Was Trump’s Regeneron ‘Cure’ Developed Using Stem Cells and Fetal Tissues? – Snopes.com

As governments fight the COVID-19 pandemic, Snopes is fighting an infodemic of rumors and misinformation, and you can help. Read our coronavirus fact checks. Submit any questionable rumors and advice you encounter. Become a Founding Member to help us hire more fact-checkers. And, please, follow the CDC or WHO for guidance on protecting your community from the disease.

As the world raced to find a treatment that would alleviate the global pressure of the coronavirus pandemic, U.S. President Donald Trump contracted the virus in early October 2020 and developed COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. In the days following his diagnosis and public release from Walter Reed Hospital, where he received world-class treatment, Trump touted the powers of a miracle drug called Regeneron, which he promised to make available to the American people.

A video shared in tweet by the president on Oct. 7 claimed that Regeneron was a cure.

I spent four days there [at Walter Reed] and I went in, I wasnt feeling so hot. And within a very short period of time, they gave me Regeneron. Its called Regeneron. And other things too but I think this was the key. But they gave me Regeneron, and it was like, unbelievable. I felt good immediately. I felt as good three days ago as I do now.

So, I just want to say, we have Regeneron. We have a very similar drug from Eli Lilly, and theyre coming out and were trying to get them on an emergency basis. Weve authorized it. Ive authorized it. And if youre in the hospital and youre feeling really bad, I think were going to work it so that you get them and youre going to get them free.

Shortly after the president praised what he deemed a cure for his COVID-19 infection, some social media users pushed the claim that the drug Trump was given was developed using fetal tissue a practice in direct conflict with the administrations pro-life platform.

To clarify, Trump was treated with REGN-COV2, a novel anti-viral antibody cocktail created by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, a New York-based company that has openly stated it uses stem cell and fetal tissues as part of its research and development on new pharmaceutical treatments. This knowledge, and open support from a pro-life president, incited social media pushback from users who argued that the companys use of stem cells and fetal tissues for scientific research goes against pro-life platforms and policies.

REGN-COV2 is a combination of two human-made proteins, or monoclonal antibodies, known as REGN10933 and REGN10987. These two monoclonal antibodies were specifically designed to block the ability of SARs-CoV-2 to infect human cells. The biotechnology company further went on to describe the development of REGN-COV2 as follows:

To develop REGN-COV2, Regeneron scientists evaluated thousands of fully-human antibodies produced by the companys VelocImmune mice, which have been genetically modified to have a human immune system, as well as antibodies identified from humans who have recovered from COVID-19. The two potent, virus-neutralizing antibodies that form REGN-COV2 bind non-competitively to the critical receptor binding domain of the viruss spike protein, which diminishes the ability of mutant viruses to escape treatment and protects against spike variants that have arisen in the human population.

While it is true that Regeneron has used stem cells for some of its research, no human stem cells or human embryonic stem cells were used in the development of REGN-COV2, according to Alexandria Bowie, a spokesperson for the company. An April 2020 statement issued by Regeneron confirmed that research using stem cells helps its scientists model complex diseases, test new drug candidates, and lead to scientific insights that may help spur the creation of new medicines but the company contends that embryonic cells were not used in the production of REGN-CO2.

In short: we did not use human stem cells or human embryonic stem cells in the development of REGN-COV2, Bowie told Snopes in an email.

But its not quite that cut and dried.

In the research and development of pharmaceutical therapeutics, many companies turn to what is known as a cell line. These are cultures of human or animal cells that are derived from a living organism and cultured and propagated repeatedly, and, in some cases, used indefinitely. The development of REGN-COV2 utilized HEK293T a cell line that is derived from human fetal embryonic kidney tissues to create a pseudovirus that mimics a spike Protein found in SARS-CoV-2 in order to test the drugs ability to neutralize and ultimately treat the novel coronavirus.

HEK293s are considered immortalized cells (not stem cells) and are a common and widespread tool in research labs. This cell line was originally derived by adenovirus transformation of human embryonic kidney cells in 1977, explained Bowie, adding that HEK293 were further transformed at Stanford in the 1980s with SV40 large T antigen, a solution that is used by researchers to initiate and maintain DNA replication necessary for creating cell lines.

