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AIIMS Delhi Indias best medical college thats home to many leaders of Covid battle – ThePrint

By adminJuly 26, 2020Stem Cell Doctors

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New Delhi: Theres much in common among AIIMS director Randeep Guleria, cardiologist Balram Bhargava, who heads the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), V.K. Paul of the government thinktank Niti Aayog, WHO chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan, and Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) president Dr Srinath Reddy, who is also on the steering committee of the WHO-led Solidarity trial to look for an effective Covid-19 treatment.

These luminaries of the medical field are all playing an important role in handling the biggest health crisis the world has faced in decades, Covid-19. But thats not it. All of them have either taught or studied at AIIMS Delhi, the premier medical facility from the early years of Independent India that continues to top the governments medical college rankings year after year, including in 2020.

Everyone in India from the low-income patients who throng the hospitals OPD for its promise of affordable care, to VIPs who cut through lines for treatment knows AIIMS is the best in the country.

But its reputation doesnt necessarily come from the functions it performs as a hospital, doctors and students say. It comes from AIIMS ability to produce award-winning physicians year after year.

But what exactly is it that makes AIIMS the best medical institution in a country that has over 540 medical colleges and is known for exporting doctors to countries around the world?

Also Read: Fever not predominant Covid symptom, focus on it may lead to missing cases, says AIIMS study

Dr P.K. Julka, an oncologist who retired from the institute as dean in 2016, says everything is top of the line at AIIMS. From equipment to medical protocols, and, most importantly, the freedom to pursue your research interests, he added.

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Like so many of the institutes alumni, Julka has had an illustrious career: He was the first to conduct a peripheral blood stem cell transplant in the country (1995), and was awarded the Padmi Shri for his contributions to medicine in 2013. AIIMS made this possible, he added.

The foundation stone of AIIMS Delhi was laid in 1952, and it came into being as an autonomous institution through the AIIMS Act, 1956.

It was crafted in line with the vision of Indias first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and first Health Minister Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, in whose honour the hospitals OPD is named.

AIIMS was among Nehrus temples of modern India, set up to serve as a centre for excellence in the medical sciences. From the time of its christening, it was decided that it would be the best, and everyone associated with it treated it as such.

Rajkumari fashioned it like a gurukul: Students and teachers would stay together within this same learning space. It was her pet project, said Dr Chandrakant Pandav, professor of community medicine who joined AIIMS in 1971 as an undergraduate. Bright Indians who had gone abroad to study medicine were called back to serve their country.

AIIMS was primarily a research and teaching centre in the first few years of being set up, but began rapidly expanding in the mid-to-late 1980s.

Managing patients has always been a problem. Earlier, we had fewer patients but were short on faculty. Now the number of patients who come is barely manageable despite having hundreds of doctors, said Julka. It has made prioritising time, between patient care, teaching, and research, more difficult.

In 2003, the Government of India resolved to correct the imbalances of tertiary care availability and allowed the formation of six AIIMS-like institutions, a decision cemented by an ordinance in 2012 and subsequently an amendment legislation.

Since then, the number of AIIMS-like institutions has grown to 15. Another eight are in development. However, while they carry the brand, they dont quite evoke the same respect, say doctors.

The institutes are not comparable, they have miles to go before they reach where AIIMS Delhi is. Thats because they dont have the same work culture that is already there in Delhi. The work culture is like a wave in the ocean, and they dont have it, Julka added.

Also Read: AIIMS Delhi and Raipur doctors question ICMR study that showed HCQ can curb Covid risk

For incoming students, the opportunity to study at AIIMS is both intimidating and exciting. Youre prepared for that pressure, said Mehek Arora, a second-year MBBS student at AIIMS, referring to the performance pressure. Once you begin classes, you fall into the rhythm of things and get used to it.

The 115-acre campus in Delhi houses 43 departments and has over 1,700 students both undergraduate and postgraduate. Students say that juniors and seniors interact freely, without the fear of ragging that has become a big worry at Indias medical colleges. While the average student-teacher ratio is 29:1 in India (2018-19), it was estimated to be 6:1 at AIIMS in 2016. The goal of bettering academic performance is common, and so the environment is studious and buoyant, insiders say.

At AIIMS, youre exposed to patients at an early stage, newly developed medical protocols, emerging research. When something new comes out of the US, we hear about it within a week. Theres no spoon-feeding, but theres a lot of space to learn and grow, said Giridhar Gopal, a PhD scholar in the field of community medicine.

Gopal did his MBBS from a government medical college at Kanjanur in Tamil Nadu, before coming to AIIMS in 2012 for his MD. Studying is not a burden here. Its what keeps the community buzzing.

According to old-timer Pandav, it is the sanctity of the student-teacher relationship that lies at the crux of AIIMS functioning. The focus, when he first arrived, was on teaching and the freedom to teach, he said.

The roots of AIIMS lie in its emphasis on teaching and research. Students and teachers used to be like family, because it was the best students, and the best teachers, coming together to serve the public, Pandav added.

The prestige of an AIIMS admission, combined with the fact that students and teachers have the best medical equipment and a free hand to conduct research, has kept the learning process novel.

In peripheral colleges, you really dont get access to the same information or leading protocols. Everything comes much later, whereas in AIIMS its all happening in real time, said Gopal.

But AIIMS exclusivity also lends it a clique-like aura where outsiders may not be immediately accepted, some people say.

Dr Shobha Broor, a retired virologist who taught at the institute for 27 years, says being accepted as an outsider takes time.

It took some time for them to accept me. I joined as an additional professor from PGIMS in Chandigarh. Initially, this was difficult to deal with, but I worked hard, and earned my place. The quality of students is what really makes the institute, she said.

