates, distribution, and market areas of key manufacturers.

Market Size by Type:This section concentrates on product type segments where production value market share, price, and production market share by product type are discussed.

Market Size by Application:Besides an overview of the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market by application, it gives a study on the consumption in the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market by application.

Production by Region:Here, the production value growth rate, production growth rate, import and export, and key players of each regional market are provided.

Consumption by Region:This section provides information on the consumption in each regional market studied in the report. The consumption is discussed on the basis of country, application, and product type.

Company Profiles:Almost all leading players of the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market are profiled in this section. The analysts have provided information about their recent developments in the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market, products, revenue, production, business, and company.

Market Forecast by Production:The production and production value forecasts included in this section are for the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market as well as for key regional markets.

Market Forecast by Consumption:The consumption and consumption value forecasts included in this section are for the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market as well as for key regional markets.

Value Chain and Sales Analysis:It deeply analyzes customers, distributors, sales channels, and value chain of the Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market.

Key Findings:This section gives a quick look at the important findings of the research study.

For More Information or Query or Customization Before Buying, Visit @ https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/stem-cell-alopecia-treatment-market/

About Us: Verified Market Research

Verified Market Research is a leading Global Research and Consulting firm that has been providing advanced analytical research solutions, custom consulting and in-depth data analysis for 10+ years to individuals and companies alike that are looking for accurate, reliable and up to date research data and technical consulting. We offer insights into strategic and growth analyses, Data necessary to achieve corporate goals and help make critical revenue decisions.

Our research studies help our clients make superior data-driven decisions, understand market forecast, capitalize on future opportunities and optimize efficiency by working as their partner to deliver accurate and valuable information. The industries we cover span over a large spectrum including Technology, Chemicals, Manufacturing, Energy, Food and Beverages, Automotive, Robotics, Packaging, Construction, Mining & Gas. Etc.

We, at Verified Market Research, assist in understanding holistic market indicating factors and most current and future market trends. Our analysts, with their high expertise in data gathering and governance, utilize industry techniques to collate and examine data at all stages. They are trained to combine modern data collection techniques, superior research methodology, subject expertise and years of collective experience to produce informative and accurate research.

Having serviced over 5000+ clients, we have provided reliable market research services to more than 100 Global Fortune 500 companies such as Amazon, Dell, IBM, Shell, Exxon Mobil, General Electric, Siemens, Microsoft, Sony and Hitachi. We have co-consulted with some of the worlds leading consulting firms like McKinsey & Company, Boston Consulting Group, Bain and Company for custom research and consulting projects for businesses worldwide.

Contact us:

Mr. Edwyne Fernandes

Verified Market Research

US: +1 (650)-781-4080 UK: +44 (753)-715-0008 APAC: +61 (488)-85-9400 US Toll-Free: +1 (800)-782-1768

Email: sales@verifiedmarketresearch.com

Website:- https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/

Originally posted here:
Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size, Scope, Revenue, Opportunities and Growth by 2028 Shanghaiist - Shanghaiist

Guardian of the Genome and the WASp team up to repair DNA damage – Newswise

By Stem Cell Medical Center

Newswise DNA replication and repair happens thousands of times a day in the human body and most of the time, people dont notice when things go wrong thanks to the work of Replication protein A (RPA), the guardian of the genome. Scientists previously believed this protein hero responsible for repairing damaged DNA in human cells worked alone, but a new study by Penn State College of Medicine researchers showed that RPA works with an ally called the WAS protein (WASp) to save the day and prevent potential cancers from developing.

The researchers discovered these findings after observing that patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) a genetic disorder that causes a deficiency of WASp not only had suppressed immune system function, but in some cases, also developed cancer.

Dr. Yatin Vyas, professor and chair of the Department of Pediatrics at Penn State College of Medicine and pediatrician-in-chief at Penn State Health Childrens Hospital, conducted prior research which revealed that WASp functions within an apparatus that is designed to prevent cancer formation. As a result, some cancer patients had tumor cells with a WASp gene mutation. These observations led him to hypothesize that WASp might play a direct role in DNA damage repair.

WAS is very rare less than 10 out of every 1 million boys has the condition, said Vyas, who is also the Childrens Miracle Network and Four Diamonds Endowed Chair. Knowing that children with WAS were developing cancers and also observing WASp mutations in tumor cells of cancer patients, we decided to investigate whether WASp plays a role in DNA replication and repair.

The researchers conducted protein-protein binding experiments with purified human WASp and RPA and discovered that WASp forms a complex with RPA. Further tests revealed that WASp directs RPA to the site where single DNA strands are broken and need to be repaired. According to Vyas, without the complex, DNA repair happens by secondary mechanisms, which can lead to cancer. This novel function of WASp is conserved through evolution, from yeast to humans. The results of the study were published in Nature Communications.