Fetal tissues were not directly used n the development of REGN-COV2, but cell lines from decades-old embryonic kidney tissues were. Fetal tissues are used to develop cell lines. Embryonic stem cells, on the other hand, are different than adult stem cells in that they are undifferentiated and regenerative cells, which means that they have not been assigned a key task in the human body. As such, researchers have uncovered ways to direct their use in creating human tissues that allow for a variety of uses, including testing new pharmaceuticals.

Opposition to the use of fetal tissue and embryonic stem cell research has been at the heart of the pro-life platform due to the way in which these cells are obtained and its association with using living fetuses either inside (in utero) or outside of the uterus (ex utero). Pro-life groups like March for Life have even gone so far as to pressure the Trump administration to halt funding for research that requires aborted fetal organs and tissues. In summer 2019, the president required any federally funded research using fetal tissue to undergo an ethics review, and has since stocked his cabinet with other similarly-minded officials.

REGN-COV2 is currently in late-stage clinical trials for various populations, including non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients as well as for the potential prevention in individuals who may have had close household exposure to COVID-19. According to a news release published on Sept. 29, the company announced that the antibody cocktail was shown to reduce the viral load and alleviate symptoms in non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19. REGN-COV2 also showed positive trends in reducing medical visits. However, it is important to note that the research included a relatively small sample size of just 275 patients.

The greatest treatment benefit was in patients who had not mounted their own effective immune response, suggesting that REGN-COV2 could provide a therapeutic substitute for the naturally-occurring immune response. These patients were less likely to clear the virus on their own and were at greater risk for prolonged symptoms, said Regeneron President and Chief Scientific Officer Dr. George D. Yancopoulos in a statement.

As of Oct. 12, Regeneron had submitted an emergency use authorization (EUA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in early October, and noted REGN-COV2s early, promising clinical data paired with the continued, pressing unmet need of COVID-19 meets the FDA standard for emergency use authorization.

Regeneron told Snopes that it cant speculate on potential timing for an EUA. We will update when such is available.

See the rest here:
Was Trump's Regeneron 'Cure' Developed Using Stem Cells and Fetal Tissues? - Snopes.com

The complicated story of Trump’s COVID treatment, stem cells and abortion politics – Baptist News Global

The irony cannot be missed: A Rose Garden event to announce the nomination of a Supreme Court justice widely expected to tilt the court toward limiting access to abortion became a super-spreader event for coronavirus, which infected many of the dignitaries gathered there. And the miracle cure touted by the president himself was made possible in some way by the scientific use of aborted fetal tissue.

Since the announcement that President Donald Trump was treated with an experimental cocktail of drugs that he said has made him feel better than he has in 20 years, attention has increasingly focused on how one of those treatments a cocktail of antibodies manufactured by Regeneron was developed and tested. And the same may be true for the other drug used on Trump and other coronavirus patients, Remdesivir.

Two ironic facts have risen to the surface and have been confirmed by multiple sources, however: (1) The new molecular treatment was developed and/or tested in some way involving cells originally derived from an aborted fetus; and (2) the very kind of research that made this therapy possible was shut down by the Trump administration within the past year.

The very kind of research that made this therapy possible was shut down by the Trump administration within the past year.

Critics cite these facts as evidence of hypocrisy by abortion opponents who for years have lambasted stem cell research as barbaric and immoral but now are willing to laud a miracle drug made possible by that very research.

On the other hand, some pro-life advocates dispute the actual use of aborted cells in the research or claim the original cells were obtained so long ago that there is no moral jeopardy in the modern drug.

One Dallas-based medical ethicist noted privately: I understand that many vaccines in the past included a cell line derived from the lung tissue of aborted fetuses, but I have also read that the cell line is either so attenuated or even absent that even the Catholic Church has withdrawn its objections.

And therein lies the nuance of this situation.