Also Read: Dont know Delhi, had nothing to eat AIIMS buries 7-month-old as family heads home to MP

A rising number of patients isnt the only problem AIIMS has faced over the years. It has also been marred with allegations of caste bias.

In 2007, after a massive protest over allegations that Dalit students were being failed in their examinations, AIIMS became the first higher education institution in India where systemic caste discrimination and abuse was investigated, resulting in the Thorat Committee Report.

The report found that 72 per cent of SC students felt discriminated against during teaching lessons. While reforms have ensured there is no longer outright discrimination, professors told ThePrint in 2019 that subtle caste biases still exist.

Even though AIIMS produces an average of 700 research papers a year, its global ranking in the area remains relatively low: According to the QS World University Rankings for Life Sciences and Medicine, AIIMS is ranked 231. For comparison, Harvard University stands at number one.

With the sheer number of patients, the same interest in research and teaching is slowly disappearing, said Pandav. Clinical practice is taking precedence. Why do you think we havent won any Nobel prizes yet?

The institute is currently hosting a series of video sessions, called the Grand Round, sharing its experiences of tackling Covid-19 with hospitals across the world. It is hosting a vaccine trial, and holding telemedicine sessions with doctors from other institutes who need guidance. The path ahead is uncertain, but Pandav puts it well, The future of AIIMS lies in its past.

Also Read: Deprived of sisters body for burial after AIIMS mix-up, Muslim family cant find her ashes either

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AIIMS Delhi Indias best medical college thats home to many leaders of Covid battle - ThePrint

Science May Have Finally Explained The Reason Why We Still Get Goosebumps – ScienceAlert

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stell Cell Research

We all know what goosebumps are, but why have we evolved to hang on to this seemingly pointless physical reaction to the cold? New research suggests an answer: regulating stem cells that control hair follicles and hair growth.

In a detailed analysis of mice, scientists found that the specific muscles that contract when goosebumps appear are connected to the sympathetic nervous system. When low temperatures are sensed, these muscles bridge the gap between sympathetic nerves and hair follicles.

In the short term, it causes hair to stand up and goosebumps to appear; in the long term, it appears to promote hair growth. The researchers say this is an important link between stem cells which the body can use to create other kinds of cells and external stimuli.

(Hsu Laboratory/Harvard University)

Above: Hair follicle, sympathetic nerve (green), and muscle (magenta) under the microscope.

"The skin is a fascinating system," says biologist Ya-Chieh Hsufrom Harvard University. "It has multiple stem cells surrounded by diverse cell types, and is located at the interface between our body and the outside world. Therefore, its stem cells could potentially respond to a diverse array of stimuli from the niche, the whole body, or even the outside environment.

"In this study, we identify an interesting dual-component niche that not only regulates the stem cells under steady state, but also modulates stem cell behaviours according to temperature changes outside."

The team of researchers used high-resolution electron microscopy to identify this hair-growth regulation system, which involves the three types of tissue found in many organs: nerves (the sympathetic nerve), mesenchyme (holding the small muscles), and epithelium (the hair follicle stem cells).

While the connection between nerve and muscle was already known in this specific system, the link to the hair-regulating stem cells is a new discovery, and an unusual one neurons tend to prefer connections to other neurons or synapse-like connections to muscles. Here, those synapse-like connections are made to stem cells instead, wrapping around them like ribbons.

(Shwartz et al., Cell, 2020)

Above: How the muscle (pink), the sympathetic nerve (green), and the hair follicle stem cells (blue) react to cold.

The research also showed how prolonged cold puts the sympathetic nerves in a state of high alert, above the normal low-level activation that they spend most of their time at. More neurotransmitters are released, triggering quicker activation of the stem cells and, ultimately, quicker hair growth.

On top of that, the team established that the muscle was indeed an essential link between nerves and follicle stem cells when the muscle was removed, the connection was lost. The growth of the muscles is actually triggered by the hair follicles themselves, according to the activity observed in mice, anyway.

"We discovered that the signal comes from the developing hair follicle itself," says biologist Yulia Shwartz. "It secretes a protein that regulates the formation of the smooth muscle, which then attracts the sympathetic nerve.

"Then, in the adult, the interaction turns around, with the nerve and muscle together regulating the hair follicle stem cells to regenerate the new hair follicle. It's closing the whole circle the developing hair follicle is establishing its own niche."

While these same interactions haven't been observed in humans yet, biological similarities between mice and other mammals in this area make it likely that the same processes are going on underneath our own skin and that's why we can still get goosebumps.

This same tightening of muscles around hair follicles causes the little bumps on your skin to appear, and scientists think that back in the days when we were a lot hairier as a species, it would have provided some immediate defence against the cold. Now, an additional long-term strategy has also been revealed.

The researchers intend to do further work on the interaction between external environments and the stem cells in the skin, including looking at any other possible reactions that might be going on that we don't know about.

"We live in a constantly changing environment," says Hsu. "Since the skin is always in contact with the outside world, it gives us a chance to study what mechanisms stem cells in our body use to integrate tissue production with changing demands, which is essential for organisms to thrive in this dynamic world."

The research has been published in Cell.