In the future, Vyas and colleagues will continue to study how their observations about this RPA-WASp complex formation can be applied to treating cancer patients. Vyas said it is possible that gene therapy or stem cell therapy could restore WASp function and may prevent further tumor growth and spread. He also mentioned the possibility of using WASp dysfunction as a biomarker for identifying patients at risk for autoimmune diseases and cancers.

This complex weve discovered plays a critical role in preventing the development of cancers during DNA replication, said Vyas. Translating this discovery from bench to bedside could mean that someday we have another tool for predicting and treating cancers and autoimmune diseases.

Seong-Su Han, Kuo-Kuang Wen of Penn State College of Medicine and formerly of the University of Iowa Stead Family Childrens Hospital; Mara Garca-Rubio and Andrs Aguilera of University of Seville-CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide; Marc Wold of University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; and Wojciech Niedzwiedz of the Institute of Cancer Research also contributed to this research. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

This research was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, the ICR Intramural Grant and Cancer Research UK Programme, the European Research Council and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant, the University of Iowa Dance Marathon research award, the Research Bridge Award from the Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa and endowments from the Mary Joy & Jerre Stead Foundation and from Four Diamonds and Childrens Miracle Network. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the study sponsors.

Read the full manuscript in Nature Communications.

About Penn State College of MedicineLocated on the campus ofPenn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Centerin Hershey, Pa.,Penn State College of Medicineboasts a portfolio of more than $150 million in funded research. Projects range from development of artificial organs and advanced diagnostics to groundbreaking cancer treatments and understanding the fundamental causes of disease. Enrolling its first students in 1967, the College of Medicine has more than 1,700 students and trainees in medicine, nursing, the health professions and biomedical research on its two campuses.

Visit link:
Guardian of the Genome and the WASp team up to repair DNA damage - Newswise

COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation -…

By Stem Cell Medical Center

Study cohort

In total, 38 individuals receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations were recruited at the Freiburg University Medical Center, Germany. Of those, blood was collected from 31 individuals vaccinated three times with the mRNA vaccines bnt162b/Comirnaty or mRNA-1273/Spikevax and 5 individuals receiving a 4th vaccination. All vaccinees did not have a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to inclusion confirmed by seronegativity for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapside IgG (anti-SARS-CoV-2 N IgG). Moreover, blood was collected from 13 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections after a 3rd mRNA vaccination. Breakthrough infections were confirmed by positive PCR-testing from oropharyngeal swab. All 13 individuals with breakthrough infections included in this study had mild symptoms without respiratory insufficiency (according to WHO guidelines26). Characteristics of the participants are summarized in Supplementary Table1, including the results of the HLA-genotyping performed by next-generation sequencing.

Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The study was conducted in accordance to federal guidelines, local ethics committee regulations (Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt, Freiburg, Germany; vote: 322/20, 21-1135 and 315/20) and the Declaration of Helsinki (1975).

PBMCs were isolated from venous blood samples collected in EDTA blood collection tubes by density centrifugation with lymphocyte separation medium (Pancoll separation medium, PAN Biotech GmbH). PBMCs were stored at 80C until further processing. The cells were thawed in prewarmed RPMI cell culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 1.5% 1M HEPES (all purchased from Thermo Scientific) and 50U/mL Benzonase (Sigma).

Sequence homology was analyzed in Geneiousversion11.0.5 (https://www.geneious.com/) using Clustal Omega version1.2.2 alignment with default settings27. Reference genome of human ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (MN908947.3) was obtained from NCBI database. Genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) B.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.1.529 BA.1 and B.1.1.529 BA.2 were identified via CoVariants (https://covariants.org/). Spike epitopes in ancestral strain and all VOCs were aligned according to their homology on an amino acid level.

Peptides were manufactured with an unmodified N-terminus and an amidated C-terminus with standard Fmoc chemistry (Genaxxon Bioscience). All peptides showed a purity of >70%. To generate tetramers, SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides (A*01/S865: LTDEMIAQY, A*02/S269: YLQPRTFLL) were loaded on biotinylated HLA class I (HLA-I) easYmer (immunAware) according to manufacturers instructions. Subsequently, peptide-loaded-HLA class I monomers were tetramerized with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated streptavidin according to the manufacturers instructions.