Amid these competing claims and an effort by Regeneron to carefully thread the needle of disclosure the MIT Technology Review published an article Oct. 7 by Antonio Regalado that minced no words:

This week, President Donald Trump extolled the cutting-edge coronavirus treatments he received as miracles coming down from God. If thats true, then God employs cell lines derived from human fetal tissue.

The MIT article continues to explain that the antibody treatment Trump received was developed with the use of a cell line originally derived from abortion tissue, according to Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, the company that developed the experimental drug.

And heres where things get quite technical.

According to the MIT journal and other published sources, the molecules in the treatment Trump received are manufactured in cells from a hamsters ovary not in human cells. However, cells originally derived from a fetus were used in another way. According to Regeneron, laboratory tests used to assess the potency of its antibodies employed a standardized supply of cells , whose origin was kidney tissue from an abortion in the Netherlands in the 1970s.

These cells have been immortalized, which means they have been reproduced, divided and shared many times through the years, so that the line of cells used today is, in a way, a descendant of the original cells obtained from the aborted kidney tissue.

Because the cells were acquired so long ago, and have lived so long in the laboratory, they are no longer thought of as involving abortion politics.

Thus the MIT journal concludes: The two antibodies Regeneron eventually put forward as an experimental treatment, which may have saved Trumps life, would have been selected using exactly such tests. Because the cells were acquired so long ago, and have lived so long in the laboratory, they are no longer thought of as involving abortion politics.

In June 2019, the Trump administration blocked federal funding for new scientific research using fetal tissue derived from abortions.

Promoting the dignity of human life from conception to natural death is one of the very top priorities of President Trumps administration, the Department of Health and Human Services said in a statement.

And then this important line: Intramural research that requires new acquisition of fetal tissue from elective abortions will not be conducted.

The Trump administration policy hailed widely as a victory for the anti-abortion cause restricted new acquisition of fetal tissue.

The New York Times quoted an administration official who said the presidents acceptance of this coronavirus treatment should not be seen as a contradiction. The administrations policy on fetal tissue research specifically excluded cell lines made before June 2019, said the official, who did not wish to be identified because he was not authorized to speak about the matter. Scientific products made using cell lines that existed before then would not implicate the administrations policy on the use of human fetal tissue from elective abortions, the official said.

The fact that most anti-abortion advocates have remained silent about this apparent contradiction also was addressed by the MIT journal: Most likely, their hypocrisy was unwitting. Many types of medical and vaccine research employ supplies of cells originally acquired from abortion tissue. It would have taken an expert to realize that was the case with Trumps treatment.

In June 2019, the journal Nature reported on the Trump administrations ban on fetal-tissue research that receives federal funding, especially through the National Institutes of Health.

Scientists employ fetal tissue to explore topics as diverse as infectious disease, human development and disorders of the eye.

The administration said it will set up an ethics-review board to evaluate each NIH grant application that would support research with fetal tissue, which is collected from elective abortions. But the government has already decided against renewing its contract with a laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco, that uses fetal tissue to study HIV, Nature reported. The announcement comes after a sustained push by abortion opponents to limit scientific research with fetal tissue despite warnings from researchers that using the tissue is the only way to study some health problems. Scientists employ fetal tissue to explore topics as diverse as infectious disease, human development and disorders of the eye.

The journal quoted UCSF chancellor Sam Hawgood saying this government decision was politically motivated, shortsighted and not based on sound science. Todays action ends a 30-year partnership with the NIH to use specially designed models that could be developed only through the use of fetal tissue to find a cure for HIV.

The New York Times reported that the ethics board set up to review proposed uses of fetal stem cells in research met for the first time in July and in August, the board rejected 13 of the 14 proposals it reviewed; the approved proposal relied on tissue that had already been acquired.

The ethical debate over this kind of research is not going away and, in fact, could escalate as work continues on COVID-19 vaccines.

The New York Times quoted David Prentice, vice president of the Charlotte Lozier Institute, who wrote in September: One concern regarding the ethical assessment of viral vaccine candidates is the potential use of abortion-derived cell lines in the development, production or testing.

Prentices own analysis found 13 vaccine candidates that rely in some way on fetal cell lines.

