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Turning off junk DNA may free stem cells to become neurons – National Institutes of Health

By Stem Cell Treatment

Media Advisory

Monday, July 13, 2020

For every cell in the body there comes a time when it must decide what it wants to do for the rest of its life. In an article published in the journal PNAS, National Institutes of Health researchers report for the first time that ancient viral genes that were once considered junk DNA may play a role in this process. The article describes a series of preclinical experiments that showed how some human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K) genes inscribed into chromosomes 12 and 19 may help control the differentiation, or maturation, of human stem cells into the trillions of neurons that are wired into our nervous systems. The experiments were performed by researchers in a lab led by Avindra Nath, M.D., clinical director, at the NIHs National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

Over the course of evolution, the human genome has absorbed thousands of human endogenous retrovirus genes. As a result, nearly eight percent of the DNA that lines our chromosomes includes remnants of these genes. Although once thought to be inactive, or junk, recent studies have shown that these genes may be involved in human embryonic development, the growth of some tumors, and nerve damage during multiple sclerosis. Previously, researchers in Dr. Naths lab showed that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be linked to activation of the HERV-K gene. In this study, led by Tongguang (David) Wang, M.D., Ph.D., staff scientist at NINDS, the team showed that deactivation of the gene may free stem cells to become neurons.

The researchers performed most of their experiments on blood cells, drawn from healthy volunteers at the NIHs Clinical Center, that they genetically transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells, which can then turn into any cell type in the body. Surprisingly, they found that the surfaces of the stem cells were lined with high levels of HERV-K, subtype HML-2, an envelope protein, that viruses often use to latch onto and infect cells. These proteins progressively disappeared as the cells were served two rounds of cocktails. One round nudged the cells into an intermediate, neural stem cell state followed by a second round that pushed the cells into finally becoming neurons. The researchers sped up this process by turning off HERV-K, HML-2 genes in the stem cells or by treating the cells with antibodies against the HML-2 protein. In contrast, they delayed neural differentiation by artificially overloading the cells with the HML-2 genes. Finally, the team discovered that interactions on the stem cell surfaces between HML-2 and another immune cell protein called CD98HC may restrain differentiation by triggering internal chemical reactions that are known to control cell growth and tumors. In the future, the team plans to explore how HERV-K genes may shape the wiring of a nervous system.

This press release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Science is an unpredictable and incremental process each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways. Most clinical advances would not be possible without the knowledge of fundamental basic research.

Tongguang (David) Wang, M.D., Ph.D., staff scientist NINDS; Avindra Nath, M.D., clinical director, NINDS

Wang, T. et al. Regulation of stem cell function and neuronal differentiation by HERV-K via mTOR pathway, July 13, 2020, PNAS; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002427117

This study was supported by the NIHs NINDS Division of Intramural Research.

NINDS is the nations leading funder of research on the brain and nervous system.The mission of NINDS is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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Turning off junk DNA may free stem cells to become neurons - National Institutes of Health

A ‘safety switch’ for cell therapy based on nutrient deprivation – FierceBiotech

By Stem Cell Treatment

The early success of CAR-T cell therapies in treating some forms of blood cancer has sent oncology researchers on a quest to develop the technology to address a range of tumor types. But the risk that the modified immune cells could cause the potentially deadly side effect known as cytokine release syndrome has prompted an equally enthusiastic effort in the research community to find innovative ways to combat that problem.

London-based startup Auxolytic is developing safety switches for cell therapy that hingeon depriving them of nutrientsthey need to survive. The company was founded by University of Cambridge biochemist James Patterson, Ph.D., who is working with researchers at Stanford University to develop the switch.

In a new study, the researchers demonstrated their technique with a gene called UMPS that normally makes the nutrient uridine, which T cells need to grow and proliferate. When they knocked out the gene in human T cells and pluripotent stem cells, the cells became inactive within a week, they reported in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

Clinical Inks intimate knowledge of and experience with GI trials enables a better deployment experience and improved trial conduct. Learn how our GI-specific data capture solutions can support virtual and hybrid trials during COVID-19.

How would this work in people? The UMPS gene would be knocked out in the cell therapy during the engineering process, and then the patient receiving the treatment would take uridine supplements to replace the missing nutrient. If signs of side effects to the cell therapy emerge, the patient would stop taking the supplement.