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Science May Have Finally Explained The Reason Why We Still Get Goosebumps - ScienceAlert

Germ cell – Wikipedia

By adminJuly 25, 2020Embryonic Stem Cells

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate in the primitive streak and migrate via the gut of an embryo to the developing gonads. There, they undergo meiosis, followed by cellular differentiation into mature gametes, either eggs or sperm. Unlike animals, plants do not have germ cells designated in early development. Instead, germ cells can arise from somatic cells in the adult (such as the floral meristem of flowering plants).[1][2][3]

Multicellular eukaryotes are made of two fundamental cell types. Germ cells produce gametes and are the only cells that can undergo meiosis as well as mitosis. These cells are sometimes said to be immortal because they are the link between generations. Somatic cells are all the other cells that form the building blocks of the body and they only divide by mitosis. The lineage of germ cells is called germ line. Germ cell specification begins during cleavage in many animals or in the epiblast during gastrulation in birds and mammals. After transport, involving passive movements and active migration, germ cells arrive at the developing gonads. In humans, sexual differentiation starts approximately 6 weeks after conception. The end-products of the germ cell cycle are the egg or sperm.[4]

Under special conditions in vitro germ cells can acquire properties similar to those of embryonic stem cells (ES). The underlying mechanism of that change is still unknown. These changed cells are then called embryonic germ cells (EG). Both EG and ES are pluripotent in vitro, but only ES has proven pluripotency in vivo. Recent studies have demonstrated that it is possible to give rise to primordial germ cells from ES.[5]

There are two mechanisms to establish the germ cell lineage in the embryo. The first way is called preformistic and involves that the cells destined to become germ cells inherit the specific germ cell determinants present in the germ plasm (specific area of the cytoplasm) of the egg (ovum). The unfertilized egg of most animals is asymmetrical: different regions of the cytoplasm contain different amounts of mRNA and proteins.

The second way is found in mammals, where germ cells are not specified by such determinants but by signals controlled by zygotic genes. In mammals, a few cells of the early embryo are induced by signals of neighboring cells to become primordial germ cells. Mammalian eggs are somewhat symmetrical and after the first divisions of the fertilized egg, the produced cells are all totipotent. This means that they can differentiate in any cell type in the body and thus germ cells. Specification of primordial germ cells in the laboratory mouse is initiated by high levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, which activates expression of the transcription factors Blimp-1/Prdm1 and Prdm14.[6]

It is speculated that induction was the ancestral mechanism, and that the preformistic, or inheritance, mechanism of germ cell establishment arose from convergent evolution.[7] There are several key differences between these two mechanisms that may provide reasoning for the evolution of germ plasm inheritance. One difference is that typically inheritance occurs almost immediately during development (around the blastoderm stage) while induction typically does not occur until gastrulation. As germ cells are quiescent and therefore not dividing, they are not susceptible to mutation.

Since the germ cell lineage is not established right away by induction, there is a higher chance for mutation to occur before the cells are specified. Mutation rate data is available that indicates a higher rate of germ line mutations in mice and humans, species which undergo induction, than in C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, species which undergo inheritance.[8] A lower mutation rate would be selected for, which is one possible reason for the convergent evolution of the germ plasm. However, more mutation rate data will need to be collected across several taxa, particularly data collected both before and after the specification of primordial germ cells before this hypothesis on the evolution of germ plasm can be backed by strong evidence.

Primordial germ cells, germ cells that still have to reach the gonads, also known as PGCs, precursor germ cells or gonocytes, divide repeatedly on their migratory route through the gut and into the developing gonads.[9]

In the model organism Drosophila, pole cells passively move from the posterior end of the embryo to the posterior midgut because of the infolding of the blastoderm. Then they actively move through the gut into the mesoderm. Endodermal cells differentiate and together with Wunen proteins they induce the migration through the gut. Wunen proteins are chemorepellents that lead the germ cells away from the endoderm and into the mesoderm. After splitting into two populations, the germ cells continue migrating laterally and in parallel until they reach the gonads. Columbus proteins, chemoattractants, stimulate the migration in the gonadal mesoderm.[citation needed]

In the Xenopus egg, the germ cell determinants are found in the most vegetal blastomeres. These presumptive PGCs are brought to the endoderm of the blastocoel by gastrulation. They are determined as germ cells when gastrulation is completed. Migration from the hindgut along the gut and across the dorsal mesentery then takes place. The germ cells split into two populations and move to the paired gonadal ridges. Migration starts with 3-4 cells that undergo three rounds of cell division so that about 30 PGCs arrive at the gonads. On the migratory path of the PGCs, the orientation of underlying cells and their secreted molecules such as fibronectin play an important role.[citation needed]

Mammals have a migratory path comparable to that in Xenopus. Migration begins with 50 gonocytes and about 5,000 PGCs arrive at the gonads. Proliferation occurs also during migration and lasts for 34 weeks in humans.[citation needed]

PGCs come from the epiblast and migrate subsequently into the mesoderm, the endoderm and the posterior of the yolk sac. Migration then takes place from the hindgut along the gut and across the dorsal mesentery to reach the gonads (4.5 weeks in human beings). Fibronectin maps here also a polarized network together with other molecules. The somatic cells on the path of germ cells provide them attractive, repulsive, and survival signals. But germ cells also send signals to each other.[citation needed]

In reptiles and birds, germ cells use another path. PGCs come from the epiblast and move to the hypoblast to form the germinal crescent (anterior extraembryonic structure). The gonocytes then squeeze into blood vessels and use the circulatory system for transport. They squeeze out of the vessels when they are at height of the gonadal ridges. Cell adhesion on the endothelium of the blood vessels and molecules such as chemoattractants are probably involved in helping PGCs migrate.[citation needed]

The SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome) directs male development in mammals by inducing the somatic cells of the gonadal ridge to develop into a testis, rather than an ovary.[10]Sry is expressed in a small group of somatic cells of the gonads and influences these cells to become Sertoli cells (supporting cells in testis). Sertoli cells are responsible for sexual development along a male pathway in many ways. One of these ways involves stimulation of the arriving primordial cells to differentiate into sperm. In the absence of the Sry gene, primordial germ cells differentiate into eggs. Removing genital ridges before they start to develop into testes or ovaries results in the development of a female, independent of the carried sex chromosome.[10]