In response, the Times quoted James Sherley, a research scholar at the Charlotte Lozier Institute and director of the adult stem cell company Asymmetrex, who said this kind of research is not morally responsible. There are alternatives there are lots of ways that dont require the death of anyone.

Additional reporting on this issue has been published in Science magazine and Input magazine.

Related articles:

Is this election all about abortion? It depends on who you ask

See more here:
The complicated story of Trump's COVID treatment, stem cells and abortion politics - Baptist News Global

BrainStorm to Present at the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa – PRNewswire

NEW YORK, Oct. 12, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: BCLI), a leading developer of adult stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, today announced Stacy Lindborg, Ph.D., Executive Vice President and Head of Global Clinical Research, will deliver a presentation at the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa, being held virtually October 12-16, 2020.

Dr. Lindborg's presentation will be in the form of an on-demand webinar that will be available beginning today. Those who wish to listen to the presentation are required to register here. At the conclusion of the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa, a copy of the presentation will also be available in the "Investors and Media" section of the BrainStorm website under Events and Presentations.

About the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa

The conference will feature 80+ on-demand company presentations by leading public and private companies, highlighting their technical and clinical achievements over the past 12 months in the areas of cell therapy, gene therapy, gene editing, and tissue engineering. Registrants will have access to 15+ expert-led panels and workshops including a mix of both live and on-demand sessions. The conference will be delivered in a virtual format over the course of five days October 12-16. There is also a premier partnering system, partneringONE, allowing registrants to plan 11 meetings with other attendees. For a list of presenting companies, refer to https://www.meetingonthemesa.com/company-presentations/.

AboutBrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc.

BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc.is a leading developer of innovative autologous adult stem cell therapeutics for debilitating neurodegenerative diseases. The Company holds the rights to clinical development and commercialization of the NurOwn technology platform used to produce autologous MSC-NTF cells through an exclusive, worldwide licensing agreement. Autologous MSC-NTF cells have received Orphan Drug status designation from theU.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) and theEuropean Medicines Agency(EMA) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). BrainStorm has fully enrolled a Phase 3 pivotal trial in ALS (NCT03280056), investigating repeat-administration of autologous MSC-NTF cells at sixU.S.sites supported by a grant from theCalifornia Institute for Regenerative Medicine(CIRM CLIN2-0989). The pivotal study is intended to support a filing forU.S.FDA approval of autologous MSC-NTF cells in ALS. BrainStorm also recently receivedU.S.FDA clearance to initiate a Phase 2 open-label multicenter trial in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). The Phase 2 study of autologous MSC-NTF cells in patients with progressive MS (NCT03799718) started enrollment inMarch 2019. For more information, visit the company's website atwww.brainstorm-cell.com.

Contacts Investor Relations: Corey Davis, Ph.D. LifeSci Advisors, LLC Phone: +1 646-465-1138 [emailprotected]

Media:Paul Tyahla SmithSolve Phone: + 1.973.713.3768 [emailprotected]

Logo - https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1166536/BrainStorm_Logo.jpg

SOURCE Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics Inc

Home

See more here:
BrainStorm to Present at the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa - PRNewswire

Human heart organoids provide unmatched insight into cardiac disease and dysfunction – BioWorld Online

Two teams of researchers have developed miniature models of the human heart that beat and function like the full-size organ. The team from Michigan State University (MSU) and Washington University in St. Louis developed a human heart organoid (hHO) that recapitulates embryonic heart development, providing an unmatched view into congenital heart defects. The organoid created by the researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and Clemson University mimics the tissue dysfunction that occurs following a heart attack.

Organoids are self-assembling, 3D multicellular constructs that exhibit organ properties and structure to various degrees. Several processes have been developed to create them in recent years.

The MSU teams heart includes all the primary types of heart cells, as well as functional chambers and vascular tissues. These minihearts constitute incredibly powerful models in which to study all kinds of cardiac disorders with a degree of precision unseen before, said Aitor Aguirre, the studys senior author and assistant professor of biomedical engineering at MSUs Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering.