RELATED: Improving CAR-T therapy for cancer by regulating 2 proteins

Auxolytic tested its technology in mice by treating them with UMPS-edited T cells and then monitoring them for the rejection response graft versus host disease (GvHD). The cells became inactive in the mice that were not fed uridine supplements.

Its the latest idea to emerge for improving the safety of cell therapies. Earlier this year, a team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill published a study showing they could dampen cytokine release syndrome by modulating levels of an enzyme called SHP1. Last year, German scientists showed that Bristol Myers Squibbs leukemia drug Sprycel could temporarily pause the activity of CAR-T cells in mice, preventing cytokine release.

Auxolytic gets its name from a scientific principle called auxotrophy, which refers to the ability of cells to synthesize nutrients and other compounds they need to survive, Patterson explained in a statement. Pattersons goal is to work with CAR-T developers to incorporate the technology into their products, he said.

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A 'safety switch' for cell therapy based on nutrient deprivation - FierceBiotech

Avalon GloboCare updates investors on cell therapy and coronavirus programs as it launches COVID-19 taskforce – Proactive Investors USA & Canada

By Stem Cell Treatment

Last month, Avalon successfully completed a Phase I first-in-human clinical study of its leading Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy candidate, AVA-001

() updated investors Monday on the progress of its research and development programs in cell therapy and Covid-19-related initiatives and announced the launch of the Avalon Combat Covid-19 Taskforce (ACCT).

We are excited and encouraged by the progress in advancing our scientific and clinical programs targeting immune-oncology and Covid-19, CEO David Jin said in a statement. As an active, clinical-stage company with innovative technology, productive partnerships and exceptional talent, we are committed to delivering effective execution and leadership to combat cancer and Covid-19.

Last month, Avalon successfully completed a Phase I first-in-human clinical study of its leading Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy candidate, AVA-001.

The group said that nine out of ten patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) achieved complete remission (CR) within a month of receiving one dose.

The drug was generally well tolerated with minimal toxicities and adverse side effects, the company said. No neurotoxicity or greater than Grade-1 cytokine release syndrome was observed in this cohort of patients, and everyone who achieved CR proceeded to allogeneic bone marrow transplants.

Avalons FLASH-CAR uses CAR technology to modify T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells using an RNA-based platform. The technology is able to create personalized CAR therapies in 1 to 2 days compared to the 10 to 14 days usually necessary to generate currently available CAR-T cellular immunotherapy.

FLASH-CAR technology can also reprogram immune cells to hone in on multiple crucial cancer cell targets, or tumor antigens, to potentially achieve superior therapeutic effect. Avoiding the use of viral vectors and complicated bio-processing procedures significantly reduces manufacturing costs, the company noted.

Avalons first FLASH-CAR candidate, AVA-011, targets both CD19 and CD22 tumor antigens on cancer cells. Pre-clinical research, including tumor cytotoxicity studies, has been completed and the company is entering the process development stage to generate clinical-grade CAR-T and CAR-NK cells for use in human trials.

Avalon expects to begin a first-in-human clinical trial with AVA-011 for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the first quarter of 2021. The goal is to apply AVA-011 as a bridge to bone marrow stem cell transplant therapy with curative potential for patients.

Avalon also established the Avalon Combat Covid-19 Taskforce to accelerate scientific/clinical development to help combat the Covid-19 pandemic through a strategic combination of therapeutic and vaccine approaches, such as:

Avalon is working with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to co-develop a therapeutic platform against the cytokine storm, which causes lung damage and other organ failure associated with the coronavirus.

Cytokines are small protein molecules in the body required to regulate and maintain proper physiological functions, but when released in excess (the cytokine storm), damage vital tissues and organs.

Avalons AVA-Trap therapeutic program is currently entering animal model testing followed by expedited clinical studies with the goal of providing an effective therapeutic option to combat COVID-19 and other life-threatening conditions involving cytokine storms, the company said.

Avalon also recently formed a partnership with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna, Austria last month to co-develop a surface-layer vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 disease.