Retinoic acid (RA) is an important factor that causes differentiation of primordial germ cells. In males, the mesonephros releases retinoic acid. RA then goes to the gonad causing an enzyme called CYP26B1 to be released by sertoli cells. CYP26B1 metabolizes RA, and because sertoli cells surround primordial germ cells (PGCs), PGCs never come into contact with RA, which results in a lack of proliferation of PGCs and no meiotic entry. This keeps spermatogenesis from starting too soon. In females, the mesonephros releases RA, which enters the gonad. RA stimulates Stra8, a critical gatekeeper of meiosis (1), and Rec8, causing primordial germ cells to enter meiosis. This causes the development of oocytes that arrest in meiosis I. [11]

Gametogenesis, the development of diploid germ cells into either haploid eggs or sperm (respectively oogenesis and spermatogenesis) is different for each species but the general stages are similar. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis have many features in common, they both involve:

Despite their homologies they also have major differences:[citation needed]

After migration primordial germ cells will become oogonia in the forming gonad (ovary). The oogonia proliferate extensively by mitotic divisions, up to 5-7 million cells in humans. But then many of these oogonia die and about 50,000 remain. These cells differentiate into primary oocytes. In week 11-12 post coitus the first meiotic division begins (before birth for most mammals) and remains arrested in prophase I from a few days to many years depending on the species. It is in this period or in some cases at the beginning of sexual maturity that the primary oocytes secrete proteins to form a coat called zona pellucida and they also produce cortical granules containing enzymes and proteins needed for fertilization. Meiosis stands by because of the follicular granulosa cells that send inhibitory signals through gap junctions and the zona pellucida. Sexual maturation is the beginning of periodic ovulation. Ovulation is the regular release of one oocyte from the ovary into the reproductive tract and is preceded by follicular growth. A few follicle cells are stimulated to grow but only one oocyte is ovulated. A primordial follicle consists of an epithelial layer of follicular granulosa cells enclosing an oocyte. The pituitary gland secrete follicle-stimulating hormones (FSHs) that stimulate follicular growth and oocyte maturation. The thecal cells around each follicle secrete estrogen. This hormone stimulates the production of FSH receptors on the follicular granulosa cells and has at the same time a negative feedback on FSH secretion. This results in a competition between the follicles and only the follicle with the most FSH receptors survives and is ovulated. Meiotic division I goes on in the ovulated oocyte stimulated by luteinizing hormones (LHs) produced by the pituitary gland. FSH and LH block the gap junctions between follicle cells and the oocyte therefore inhibiting communication between them. Most follicular granulosa cells stay around the oocyte and so form the cumulus layer. Large non-mammalian oocytes accumulate egg yolk, glycogen, lipids, ribosomes, and the mRNA needed for protein synthesis during early embryonic growth. These intensive RNA biosynthese are mirrored in the structure of the chromosomes, which decondense and form lateral loops giving them a lampbrush appearance (see Lampbrush chromosome). Oocyte maturation is the following phase of oocyte development. It occurs at sexual maturity when hormones stimulate the oocyte to complete meiotic division I. The meiotic division I produces 2 cells differing in size: a small polar body and a large secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte undergoes meiotic division II and that results in the formation of a second small polar body and a large mature egg, both being haploid cells. The polar bodies degenerate.[12] Oocyte maturation stands by at metaphase II in most vertebrates. During ovulation, the arrested secondary oocyte leaves the ovary and matures rapidly into an egg ready for fertilization. Fertilization will cause the egg to complete meiosis II. In human females there is proliferation of the oogonia in the fetus, meiosis starts then before birth and stands by at meiotic division I up to 50 years, ovulation begins at puberty.[citation needed]

A 10 - 20 m large somatic cell generally needs 24 hours to double its mass for mitosis. By this way it would take a very long time for that cell to reach the size of a mammalian egg with a diameter of 100 m (some insects have eggs of about 1,000 m or greater). Eggs have therefore special mechanisms to grow to their large size. One of these mechanisms is to have extra copies of genes: meiotic division I is paused so that the oocyte grows while it contains two diploid chromosome sets. Some species produce many extra copies of genes, such as amphibians, which may have up to 1 or 2 million copies. A complementary mechanism is partly dependent on syntheses of other cells. In amphibians, birds, and insects, yolk is made by the liver (or its equivalent) and secreted into the blood. Neighboring accessory cells in the ovary can also provide nutritive help of two types. In some invertebrates some oogonia become nurse cells. These cells are connected by cytoplasmic bridges with oocytes. The nurse cells of insects provide oocytes macromolecules such as proteins and mRNA. Follicular granulosa cells are the second type of accessory cells in the ovary in both invertebrates and vertebrates. They form a layer around the oocyte and nourish them with small molecules, no macromolecules, but eventually their smaller precursor molecules, by gap junctions.[citation needed]

The mutation frequency of female germline cells in mice is about 5-fold lower than that of somatic cells, according to one study.[13]

The mouse oocyte in the dictyate (prolonged diplotene) stage of meiosis actively repairs DNA damage, whereas DNA repair was not detected in the pre-dictyate (leptotene, zygotene and pachytene) stages of meiosis.[14] The long period of meiotic arrest at the four chromatid dictyate stage of meiosis may facilitate recombinational repair of DNA damages.[15]

Mammalian spermatogenesis is representative for most animals. In human males, spermatogenesis begins at puberty in seminiferous tubules in the testicles and go on continuously. Spermatogonia are immature germ cells. They proliferate continuously by mitotic divisions around the outer edge of the seminiferous tubules, next to the basal lamina. Some of these cells stop proliferation and differentiate into primary spermatocytes. After they proceed through the first meiotic division, two secondary spermatocytes are produced. The two secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to form four haploid spermatids. These spermatids differentiate morphologically into sperm by nuclear condensation, ejection of the cytoplasm and formation of the acrosome and flagellum.[citation needed]