Results of the groups work created quite a stir when it appeared on the preprint server bioRxiv and highlights were presented at the 2020 International Society for Stem Cell Research Annual Meeting. Weve received a lot of calls from researchers who want to use our process, Aguirre told BioWorld. The NIH and the American Heart Association provided funding for the study.

To create the approximately 1-mm diameter hHOs, the team combined several approaches developed over the last decade. They start with induced pluripotent cells ordinary cells from adults that are induced by the introduction of several genes to become pluripotent stem cells or master cells. The team then provides chemical signals that stimulate the cells to differentiate and mimic the process used in fetal development to create a heart.

In 15 to 20 days, the developmentally directed approach takes an undifferentiated ball of cells and gets to the point that the heart beats, has chambers, has cells organized in the way those cells are organized in the heart. At a molecular and cellular level, we are creating a heart, Aguirre noted.

The process is much simpler and easier to recreate than tissue engineering, as hundreds can be created simultaneously with minimal operator involvement and without the need for expensive machinery. Aguirre said the equipment required would be present already in any standard cell laboratory.

Currently, the team is using the miniaturized model heart to study developmental heart disorders. Thats crucial because, while congenital heart affects 1% of all newborns, there have been no good ways to study fetal heart development. You cant tell a pregnant woman, we want to take a biopsy, so its hard to study first-hand, Aguirre explained. With this process, the team can replicate much of fetal heart development without using fetal cells, bypassing all ethical concerns.

Since the publication of their initial results, Aguirre and his team have made further advances to more closely model the human heart. By further improving the development conditions, the researchers are now giving the organoids structural and locational cues needed to organize themselves better. Those new conditions have led to the formation of two chambers with heart looping, creating a shape that resembles a sausage more than a ball. In addition, they are growing hearts that are more sophisticated and demonstrate functioning of a somewhat older heart.

The researchers also are working on the development of vasculature that will enable the minihearts to grow larger and to create a multiorgan system in vitro that would be especially useful in studying pediatric cardiopulmonary development. Beyond gaining a better understanding of the basics of early heart development, the team hopes the model will provide greater insight into the impact of various chemicals and conditions, including environmental contaminants, maternal diabetes and medications.

The South Carolina process

Researchers at the MUSC and Clemson University took a somewhat different approach to creation of their human cardiac organoid. Like the MSU team, they began with induced pluripotent stem cells that divide and self-assemble. The spherical organoids are fabricated in vitro using four defined cell types that range in maturity from early stage to adult in ratios found in the heart. The process gives the microtissue a range of functionality but does not reproduce the developmental process of a heart.

The greater maturity of some of the tissue has an advantage for the teams research, however. The South Carolina contingent has focused on creating heart organoids that parallel the physiological conditions present during and immediately following a heart attack. Their work recently appeared in Nature Biomedical Engineering.

The model demonstrates the key features of pathological metabolic shifts, fibrosis and calcium handling. Furthermore, our transcriptomic analysis showed that there are comparable disease characteristics that are similar to that of the diseased adult heart, lead author Dylan Richards, a graduate of the MUSC Clemson bioengineering program and now a computational biologist at The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, told BioWorld.

To model the heart after a heart attack, we used low oxygen culture to create an oxygen-diffusion gradient in cardiac organoids combined with noradrenaline stimulation, Richards said. This method resulted in a structural and functional gradient, similar to that of a heart after a heart attack (dying tissue in the middle surrounded by dysfunctional regions surrounded by functional regions).

Using the model, the team found that the experimental drug JQ1 reduces the fibrotic and arrhythmic properties seen in diseased post-heart attack organoids. They also demonstrated that doxorubicin, commonly used in breast cancer treatment, had greater cardiotoxic impact in diseased hearts, in keeping with previous findings of greater risk associated with the chemotherapy in women with pre-existing cardiovascular disease.

The team is looking at drug-exacerbated cardiotoxicity and COVID-19-induced cardiac diseases. It will also be enhancing the model to include immune cells, to better understand the role the immune system plays in restructuring heart tissue after damage from oxygen-deprivation.