The candidate vaccine fuses s-layer viral particle mimic with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and could be delivered orally or nasally, rather than using an injection. The vaccine is expected to both decrease the severity of a SARS-CoV-2 infection preventing the more severe respiratory inflammation and organ damage and build immunity against the virus, the company said.

Avalon plans to complete the proof-of-concept pre-clinical studies in 2020, followed by a first-in-human clinical study of this candidate vaccine during 2021. The company also plans to utilize s-layer technology to accelerate vaccine programs for other respiratory infections, including strains of the flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other viruses.

Contact Andrew Kessel at [emailprotected]

Follow him on Twitter @andrew_kessel

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Avalon GloboCare updates investors on cell therapy and coronavirus programs as it launches COVID-19 taskforce - Proactive Investors USA & Canada

Anastomosis Device Market Size, Product, Application, Trends, Growth Opportunities, Analysis and Forecast to 2027 – Daily Research Chronicles

By Gene Therapy Clinics

Global Anastomosis Device Marketanalysis report is also helpful in assessing the effectiveness of advertising programme and to know the causes of consumer resistance. The market report also contains the drivers and restraints for theAnastomosis Device Marketthat are derived from SWOT analysis, and also shows what all the recent developments, product launches, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions by the several key players and brands that are driving the market are by systemic company profiles.

Anastomosis device marketis expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. Data Bridge Market Research analyses the market to account to USD 3581.30 million by 2027 growing at a CAGR of 6.9% in the above-mentioned forecast period. Growth in healthcare industry and increasing number of gastrointestinal & urological surgery procedures are further creating new opportunities for the market in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027.

Global Anastomosis Device Market By Product (Surgical Staplers, Surgical Sutures, Surgical Sealants & Adhesives), Application (Gastrointestinal Surgeries, Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgeries, Other), End- Users (Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgery Centers & Clinics), Product Type (Disposable, Reusable), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa), Market Share Forecast to 2027

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The major players covered in the anastomosis devicereport areMedtronic, Medical Devices Business Services, Inc., B. Braun Melsungen AG, EndoEvolution, LLC., CryoLife, Intuitive Surgical, Inc, Boston Scientific Corporation., SYNOVIS MICRO COMPANIES ALLIANCE, INC, Biosintex, Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., AesDex, LLC, Vitalitec., AesDex, LLC, Getinge AB,among other players domestic and global. Market Share data is available for Global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Market Analysis and Insights:Global Anastomosis Device Market

Anastomosis is an operational link between two tubular structures, such as blood vessels or intestinal loops. Anastomosis devices are widely used during the gastrointestinal and cardiac surgeries. Some of the common types of the anastomosis devices are surgical staplers, surgical sutures, and surgical sealants & adhesives.

Increasing demand for minimally invasive procedures will enhance the market demand in the market. Growing number of surgical procedures and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is also expected to enhance the market position in the market. There is also availability of favourable reimbursement structure and advancement & development in the products will also accelerate the demand for anastomosis devices in the market. On the other hand, increasing prevalence of CVD is also expected to create new opportunities for the anastomosis devices market in the forecast period of 2020- 2027

Anastomosis device market report provides details of market share, new developments, product pipeline analysis, impact of domestic and localised market players, analyses opportunities in terms of emerging revenue pockets, changes in market regulations, product approvals, strategic decisions, product launches, geographic expansions, and technological innovations in the market. To understand the analysis and the market scenario contact us for anAnalyst Briefour team will help you create a revenue impact solution to achieve your desired goal.

Global Anastomosis Device Market Scope and Market Size

Anastomosis device market is segmented of the basis of product, application and end- users. The growth amongst these segments will help you analyse meagre growth segments in the industries, and provide the users with valuable market overview and market insights to help them in making strategic decisions for identification of core market applications.