1.5 106 PBMCs were stimulated with the spike protein-derived peptides A*01/S865 or A*02/S269 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (0.5g/mL) for 14 days in RPMI cell culture medium supplemented with rIL-2 (20 IU/ml, StemCell Technologies). At day 4, 7 and 11, 50% of the culture medium was exchanged with freshly prepared medium containing 20 IU/mL rIL-2. After 14 days, PBMCs were stimulated with peptides again, and stained for CD107a for 1h at 37C to analyze degranulation. Subsequently, brefeldin A (GolgiPlug, 0.5l/mL) and monensin (GolgiStop, 0.5l/mL) (all BD Biosciences) were added and incubation continued for four more hours, followed by surface and intracellular staining with anti-IFNy, anti-TNF and anti-IL-2-specific antibodies. For calculation of the expansion capacity and to assess the cytotoxic capacity of the expanded cells, peptide-loaded HLA class I tetramer staining was performed together with intracellular staining of Granzyme B, Granzyme K, Perforin and Granulysin.

CD8+ T cells targeting spike epitopes were enriched as described previously28. In brief, 5 106 to 20 106 PBMCs were stained with PE-coupled peptide-loaded HLA class I tetramers for 30min at room temperature followed by incubation with magnetic anti-PE microbeads. Subsequent positive selection of magnetically labelled cells was achieved by using MACS technology (Miltenyi Biotec) according to the manufacturers protocol. The enriched spike-specific CD8+ T cells were analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry. Cell frequencies were calculated as previously described28. Of note, only samples with 5 non-nave spike-specific CD8+ T cells were included in subsequent analyses. Accordingly, the detection limit of spike-specific CD8+ T cells in this study was 0.25 1 106, depending on the initial cell input. This cut-off number has been applied and validated in different studies on antigen-specific T cells and has shown to generate reproducible results3,11,29,30.

Antibodies used for multiparametric flow cytometry are listed in Supplementary Table2. To facilitate staining of intranuclear and cytoplasmic targets, FoxP3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set (Thermo Fisher) and Fixation/Permeabilization Solution Kit (BD Biosciences) were used, respectively. Finally, cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) and samples were analyzed on FACSCanto II or LSRFortessa with FACSDiva software version 10.6.2 (BD), or CytoFLEX (Beckman Coulter) with CytExpert Software version 2.3.0.84. Further analyses of the data were performed using FlowJo version 10.6.2 (Treestar). Phenotypical analyses were based on 5 106 to 20 106 PBMCs that were used as an input number for the magnetic bead-based enrichment of spike-specific CD8+ T cells.

For dimensionality reduction, flow cytometry data were analyzed with R version 4.1.1 and the Bioconductor CATALYST package (release 3.13)31. Initially, viable and tetramer-positive CD8+ T cells (or subsets of those) were identified using FlowJo 10 in two separate multiparametric flow cytometry panels (activation panel: HLA-DR, BCL-2, PD-1, CD137, Ki67, TCF-1, EOMES, T-BET, TOX, CD38, CD45RA, CCR7; differentiation panel: CD45RA, CCR7, CD27, CD28, CD127, CD11a, CD57, CXCR3, CD95, CD57, CD39, KLRG1, PD-1). To facilitate visualization of the dimensionality reduction by t-SNE and diffusion map analysis, cell counts were sampled down to at least 20 cells per sample, and marker expression intensities were transformed by arcsinh-transformation with a cofactor of 150.

Determination of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was performed by using the Euroimmun assay Anti-SARS-CoV-2-QuantiVac-ELISA (IgG) for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG (anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG; <35.2 BAU/mL: negative, 35.2 BAU/mL: positive) and the Mikrogen assay recomWell SARS-CoV-2 (IgG) for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 N IgG (detection limit, 24a.u.ml1) according to the manufacturers instructions. Data were collected with the SparkControl Magellan software version2.2.

Samples of vaccinated individuals and those with breakthrough infections were tested in a plaque reduction neutralization assay as previously described3. In brief, VeroE6 cells were seeded in 12-well plates at a density of 4 105 cells per well. Serum samples were diluted at ratios of 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512 and 1:1024 in a total volume of 50l PBS. For each sample, a serum-free negative control was included. Diluted sera and negative controls were subsequently mixed with 90 plaque-forming units (PFU) of authentic SARS-CoV-2 (either B.1, B.1.617.2 (delta) and B.1.1.529 BA.1 (omicron)) in 50l PBS (1,600 PFU/mL) resulting in final sera dilution ratios of 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512, 1:1024 and 1:2048. After incubation at room temperature for 1h, 400l PBS was added to each sample and the mixture was subsequently used to infect VeroE6 cells 24h after seeding. After 1.5h of incubation at room temperature, inoculum was removed and the cells were overlaid with 0.6% Oxoid-agar in DMEM, 20mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 0.1% NaHCO3, 1% BSA and 0.01% DEAE-Dextran. Cells were fixed 72h after infection using 4% formaldehyde for 30min and stained with 1% crystal violet upon removal of the agar overlay. PFU were counted manually. Plaques counted for serum-treated wells were compared to the average number of plaques in the untreated negative controls, which were set to 100%. Calculation of PRNT50 values was performed using a linear regression model in GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Prism Software).