The developing male germ cells do not complete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis. Consequently, cytoplasmic bridges assure connection between the clones of differentiating daughter cells to form a syncytium. In this way the haploid cells are supplied with all the products of a complete diploid genome. Sperm that carry a Y chromosome, for example, is supplied with essential molecules that are encoded by genes on the X chromosome.[citation needed]

Success of germ cell proliferation and differentiation is also ensured by a balance between germ cell development and programmed cell death. Identification of death triggering signals and corresponding receptor proteins is important for the fertilization potential of males. Apoptosis in germ cells can be induced by variety of naturally occurring toxicant. Receptors belonging to the taste 2 family are specialized to detect bitter compounds including extremely toxic alkaloids. So taste receptors play a functional role for controlling apoptosis in male reproductive tissue. [16]

The mutation frequencies for cells throughout the different stages of spermatogenesis in mice is similar to that in female germline cells, that is 5 to 10-fold lower than the mutation frequency in somatic cells[17][13] Thus low mutation frequency is a feature of germline cells in both sexes. Homologous recombinational repair of double-strand breaks occurs in mouse during sequential stages of spermatogenesis, but is most prominent in spermatocytes.[15] The lower frequencies of mutation in germ cells compared to somatic cells appears to be due to more efficient removal of DNA damages by repair processes including homologous recombination repair during meiosis.[citation needed] Mutation frequency during spermatogenesis increases with age.[17] The mutations in spermatogenic cells of old mice include an increased prevalence of transversion mutations compared to young and middle-aged mice.[18]

Germ cell tumor is a rare cancer that can affect people at all ages. As of 2018, germ cell tumors account for 3% of all cancers in children and adolescents 0-19 years old.[19]

Germ cell tumors are generally located in the gonads but can also appear in the abdomen, pelvis, mediastinum, or brain. Germ cells migrating to the gonads may not reach that intended destination and a tumor can grow wherever they end up, but the exact cause is still unknown. These tumors can be benign or malignant.[20]

On arrival at the gonad, primordial germ cells that do not properly differentiate may produce germ cell tumors of the ovary or testis in a mouse model.[21]

Inducing differentiation of certain cells to germ cells has many applications. One implication of induced differentiation is that it may allow for the eradication of male and female factor infertility. Furthermore, it would allow same-sex couples to have biological children if sperm could be produced from female cells or if eggs could be produced from male cells. Efforts to create sperm and eggs from skin and embryonic stem cells were pioneered by Hayashi and Saitou's research group at Kyoto University.[22] These researchers produced primordial germ cell-like cells (PGLCs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and skin cells in vitro.

Hayashi and Saitou's group was able to promote the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into PGCs with the use of precise timing and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4). Upon succeeding with embryonic stem cells, the group was able to successfully promote the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into PGLCs. These primordial germ cell-like cells were then used to create spermatozoa and oocytes.[23]

Efforts for human cells are less advanced due to the fact that the PGCs formed by these experiments are not always viable. In fact Hayashi and Saitou's method is only one third as effective as current in vitro fertilization methods, and the produced PGCs are not always functional. Furthermore, not only are the induced PGCs not as effective as naturally occurring PGCs, but they are also less effective at erasing their epigenetic markers when they differentiate from iPSCs or ESCs to PGCs.

There are also other applications of induced differentiation of germ cells. Another study showed that culture of human embryonic stem cells in mitotically inactivated porcine ovarian fibroblasts (POF) causes differentiation into germ cells, as evidenced by gene expression analysis.[24]

Originally posted here:
Germ cell - Wikipedia

COVID-19 Fibroblast Based Cell Therapy Candidate Shown to Reduce Lung Scarring in Aggressive Animal Model – El Paso Inc.

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stem Cell Medical Center

HOUSTON, July 21, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --FibroGenesis announced today new data supporting use of its PneumoBlast product in the battle against COVID-19.Using the widely accepted bleomycin model of lung scarring (fibrosis), Company scientists have demonstrated the administration and use of PneumoBlast induced a 51% reduction of lung fibrosis,which was statistically significant (p < .005). Importantly, when PneumoBlast was compared head to head with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for COVID-19, PneumoBlast was 221% more effective. In producing the potent anti-inflammatory protein interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, which is believed to be the mechanism of scar tissue prevention by BMSC therapies currently in development, PneumoBlast was 192% more effective than BMSCs which was again, statistically significant(p < .005).

During an interview with Healthline.com, Dr. Lori Shah, transplant pulmonologist at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, stated "Holes in the lungs likely refers to an entity that has been dubbed 'post-COVID fibrosis,' otherwise known as post-ARDS [acute respiratory distress syndrome] fibrosis, which is irreversible and can result in severe functional limitations from patients, such as cough, shortness of breath, and need for oxygen." It has been reported that pulmonary fibrosis due to COVID-19 is occurring in increasing numbers of patients in their 20s and 30s.

"COVID-19 represents a new clinical entity which not only causes death through lung inflammation, but in some patients causes permanent lung injury through stimulation of scarring," said Tom Ichim, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer of FibroGenesis. "The prospects that our cell therapy approach not only possesses therapeutic effects on animal models of the acute stage of COVID-19, but also benefits the long-term pathology, has our research team extremely excited."

"As the scientific and medical community is discovering more about the biological and medical consequences of the COVID-19 infection, FibroGenesis is eager to contribute to the therapeutic cure options currently being created to fight this global war against an invisible enemy," commented Pete O'Heeron, President/CEO of FibroGenesis. "While we are excited about potential vaccines in the pipeline, the fact remains that there are 3.8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. and we do not know what the long-term outcomes for these patients will be. To our knowledge, we are the only cell therapy company which is creating a therapy to resolve the initial pathology of infection and also proactively tackling its long-term consequences."