Based on product, the anastomosis device market is segmented into surgical staplers, surgical sutures, and surgical sealants & adhesives. The surgical staplers segment is divided into manual surgical staplers, and powdered surgical staplers. Surgical sutures are sub- segmented into absorbable sutures, non-absorbable sutures, and automated suturing devices. The absorbable sutures are further divided into synthetic sutures and natural sutures. Synthetic sutures is divided into polyglactin 910 sutures, poliglecaprone 25 sutures, polyglycolic acid sutures, polydioxanone sutures, and other. The non- absorbable sutures are divided into polypropylene sutures, nylon sutures, stainless steel sutures, and other. Automated suturing devices are segmented into disposable automated suturing devices and reusable automated suturing devices. Surgical sealants & adhesives is further categorized into natural/biological surgical sealants and adhesives, and synthetic and semisynthetic sealants and adhesives. Natural/biological surgical sealants and adhesives is segmented into fibrin-based sealants & adhesives, collagen-based sealants and adhesives, and albumin-based sealants and adhesives. The synthetic and semisynthetic sealants and adhesives is further segmented into peg hydrogel-based sealants and adhesives, cyanoacrylate-based sealants and adhesives, urethane-based sealants and adhesives, and other.

Based on application, the anastomosis device market is segmented into gastrointestinal surgeries, cardiovascular & thoracic surgeries, and other.

Anastomosis device market is also segmented on the basis of end- users as hospitals, and ambulatory surgery centers & clinics.

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Anastomosis Device Market Country Level Analysis

Anastomosis device market is analysed and market size insights and trends are provided by type, application, and end- users as referenced above.

The countries covered in the anastomosis device market report are U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific in the Asia-Pacific, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa as a part of Middle East and Africa, Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America as part of South America.

North America dominates the anastomosis device market due to the high prevalence of tcancer patients, while Asia-Pacific is expected to grow at the highest growth rate in the forecast period 2020 to 2027 due to increasing number of hospitals, improvement in healthcare infrastructure, and increasing ageing population.

The country section of the anastomosis devicereport also provides individual market impacting factors and changes in regulation in the market domestically that impacts the current and future trends of the market. Data points such as new sales, replacement sales, country demographics, disease epidemiology and import-export tariffs are some of the major pointers used to forecast the market scenario for individual countries. Also, presence and availability of global brands and their challenges faced due to large or scarce competition from local and domestic brands, impact of sales channels are considered while providing forecast analysis of the country data.

Healthcare Infrastructure growth Installed base and New Technology Penetration

Anastomosis device market also provides you with detailed market analysis for every country growth in healthcare expenditure for capital equipments, installed base of different kind of products for anastomosis device market, impact of technology using life line curves and changes in healthcare regulatory scenarios and their impact on the anastomosis device market. The data is available for historic period 2010 to 2018.

Competitive Landscape and Anastomosis Device Market Share Analysis

Anastomosis device market competitive landscape provides details by competitor. Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, investment in research and development, new market initiatives, global presence, production sites and facilities, company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, clinical trials pipelines, proovals, patents, product width and breadth, application dominance, technology lifeline curve. The above data points provided are only related to the companies focus related to anastomosis device market.

Customization Available:Global Anastomosis Device Market

Data Bridge Market Researchis a leader in advanced formative research. We take pride in servicing our existing and new customers with data and analysis that match and suits their goal. The report can be customised to include price trend analysis of target brands understanding the market for additional countries (ask for the list of countries), clinical trial results data, literature review, refurbished market and product base analysis. Market analysis of target competitors can be analysed from technology-based analysis to market portfolio strategies. We can add as many competitors that you require data about in the format and data style you are looking for. Our team of analysts can also provide you data in crude raw excel files pivot tables (Factbook) or can assist you in creating presentations from the data sets available in the report.

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Anastomosis Device Market Size, Product, Application, Trends, Growth Opportunities, Analysis and Forecast to 2027 - Daily Research Chronicles

Impact of Covid-19 on Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market is Projected to Grow Massively in Near Future – Cole of Duty

By Stem Cell Medical Center

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The Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market report delivers the principle locale, latest economic situations with the item value, benefits, production capacity, demand and supply, market development rate, and others. Additionally, the report also undertakes SWOT examination, speculation attainability investigation, and venture return investigation.