GraphPad Prism software version 9.3.1 was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way ANOVA with mixed-effects model, two-way ANOVA with full model and main model. Statistical analysis was performed for A*01/S865 (n=7) and A*02/S269 (n=8) longitudinally analyzed CD8+ T cell responses in Figs.1a, b, 3c, 4a, b and Supplementary Figs.2a, 5ac, 7ce for n=28 subjects longitudinally followed in Fig.2a, for A*01/S865 (n=2) and A*02/S269 (n=3) T cell responses longitudinally followed in Fig.2c, for n=26 subjects in Fig.2b, for n=6 prepandemic samples Supplementary Fig.1c, for n=2 subjects in Supplementary Fig.3c, for n=7 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=11 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=11 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Fig.3a and Supplementary Fig.4b, for n=4 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=8 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=10 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Supplementary Fig.4b, for A*01/S865 (n=7) and A*02/S269 (n=6) longitudinally analyzed CD8+ T cell responses in Fig.3d, for n=8 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=12 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=11 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Fig.3b, for n=4 in Supplementary Fig.6a, for A*01/S865 (n=2) and A*02/S269 (n=2) longitudinally analyzed CD8+ T cell responses in Supplementary Fig.6b, for n=10 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=12 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=11 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Fig.4c, for n=10 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=11 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=11 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Fig.4d, for n=6 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=12 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=10 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Fig.4e, for n=6 at 3 months after 2nd vaccination, n=12 at 9 months after 2nd vaccination and n=11 at 3 months after 3rd vaccination in Fig.4f, for Omicron infection n=12, Delta infection n=2 and 4th vaccination n=5 longitudinally analyzed T-cell responses in Fig.5a, for Omicron infection n=11, Delta infection n=2 and 4th vaccination n=4 analyzed T cell responses in Fig.5b and in peak response in Supplementary Fig.8a, for Omicron infection n=12, Delta infection n=2 and 4th vaccination n=3 longitudinally analyzed T cell responses in Fig.6c, for Omicron infection n=11, Delta infection n=1 and 4th vaccination n=3 in Fig.6d, for Omicron infection n=6, Delta infection n=2 and 4th vaccination n=4 analyzed T cell responses after 1 month in Supplementary Fig.8a and Supplementary Fig.9b, for Omicron infection n=6, Delta infection n=2 and 4th vaccination n=4 analyzed T cell responses in Supplementary Fig.9a.

Further information on research design is available in theNature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.

See the original post here:
COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation -...

‘Amazing’ teenager needs stem cell donation to survive leukaemia – Sky News

By Stem Cell Doctors

The family of a teenager with leukaemia have urged people to sign up to the stem cell register, as a transplant is his only chance of survival.

The call for help from 16 to 30-year-old males is being made by the family of 14-year-old Daniel Greer, of Newry, County Down, who was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia two months ago.

Doctors have said his only chance of survival is with a stem cell donation which would help rebuild his immune system.

Daniel has been staying at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children since his diagnosis and is being treated with aggressive chemotherapy.

Young men make up more than half of all stem cell transplants for blood cancer and blood disorder patients, but they make up just 18% of the register, according to the Anthony Nolan blood cancer charity, which is helping with the international appeal - dubbed the DoItForDaniel campaign.

His mother, Anne Greer, said: "Daniel is an amazing, bright young man who lights up any room he walks into.

"His wicked sense of humour keeps our spirits up, even now while he's in hospital receiving chemotherapy.

Households already owe 1.3bn to energy suppliers - even before winter bill hikes set in

UK weather latest updates: Fears number of deliberate fires will rocket in heatwave - while charity warns of damage to important landscapes and wildlife

Majority of babies born in England and Wales in 2021 were out of wedlock, new statistics reveal

"I know he's really proud that his story is inspiring people to sign up to the stem cell register.

"Those people will potentially help him, as well as many other people around the world who desperately need a stem cell transplant like Daniel."

Daniel complained of back and neck pain before a series of blood tests confirmed his illness.

Aggressive chemotherapy is being used to place him into remission, so he may be able to receive a transplant.

Only one in four people will find a match within their family. However, Daniel's older brother, James, is not a match and so he needs a stem cell transplant from an unrelated donor.