About FibroGenesis

Based in Houston, Texas, FibroGenesis, is a regenerative medicine company developing an innovative solution for chronic disease treatment using human dermal fibroblasts. Currently, FibroGenesis holds 235+ U.S. and international issued patents/patents pending across a variety of clinical pathways, including Disc Degeneration, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Cancer, Diabetes, Liver Failure, Colitis and Heart Failure. Funded entirely by angel investors, FibroGenesis represents the next generation of medical advancement in cell therapy.

Visit http://www.Fibro-Genesis.com.

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COVID-19 Fibroblast Based Cell Therapy Candidate Shown to Reduce Lung Scarring in Aggressive Animal Model - El Paso Inc.

Massive Growth in Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market Breaking new grounds and touch new level in Upcoming Year by VETSTEM BIOPHARMA, MediVet Biologic,…

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stell Cell Research

Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market research is an intelligence report with meticulous efforts undertaken to study the right and valuable information. The data which has been looked upon is done considering both, the existing top players and the upcoming competitors. Business strategies of the key players and the new entering market industries are studied in detail. Well explained SWOT analysis, revenue share and contact information are shared in this report analysis.

Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market is growing at a High CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2026. The increasing interest of the individuals in this industry is that the major reason for the expansion of this market.

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Key Players Profiled in This Report:

VETSTEM BIOPHARMA, MediVet Biologic, J-ARM, Celavet, Magellan Stem Cells, U.S. Stem Cell, Cells Power Japan, ANIMAL CELL THERAPIES, Animal Care Stem, Cell Therapy Sciences, VetCell Therapeutics, Animacel, Aratana Therapeutics

The key questions answered in this report:

Various factors are responsible for the markets growth trajectory, which are studied at length in the report. In addition, the report lists down the restraints that are posing threat to the global Animal Stem Cell Therapy market. It also gauges the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat from new entrants and product substitute, and the degree of competition prevailing in the market. The influence of the latest government guidelines is also analyzed in detail in the report. It studies the Animal Stem Cell Therapy markets trajectory between forecast periods.

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Table of Contents:

Global Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market Research Report

Chapter 1 Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12 Global Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast

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Cancer struck Welsh mum so aggressively it cracked her ribs and damaged her spine – North Wales Live

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stem Cell Doctors

A mum-of-two suffered cracked ribs and small holes in her spine due to an aggressive form of cancer.

The pain in her chest and spine was so severe Susie Suter could barely walk, so she decided to go see a doctor who booked her in for a series of hospital scans.

The scans showed that Susie's cancer had spread all across her body, damaging her spine and sternum.

Susie, 51, told WalesOnline : "I'm so grateful that I was with my mother at the time because I was deeply shocked by the news."

"I just couldn't believe it. I had been fit and healthy all my life and felt so young. I thought I was looking at a terminal illness. The consultant looked devastated when he told me."

Susie was eventually diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a cancer that develops in white blood cells called plasma cells, in August 2013, at the age of 44.

"I was so relieved to have a diagnosis," admitted mum-of-two Susie, the owner of the Gliffaes Country House Hotel in Crickhowell, Powys.

"The worst bit was not knowing what it was and feeling so anxious about what would happen to me.

"My daughters were in the middle of their exams at school and I was worried about how they would feel. It was a relief to get some answers."

At the Velindre Cancer Centre in Cardiff, Susie had radiotherapy treatment. She also received chemotherapy under the care of Nevill Hall Hospital in Abergavenny.

Her best chance of survival, according to doctors, was to undergo a stem cell transplant to help her body make new healthy blood cells after her own had been damaged by the disease.

She underwent the transplant in March, 2014 during which time she spent three weeks in an isolation ward.

Susie, wife to James Suter, 54, and mum to Alexandra, 25, and Olivia, 23, added: "I found this part of my treatment incredibly hard. I felt so sick and tired and I lost a lot of weight and eventually all my hair.

"It took me a long time to feel myself again after this, although the medical team were excellent and helped me to get through it."

Six months after the transplant, Susie said her energy levels had returned, and after a year she began to feel like she had done before her diagnosis.

Since then she has accomplished sporting and non-sporting challenges for charity, including a fundraising bike ride from London to Paris.

She also completed the last 20 miles of a 1,000-mile virtual cycling challenge with her friend and personal trainer Mike James in lockdown while she was shielding at home.

Susie has also hosted fundraising coffee mornings and raised funds for Cancer Research UK with an annual Christmas carol evening at her hotel.

Ever since her transplant five years ago she has been on a Cancer Research UK-supported clinical research trial involving the drug Revlimid which has kept her feeling well.

But last year she suffered a blow when she was told she had relapsed and might need another stem cell transplant in the future. Susie currently has regular bone-strengthening treatments at Nevill Hall Hospital.

By sharing her remarkable story, Susie hopes to inspire people across Wales to donate to Cancer Research UK to get lifesaving work back on track.

"Research gives me, my family, and friends the hope we need," she said.

"It's thanks to improved treatments that I've been given more precious time with my loved ones. It upsets me to think about research being delayed and what this might mean for people affected by cancer in the months and years to come."

After the cancellation of fundraising events like Race for Life, Cancer Research UK is expecting a staggering 160m drop in income in the year ahead.

As a result, the charity said it had been forced to take the difficult decision to cut 44m in research funding -but this is likely to be just the beginning.

Cassandra Miles, Cancer Research UK spokeswoman for Wales, said: "Were grateful to Susie for helping to underline the stark reality of the current situation.

"Covid-19 put so much of our research on pause, leaving us facing a crisis where every day and every pound counts.