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Impact of Covid-19 on Preimplantation Genetic Testing Market is Projected to Grow Massively in Near Future - Cole of Duty

Whats the Best Human Brain Alternative for Hungry Zombies? – Gizmodo Australia

By Stem Cell Medicine

Lets say youre a zombie. Youre lumbering around, doing your zombie-mumble, and just ten feet ahead you see a living human being. Your first impulse, of course, is to head over there and eat their brain. And youre about to do just that, when suddenly you feel a pang of something like shame. You remember, dimly, being a human yourself. You remember how you mightve felt, if an undead weirdo got to gnawing on your skull. Youre at an impasse: at once desperate for brain meat and reluctant to kill for it. So you head to your zombie psychologist and start explaining the situation, and your zombie psychologist starts grinning, which annoys you at first I mean, youre baring your soul to this guy until he explains whats on his mind. Turns out, hes been toying with an idea a pilot program for conscience-stricken zombies. Instead of human brains, theyll be fed stuff that looks and tastes just like brains, thereby sparing them the obligation to kill. The only thing they need to work out is: what would be an acceptable substitute for human brains? For this weeks Giz Asks, we reached out to a number of brain experts to find out.

Associate Professor, Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School

The brain is of course composed primarily of lipids, and so it is perfectly reasonable to assume that it is brain lipids that zombies really crave. But why human brains and not, say, mouse brains? Lipidomic analysis reveals that human brains are unusually enriched in a compound called sphingomyelin (relative to brains from rodents), and so it is further reasonable to assume that what zombies want is actually lots of sphingomyelin. So where to get it? Eggs. Eggs are packed with sphingomyelin. Furthermore, eggs also have the advantage of having a white outer cortex and a lipid-rich centre, just like the human brain, so they seem a reasonable substitute all around.

Chair and Professor of Neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Co-Director UCLA Broad Stem Cell Centre

A food-based substitute would require a fair amount of work, because youd have to get a sort of fatty, proteinaceous slop together as a mimic for the brain. A thick macaroni and cheese might work, with a larger noodle like ziti or rigatoni and no tang, meaning a thick white cheese, as opposed to cheddar.

The brain sandwich, made from cow brains, was an unusual delicacy in St. Louis for years. When I lived there, I saw what it looked like as they fried it, and its hard to imagine any other organ meat could substitute for the real thing. Kidney and liver are too firm and too structured; most foods we eat, or could think about eating, are also too firm, and not fatty enough.

A brain from another animal might work, though it would have to be an animal with an advanced brain that is, one with the folds we see when we look at the brains surface (which are called gyri and cilici). Those are what distinguish higher mammals from lower mammals. They also make the human brain this particularly characteristic thing in terms of substance and texture and appearance. So an animal brain, to sub for a human brain, would need to have those features. That would mean anything from, say, a dog or cat on up those both have gyri and cilici, whereas rodents and rabbits, for example, do not.

Assistant Professor of Brain Science, Psychiatry and Human Behaviour at Brown University

I think my Zombie would be a vegan. The thing that I have found to be the closest in texture to the brain is tofu (not the firm kind). People are often surprised by that fact, because its really soft you can put your finger through it easily.

Broadly, I study the kind of complex planning and decision making that is localised to the front of the brain, the prefrontal cortex. This area is also one of the most likely to be injured if you hit your head, because your very soft brain bounces around inside your skull. Our lab typically does a demo for Brain Week and other events that lets people feel tofu, and then shake it around in a container and see what happens to it. Shake it around in some water (mimicking some of the protections that our brain has in the cerebro-spinal fluid that it floats in) and the tofu does much better (which is why its packaged in water!).

Unfortunately tofu doesnt mimic all the wonderful folding that it has that lets us pack so many brain cells into a tight space. A sheet of paper crumpled up is best to show that capacity, but paper is probably much less tasty than tofu (to humans anyway, I dont know about zombies!).

Professor, Systems Biology, George Mason University

My proposal is: a literal pound of flesh. Many people have too much of it; its very similar to the brain in texture; it has a lot of cholesterol, which is important, because in my opinion at least zombies would crave exactly that. Also, adipose tissue is very rich with various kinds of growth hormones and other kinds of bioactive stuff. If you could develop some kind of device that would transfer the flesh to the zombies, people might even be grateful they wouldnt have to get liposuction.

Senior Lecturer, Medical Biotechnology, Deakin University

The best thing to do would be to make small versions of a brain from stem cells, called organoids. These are almost, but not quite, brains. You grow them in an artificial 3D environment that mimics the properties of the central nervous tissue, and allow them to develop networks of neural cells in a structured way. Theyre used for research into drugs and diseases and so on, but would probably be an acceptable meat-free snack for an ethically conscious zombie plague.