Continue reading here:
Human heart organoids provide unmatched insight into cardiac disease and dysfunction - BioWorld Online

Sickle Cell Disease Association of America and Aruvant Sciences Forge New Partnership to Educate Around Gene Therapy – Herald-Mail Media

HANOVER, Md. and NEW YORK, Oct. 12, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The Sickle Cell Disease Association of America (SCDAA) and Aruvant Sciences are proud to announce a new partnership to create educational programs to increase awareness of gene therapy as a potential curative treatment option for sickle cell disease patients. This collaboration will help SCDAA continue to deliver on its mission, while assisting Aruvant in learning more about the needs of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Under the agreement, Aruvant will collaborate with SCDAA to host local and national educational events and develop materials for a public-awareness campaign.

"In partnership with SCDAA, we are working to educate patients about gene therapy, while gaining critical insights from the patient community for our ARU-1801 SCD development program," said Will Chou, M.D., chief executive officer (CEO) of Aruvant. "Now is a perfect time to work with SCDAA to educate the community about gene therapy since we have an open and enrolling phase 1/2 clinical trial for our potentially curative experimental gene therapy, ARU-1801."

Sickle cell disease affects 100,000 individuals in the United States, disproportionately affecting African Americans with one in 500 African Americans suffering from the disease. This inherited disease affects the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. The disease occurs when people inherit a mutation from each of their parents which causes people with SCD to not have normal, healthy adult hemoglobin in their red blood cells and instead have an abnormal hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin. SCD can cause frequent episodes of severe pain, weakness and other serious complications. Fetal hemoglobin is an "anti-sickling" hemoglobin that is present before birth in the red blood cells. After birth, the gene that makes fetal hemoglobin turns off, which mostly stops the production of fetal hemoglobin. More fetal hemoglobin in the blood can mean fewer episodes of sickling and pain.

"In partnership with Aruvant, we can provide the critical education needed for our community to understand gene therapy and how these promising new treatments work to treat and maybe cure this genetic disease that impacts so many in our community," said Beverley Francis-Gibson, SCDAA president and CEO. "Partnering with companies like Aruvant is critical to help us support the research that could change the lives of many sickle cell disease patients."

Aruvant and SCDAA's educational events will review gene therapy and ongoing research, including discussion around Aruvant's MOMENTUM study. This clinical trial is examining a one-time investigational treatment, ARU-1801, to increase levels of fetal hemoglobin in patients with severe sickle cell disease, with the hope of fewer episodes of sickling and pain. Aruvant provided funding for SCDAA's 48th Annual National Convention 2020 which begins tomorrow, October 13, and will continue through October 17. To register, please visit https://bit.ly/SCDAA2020Convention.

The MOMENTUM StudyAruvant is currently conducting the MOMENTUM study, which is evaluating ARU-1801, a one-time only potentially curative gene therapy for patients with SCD. The MOMENTUM study is currently enrolling, and more information may be found at http://www.momentumtrials.com.

About Sickle Cell Disease Association of AmericaSickle Cell Disease Association of America advocates for people affected by sickle cell conditions and empowers community-based organizations to maximize quality of life and raise public consciousness while advancing the search for a universal cure. The association and more than 50 member organizations support sickle cell research, public and professional health education and patient and community services. Visit http://www.sicklecelldisease.org.

About Aruvant SciencesAruvant Sciences, part of the Roivant family of companies, is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing gene therapies for the treatment of rare diseases, with an initial focus on helping patients suffering from sickle cell disease. The company's lead candidate, ARU-1801, is an investigational lentiviral gene therapy for sickle cell disease. ARU-1801 incorporates a patented modified gamma-globin into autologous stem cells, with the aim of restoring normal red blood cell function through increased levels of fetal hemoglobin. The high potency of the modified gamma globin enables ARU-1801 engraftment with only reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). Preliminary clinical data from an ongoing Phase 1/2 study in patients with sickle cell disease demonstrated continuing durable reductions in disease burden. For more information on the clinical study, please visit http://www.momentumtrials.com and for more on the company, please visitwww.aruvant.com.

Read more from the original source:
Sickle Cell Disease Association of America and Aruvant Sciences Forge New Partnership to Educate Around Gene Therapy - Herald-Mail Media