"With around 19,500 people diagnosed with cancer each year in Wales, we will never stop striving to create better treatments. But we cant do it alone.

"Whether they donate, sign up to Race for Life at Home or shop at our stores - with the help of people in Wales, we believe that together we will still beat cancer. Donate now at cruk.org/give."

Cancer Research UK was able to spend nearly 4m in Wales last year on some of the UK's leading scientific and clinical research.

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Cancer struck Welsh mum so aggressively it cracked her ribs and damaged her spine - North Wales Live

12 Incredible inventions to make you feel Proudly South African – The South African

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stem Cell Doctors

Did you know that it was the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa made lithium batteries a reality? How about the CAT scan? Yes, that it is a South African invention too.

Its a little-known fact but according to theSable Network, South Africa is a world leader in everything from cell culturing to microsatellites and the technologies of flight.

Lets look at a list of other breakthroughs in science and medicine that South Africans can be proud of. How many were you aware of?

One of the most famous inventions to come of out of South Africa has to be the CAT scan or Computed Axial Tomography Scan. It was created by physicists Allan Cormack and Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972.

An X-ray source and electronic detectors rotate around the patients body and collect all the data needed to produce a cross-section of the body.

Sasol previously know as the South African Gas Distribution Company was founded in 1950 when the government realised that our country had oil reserves.

To this day, Sasol remains theworlds first and largest oil-from-coal refineryand produces approximately 40% of all fuel used in South Africa.

Dr Chris Barnard famouslyperformed the worlds first hearttransplant in 1967 on Louis Washkansky, who volunteered for the groundbreaking surgery.

The success of the first heart transplant turned Dr Barnard into somewhat of a celebrity on the international scene, and he performed ten more transplants throughout his career.

On 3 March 2019, Professor Mashudu Tshifularo became the first person to transplant 3D-printed bones for reconstructive middle ear implants, at the Steve Biko Academic Hospital.

Prof Tshifularo, who is the head of the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat and Head and Neck Surgery at theOtorhinolaryngologyDepartment of theUniversity of Pretoria, developed the echnology during his PhD studies.

The patients who received the reconstructive middle ear implants was a 40-year-old with accidental trauma damage, and a 62-year-old with a middle ear issue and a history of failed interventions.

The CSIRs Gene Expression and Biophysics groupdesigned the first induced pluripotent stem cells in Africa, which opened the door for researchers to investigate various diseases and cures.

Stem cells could be used to restore sight or repair cells affected by heart disease, amongst other things. The possibilities are endless and are still being explored.

South Africas most well-known invention is most probably the Kreepy Krauly. It wasdeveloped by Ferdinand Chauvier from Springsin the mid-seventies.

Basically a vacuum cleaner for a swimming pool, it collects debris and takes the hassle out of pool cleaning, leaving pool-owners with more time to relax next to the pool instead of cleaning it.

George Pratley initially wanted to create a type of glue to hold electrical components and inadvertently created something much stronger.

It wasdeveloped in the late sixties,and even help sent man to the moon! Pratleys Putty was famously used by Apollo XI during the Moon Landing to hold bits of the landing craft together. Yep, a South African invention made sure those astronauts returned home safe and sound.

In 1950, a Mr Robertson from Pinetown, KwaZulu Natal, invented the lubrication we know today as Q20. He was discussing the merits of the spray with his neighbour soon after inventing it, saying that the spray has 20 answers to 20 questions.

He did not know how else describe the effective water repellent which not only keeps rust at bay, but also eases squeaky door hinges, and also eases rusted and seized nuts and bolts.

Today, its one of South Africas most-loved products.

Back in the early 2000s Mark Shuttleworth created Ubuntu, and open-source Linux-based operating system. The first version of Ubuntu was released in October 2004, and Shuttle announced the creation of the Ubunut Foundation in July the following yea.

The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support anddevelopmentfor all future versions of Ubuntu. Shuttleworth said the foundations goal was to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project. Indeed, today Im writing this article on Ubuntu. Thank you, Mark.

The worlds first digital laser wasinvented by doctoral candidate, and CSIR researcher, Dr Sandile Nqcobo, and the former minister of Science and Technology cited it as a testimony to the calibre of scientists that South Africa has.

The laser is used in the health sector, and its numerous applications could also be used to improve the communication sector.

A new method used in cataract surgery was created at the Baragwanath hospital in Soweto in the mid-seventies by a specialist in retinal diseases, Selig Percy Amoils.

Amoils received the Queens Award for Technological Innovation, and his cryoprobe was later displayed at the prestigious Kensington Museum.

The scanner wascreated by Lodox Systems,a South African company that created the full-body scanner from technology that was initially designed for the security sector for the detection of stolen diamonds.

The use of the full-body scanner was written into the storyline of Greys Anatomy during the shows ninth season when the Grace Mercy West Hospital installed the scanner in their new ER department.

The three-piece single-use syringe was specially designed in 1999 by several doctors at the Vaal University of Technology to provide increased protection against needle-stick injury.

In the era of Ebola, Hepatitis and HIV, the safety syringe has saved countless lives..

Bonus round! We already mentioned Professor Mashudu Tshifularo and the first transplant of 3D-printed bones, Mark Shuttleworths Ubuntu and Dr Sandile Ngcobos Digital Laser further up.

However, are a few more proudly South African inventions from the 21st century.

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12 Incredible inventions to make you feel Proudly South African - The South African

Stem Cell Market Status by Upcoming Trends 2020 Growth Drivers | Competitive Strategy, Regional Outlook with SWOT Analysis till 2024 – Owned

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stem Cell Medicine

Stem cells banking is gaining importance with the support of government initiatives. The number of stem cell banks is increasing in developing countries, which is aiding the growth of the market. Also, increasing awareness about stem cell storage among the people has positively affected the market. Currently, the market is not well established in many therapeutic areas and has shown nascent success in history. However, it holds great potential in both the diagnosis and therapeutic fields.