Professor in Neurology and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Duke University

If I were a vegetarian zombie, I would try to make a brain substitute using the major components of the brain carbohydrates, proteins, and cells. The major carbohydrate component is hyaluronic acid (which is found in many beauty products, and can be purchased in bulk). Though by itself it does not form a solid, only a very viscous liquid, it can be combined with other materials that do form a solid. For example, sea weed has a carbohydrate named alginate that does form gels when combined with calcium. So, a blend of hyaluronic acid and alginate with calcium can yield a material that has the mechanics of the brain. For the protein component, eggs, beans, soy, and quinoa all can be good choices. To get the texture right, the calcium can be added while stirring to generate chunks. If it is OK to eat other animals, then I would buy pig brains, which are often discarded. Pig organs are close to the same size of humans and have even been used for transplantation due to similarities in physiology/biochemistry. That would be the simplest choice.

Associate Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, George Mason University

Whenever I eat cauliflower, I think of the cerebellum or little brain. It is tucked away behind the cerebrum, or main part of the brain. The cerebellum is small, but it is where about 80 per cent of the entire brains neurons are found! Most of the cerebellums neurons, or grey matter, are found on its outer surface. They are tightly packed together in little folds called folia. The neurons in the folia are connected to each other by nerve fibres, also known as white matter. When the cerebellum is cut in half, the white matter appears as this beautiful network of branches called the arbor vitae, or tree of life. It really does look just like a head of cauliflower!

Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College

The brain is actually quite soft and squishy. Fortunately for us it normally floats in a pool of cerebrospinal fluid that serves as a cushiony packing material protecting the delicate brain from the hard skull. But the brain is so soft it can easily become injured without the head striking any object. If there is enough rotational or acceleration/deceleration motion for the brain to hit the skull the tips of the brain can be bruised and individual cells can be stretched or sheared from their connections. This can happen, for example, in motor vehicle accidents or shaken baby syndrome where the head is thrown very quickly forwards and then backwards.

The consistency I think the brain comes closest to is a gelatin. But I would recommend that our zombie make the gelatin with milk rather than water. This will give it a closer consistency to a brain, the colour will be more opaque like a real brain, and it will provide more of the much needed protein the zombie craves. There are even commercially made gelatin molds if the zombie is able to access stores or online shopping.

Another option would be a soft tofu. This might be a great option for a zombie who is a vegetarian or vegan. There is plenty of protein but it will be much harder to mould into the right shape. Sadly, most zombies are not portrayed to have the fine motor skills needed to create a brain shape from scratch, so the tofu would just have to be eaten as is.

On a side note, if our zombie truly finds that nothing satisfies like a real brain, they could certainly consider becoming a neurosurgeon that specialises in therapeutic surgeries, like temporal lobe resections. In this case, a small portion of the temporal lobe of the brain is removed to relieve a person of intractable epilepsy. This might allow for a chance to satisfy their craving while providing benefit to the person involved.

Do you have a burning question for Giz Asks? Email us at [emailprotected]

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Whats the Best Human Brain Alternative for Hungry Zombies? - Gizmodo Australia

Impact of COVID 19-Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market Research Report 2020: Evox Therapeutics, Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., Unicyte AG,…

By Stell Cell Research

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Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market-Competitive Landscape:

Key players operating in the Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic market include Evox Therapeutics, Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., Unicyte AG, Exogenus Therapeutics, Everkine Corporation, Creative Medical Technology Holdings, Anjarium Biosciences, Kimera Labs, ReNeuron, Stem Cell Medicine Ltd., and Codiak Biosciences

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Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market Report Overview:

The Report provide in-depth analysis and the efficient research material of the Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic market. This new report on the Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market is committed fulfilling the requirements of the clients by giving them thorough insights into the Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic market. An exclusive data offered in this report is collected by research and industry experts.

The Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market report covers scope and overview to define the key terms and offers detailed information about Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic industry. This is followed by the regional outlook with revenue forecast and segmental analysis. The report also consists of the facts and key values of the Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market in terms of volume, revenue and its growth rate. This report highlights a exhaustive list of companies involved in the market and gives details of their products, financials, operations, and business strategy.