Home town support has so far included encouragement from pharmacies in Newry for people to sign up to the register.

There has also been an awareness-raising drive about stem cell donation at Belfast International Airport.

Anthony Nolan chief executive Henny Braund said: "Finding his matching donor would mean everything to Daniel and his family. We are committed to supporting Daniel as he waits for news of the donor who could save his life.

"Last year over 1,300 people around the world with blood cancer or a blood disorder were given a second chance of life because of the wonderful people that are signed up to the Anthony Nolan register.

"But too many people, like Daniel, are told there is no matching donor for them.

"Signing up to the register is quick and simple, and we urge anyone who is in good general health, especially young men aged 16-30, to come forward and potentially save the life of someone like Daniel."

People aged 16-30 can go online to join the Anthony Nolan register.

Read the original here:
'Amazing' teenager needs stem cell donation to survive leukaemia - Sky News

Factors that affect haemoglobin levels and how to detect when it’s low – Jamaica Gleaner

By Stem Cell Doctors

HAEMOGLOBIN IS a protein in your red blood cells. Your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. If you have a condition that affects your bodys ability to make red blood cells, your haemoglobin levels may drop. Low haemoglobin levels may be a symptom of several conditions, including different kinds of anaemia and cancer.

If a disease or condition affects your bodys ability to produce red blood cells, your haemoglobin levels may drop. When your haemoglobin level is low, it means your body is not getting enough oxygen, making you feel very tired and weak.

Normal haemoglobin levels are different for men and women. For men, a normal level ranges between 14.0 grams per decilitre (gm/dL) and 17.5 gm/dL. For women, a normal level ranges between 12.3 gm/dL and 15.3 gm/dL. A severe low-haemoglobin level for men is 13.5 gm/dL or lower. For women, a severe low haemoglobin level is 12 gm/dL.

Your doctor diagnoses low haemoglobin by taking samples of your blood and measuring the amount of haemoglobin in it. This is a haemoglobin test. They may also analyse different types of haemoglobin in your red blood cells, or haemoglobin electrophoresis.

Several factors affect haemoglobin levels and the following situations may be among them:

Your body produces red blood cells and white blood cells in your bone marrow. Sometimes, conditions and diseases affect your bone marrows ability to produce or support enough red blood cells.

Your body produces enough red blood cells, but the cells are dying faster than your body can replace them.

You are losing blood from injury or illness. You lose iron any time you lose blood. Sometimes, women have low haemoglobin levels when they have their periods. You may also lose blood if you have internal bleeding, such as a bleeding ulcer.

Your body cannot absorb iron, which affects your bodys ability to develop red blood cells.

You are not getting enough essential nutrients like iron and vitamins B12 and B9.

Your bone marrow produces red blood cells. Diseases, conditions and other factors that affect red blood cell production include:

Lymphoma: This is a term for cancers in your lymphatic system. If you have lymphoma cells in your bone marrow, those cells can crowd out red blood cells, reducing the number of red blood cells.

Leukaemia: This is cancer of your blood and bone marrow. Leukaemia cells in your bone marrow can limit the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

Anaemia: There are many kinds of anaemias involving low-haemoglobin levels. For example, if you have aplastic anaemia, the stem cells in your bone marrow dont create enough blood cells. In pernicious anaemia, an autoimmune disorder keeps your body from absorbing vitamin B12. Without enough B12, your body produces fewer red blood cells.

Multiple Myeloma: This causes your body to develop abnormal plasma cells that may displace red blood cells.

Chronic Kidney Disease: Your kidneys dont produce the hormone that signals to your bone marrow to make red blood cells. Chronic kidney disease affects this process.

Antiretroviral medications: These medications treat certain viruses. Sometimes these medications damage your bone marrow, affecting its ability to make enough red blood cells.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may affect bone marrow cells, reducing the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

Doctors treat low haemoglobin by diagnosing the underlying cause. For example, if your haemoglobin levels are low, your healthcare provider may do tests that reveal you have iron-deficiency anaemia. If that is your situation, they will treat your anaemia with supplements. They may recommend that you try to follow an iron-rich diet. In most cases, treating the underlying cause of anaemia will bring the haemoglobin level up.

Many things can cause low haemoglobin, and most of the time you cannot manage low haemoglobin on your own. But eating a vitamin-rich diet can help maintain your red blood cells. Generally, a balanced diet with a focus on important nutrients is the best way to maintain healthy red blood cells and haemoglobin.

keisha.hill@gleanerjm.comSOURCE: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

Here is the original post:
Factors that affect haemoglobin levels and how to detect when it's low - Jamaica Gleaner

→←