Scope of the Report:

The scope of this market is limited to tracking the stem cell market. As per the scope of this report, stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells. Also, various types of stem cells are used for therapeutic purposes.

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Key Market Trends:

Oncology Disorders Segment is Expected to Exhibit Fastest Growth Rate Over the Forecast Period

Cancer has a major impact on society in the United States and across the world. As per the estimation of National Cancer Institute, in 2018, 1,735,350 new cases of cancer were anticipated to get diagnosed in the United States, and 609,640 deaths were expected from the disease. This increasing medical burden is due to population growth. Bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant is a treatment for some types of cancers, like leukemia, multiple myeloma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, or some types of lymphoma.

Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are the major source of stem cells for therapeutic purposes, due to their higher totipotency and indefinite lifespan, as compared to adult stem cells with lower totipotency and restricted lifespan. However, the use of ESCs for research and therapeutic purposes is restricted and prohibited in many countries throughout the world, due to some ethical constraints. Scientists from the University of California, Irvine, created the stem cell-based approach to kill cancerous tissue while preventing some toxic side effects of chemotherapy by treating the disease in a more localized way.

Although the market shows positive growth, due to the growing focus of stem cell-based research that can further strengthen the clinical application, its expensive nature for stem cell therapy may still hamper its growth.

North America Captured The Largest Market Share and is Expected to Retain its Dominance

North America dominated the overall stem cell market with the United States contributing to the largest share in the market. In 2014, the Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Health System, announced the launch of a clinical trial, in order to assess the safety of neural stem cell-based therapy in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Researchers hoped that the transplanted stem cells may develop into new neurons that could replace severed or lost nerve connections, and restore at least some motor and sensory functions. Such numerous stem cell studies across the United States have helped in the growth of the stem cell market.

The report provides key statistics on the market status of the Stem Cell Market manufacturers and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the Stem Cell .

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Key Insights of Stem Cell Market:

Stem Cell Market Report Covers Following Points in TOC:

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Massive Growth in Stem Cell Banking Market Breaking new grounds and touch new level in Upcoming Year by Cord Blood Registry Systems, Cordlife,…

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stell Cell Research

Stem Cell Banking Market report focused on the comprehensive analysis of current and future prospects of the Stem Cell Banking industry. This report is a consolidation of primary and secondary research, which provides market size, share, dynamics, and forecast for various segments and sub-segments considering the macro and micro environmental factors. An in-depth analysis of past trends, future trends, demographics, technological advancements, and regulatory requirements for the Stem Cell Banking market has been done in order to calculate the growth rates for each segment and sub-segments.

Stem Cell Banking Market is growing at a High CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2026. The increasing interest of the individuals in this industry is that the major reason for the expansion of this market.

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Note In order to provide more accurate market forecast, all our reports will be updated before delivery by considering the impact of COVID-19.

Top Key Vendors of this Market are:

Cord Blood Registry Systems, Cordlife, Cryo-Cell International, Cryo-Save Ag (A Subsidiary Of Esperite N.V), Lifecell International, Stemcyte, Viacord (A Subsidiary Of Perkinelmer), Global Cord Blood, Smart Cells International, Vita34, Cryoholdco

Various factors are responsible for the markets growth trajectory, which are studied at length in the report. In addition, the report lists down the restraints that are posing threat to the global Stem Cell Banking market. It also gauges the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat from new entrants and product substitute, and the degree of competition prevailing in the market. The influence of the latest government guidelines is also analyzed in detail in the report. It studies the Stem Cell Banking markets trajectory between forecast periods.

The report provides insights on the following pointers:

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The report summarized the high revenue that has been generated across locations like, North America, Japan, Europe, Asia, and India along with the facts and figures of Stem Cell Banking market. It focuses on the major points, which are necessary to make positive impacts on the market policies, international transactions, speculation, and supply demand in the global market.

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Table of Contents

Global Stem Cell Banking Market Research Report 2020 2026

Chapter 1 Stem Cell Banking Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12 Global Stem Cell Banking Market Forecast

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Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions Market analysis with Leading Key Players and Regional Analysis 2026 – CueReport

By adminJuly 25, 2020Stem Cell Treatment

The Global Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions market report offers key information about the industry, helpful and important facts and figures, expert opinions, and the latest developments across the world. The research report represents a comprehensive presumption of the market and encloses imperative future estimations, industry-authenticated figures, and facts of the global market. It predicts inclinations and augmentation statistics with emphasis on abilities & technologies, markets & industries along with the variable market trends. The Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions market report analyses and notifies the industry statistics at the global as well as regional and country levels to acquire a thorough perspective of the entire Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions market.

The Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions market report intends to offer significant information of this business space while elaborating on the key global trends. The document emphasizes on the growth opportunities as well as the drivers that will influence the profitability graph of this business vertical over the estimated timeframe. It also measures the challenges & restraints that may inhibit the expansion of the market.

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The research repot delivers a comparative statement regarding the existing and predicted market scenario to derive the growth rate of this industry vertical over the study duration. Additionally, it measures the effect of COVID-19 outbreak on the regional as well as overall market to denote the methodologies that can help in decision making.

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Major details from Table of Contents:

Product landscape

Application scope

Regional Analysis

Competitive arena

In short, the Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions market provides a granular assessment through numerous segmentations, while evaluating the other aspects including sales channel and supply chain processes which consist of downstream buyers, upstream suppliers, and distributors of this business space.

Key Answers Captured in Study Objectives are

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Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes and Related Conditions Market analysis with Leading Key Players and Regional Analysis 2026 - CueReport