The report includes a wealth of financial data and business strategy information such as sales & revenue figures, Revenue and unit shipment market forecasts, up-to-date company financials, business model strategies for companies involved in market and comprehensive account of company products, financials and portfolios.

Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic market future growth rates and forecast projections are provided which offers a forthcoming perspective of Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic growing industry. Current developments relating to Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic products are discussed. The emerging trends that appear in key sub-markets are elucidated and analysed

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Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market Segmentation

Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market by Application Type

Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market: by Regional & Country Analysis

Key Benefits for Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market Reports

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Impact of COVID 19-Global Stem Cell Exosome Therapeutic Market Research Report 2020: Evox Therapeutics, Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., Unicyte AG,...

Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Precise Study on Factors, Market Drivers and Key Players Strategies Analyzed Till 2025 -…

By Stem Cell Clinic

The Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market report offers users the detailed study of the market and its main aspects. The study on Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market, offers profound understandings about the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market covering all the essential aspects of the market. The report provides competitive pipeline landscape of the Global Factors like production, market share, revenue rate, regions and key players define a market study start to end. This report gives an overview of market valued in the year 2019 and its growth in the coming years till 2025.

This study covers following key players: Kerastem Eclipse Stemcell Technologies RepliCel Life Sciences Regen Lab SA Histogen Glofinn Oy.

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The study is done with the help of analysis such as SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis. It consists of the detailed study of current market trends along with the past statistics. The past years are considered as reference to get the predicted data for the forecast period. The report covers complete analysis of the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market on the basis of regional and Global level. Various important factors such as market trends, revenue growth patterns market shares and demand and supply are included in almost all the market research report for every industry.

There are different marketing strategies that every marketer looks up to in order to ace the competition in the Global market. Some of the primary marketing strategies that is needed for every business to be successful are Passion, Focus, Watching the Data, Communicating the value To Your Customers, Your Understanding of Your Target Market. There is a target set in market that every marketing strategy has to reach. In addition, it also covers political and social factors which is likely to affect the growth of the market. It also covers and analysis several segments which are present in the market. A significant development has been recorded by the market of Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment, in past few years. It is also for it to grow further. Various important factors such as market trends, revenue growth patterns market shares and demand and supply are included in almost all the market research report for every industry.

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Market segment by Type, the product can be split into Androgenic Alopecia Congenital Alopecia Cicatricial Or Scarring Alopecia

Market segment by Application, split into Hospital Dermatology Clinic Other

One of the ways for the estimation for the growth of the market is estimation of the market share by the regions which is likely to contribute to the growth of the market in the estimated forecast period. In this, the growth and fall of each region is covered which is likely to boost the growth of the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market. In addition, to determine and use precise methods, research methodology such as the qualitative and quantitative data is used for the estimation and determination of the Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market.

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Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Precise Study on Factors, Market Drivers and Key Players Strategies Analyzed Till 2025 -...

Why are scientists trying to manufacture organs in space? – Space.com

By Embryonic Stem Cells

This article was originally published atThe Conversation.The publication contributed the article to Space.com'sExpert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.

Alysson R. Muotri, Professor of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego

Gravity can be a real downer when you are trying to grow organs.

Thats why experiments in space are so valuable. They have revealed a new perspective into biological sciences, including insights into making human tissues.

Gravity influences cellular behavior by impacting how protein and genes interact inside the cells, creating tissue that ispolarized, a fundamental step for natural organ development. Unfortunately, gravity is against us when we try to reproduce complex three dimensional tissues in the lab for medical transplantation. This is difficult because of the intrinsic limitations of bio-reactors used on Earth.

I am a stem cell biologist and interested on brain health and evolution. My lab studies how the human brain is formed inside the womb and how alterations in this process might have lifelong consequences to human behavior, such as in autism or schizophrenia. Part of that work includes growing brain cells in space.

To build organized tissues in the lab, scientists use scaffolds to provide a surface for cells to attach based on a predetermined rigid shape. For example, an artificial kidney needs a structure, or scaffold, of a certain shape for kidney cells to grow on. Indeed, this strategy helps the tissue to organize in the early stages but creates problems in the long run, such as eventual immune reactions to these synthetic scaffolds or inaccurate structures.

[Deep knowledge, daily.Sign up for The Conversations newsletter.]

By contrast, in weightless conditions, cells can freely self-organize into their correct three-dimensional structure without the need for a scaffold substrate. By removing gravity from the equation, we researchers might learn new ways of building human tissues, such as cartilage and blood vessels that are scaffold-free, mimicking their natural cellular arrangement in an artificial setting. While this is not exactly what happens in the womb (after all the womb is also subject to gravity), weightless conditions does give us an advantage.

And this is precisely what is happening at the International Space Station.

These experiments help researchers optimize tissue growth for use in basic science, personalized medicine and organ transplantation.

But there are other reasons why we should manufacture organs in space. Long-term space missions create a series of physiological alterations in the body of astronauts. While some of these alterations are reversible with time, others are not, compromising future human spaceflights.

Studying astronauts bodies before and after their mission can reveal what goes wrong on their organs, but provides little insights on the mechanisms responsible for the observed alterations. Thus, growing human tissues in space can complement this type of investigation and reveal ways to counteract it.

Finally, all forms of life that we know about have evolved in the presence of microgravity. Without gravity, our brains might have evolved in a different trajectory, or our livers might not filter liquids as it does on Earth.

By recreating embryonic organ formation in space, we can anticipate how the human body in the womb would develop. There are several research initiatives going on in my lab with human brain organoids at ISS, designed to learn the impact of zero gravity on the developing human brain. These projects will have profound implications for future human colonization (can humans successfully reproduce in space?). These studies will also improve the generation of artificial organs that are used for testing drugs and treatments on Earth. Will better treatments for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions that affects millions of people come from research in space?

This article is republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.

Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates and become part of the discussion on Facebook and Twitter. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.

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Why are scientists trying to manufacture organs in space? - Space.com

Stem Cell Therapy Market Report: Top Companies, In-Depth Market Analysis and With Inputs from Industry Exp … – Daily Cad News

By Stem Cell Treatment

Europe also play important roles in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2019 and will be xx million USD in 2024, with a CAGR of xx%.

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Detailed TOC of Global Stem Cell Therapy Market 2019 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024: Table of Contents

1 Stem Cell Therapy Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Stem Cell Therapy

1.2 Classification of Stem Cell Therapy by Types

1.2.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Revenue Comparison by Types (2019-2024)

1.2.2 Global Stem Cell Therapy Revenue Market Share by Types in 2018

1.3 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market by Application

1.3.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Size and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2014-2024)

1.4 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market by Regions

1.4.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2014-2024)

1.4.1 North America (USA, Canada and Mexico) Stem Cell Therapy Status and Prospect (2014-2024)

1.4.2 Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy) Stem Cell Therapy Status and Prospect (2014-2024)

1.4.3 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia) Stem Cell Therapy Status and Prospect (2014-2024)

1.4.4 South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia) Stem Cell Therapy Status and Prospect (2014-2024)

1.4.5 Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa) Stem Cell Therapy Status and Prospect (2014-2024)

1.5 Global Market Size of Stem Cell Therapy (2014-2024)

2 Manufacturers Profiles

2.1 Company 1

2.1.1 Business Overview

2.1.2 Stem Cell Therapy Type and Applications

2.1.2.1 Product A

2.1.2.2 Product B

2.1.3 Stem Cell Therapy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)

2.2 Company 2

2.2.1 Business Overview

2.2.2 Stem Cell Therapy Type and Applications

2.2.2.1 Product A

2.2.2.2 Product B

2.2.3 Stem Cell Therapy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)

3 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Competition, by Players

3.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Share by Players (2014-2019)

3.2 Market Concentration Rate

3.2.1 Top 5 Stem Cell Therapy Players Market Share

3.2.2 Top 10 Stem Cell Therapy Players Market Share

3.3 Market Competition Trend

4 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Size by Regions

4.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Market Share by Regions

4.2 North America Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)

4.3 Europe Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)

4.4 Asia-Pacific Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)

4.5 South America Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)

4.6 Middle East and Africa Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)

and continued

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Stem Cell Therapy Market Report: Top Companies, In-Depth Market Analysis and With Inputs from Industry Exp ... - Daily Cad News

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