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What’s the Best Human Brain Alternative for Hungry Zombies? – Gizmodo UK

Lets say youre a zombie. Youre lumbering around, doing your zombie-mumble, and just ten feet ahead you see a living human being. Your first impulse, of course, is to head over there and eat their brain. And youre about to do just that, when suddenly you feel a pang of something like shame. You remember, dimly, being a human yourself. You remember how you mightve felt, if an undead weirdogot to gnawing on your skull. Youre at an impasse: at once desperate for brain meat and reluctant to kill for it. So you head to your zombie psychologist and start explaining the situation, and your zombie psychologist starts grinning, which annoys you at first I mean, youre baring your soul to this guy until he explains whats on his mind. Turns out, hes been toying with an idea a pilot program for conscience-stricken zombies. Instead of human brains, theyll be fed stuff that looks and tastes justlikebrains, thereby sparing them the obligation to kill. The only thing they need to work out is: what would be an acceptable substitute for human brains? For this weeksGiz Asks, we reached out to a number of brain experts to find out.

Associate Professor, Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School

The brain is of course composed primarily of lipids, and so it is perfectly reasonable to assume that it is brain lipids that zombies really crave. But why human brains and not, say, mouse brains? Lipidomic analysis reveals that human brains are unusually enriched in a compound called sphingomyelin (relative to brains from rodents), and so it is further reasonable to assume that what zombies want is actually lots of sphingomyelin. So where to get it? Eggs. Eggs are packed with sphingomyelin. Furthermore, eggs also have the advantage of having a white outer cortex and a lipid-rich center, just like the human brain, so they seem a reasonable substitute all around.

Chair and Professor of Neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Co-Director UCLA Broad Stem Cell Center

A food-based substitute would require a fair amount of work, because youd have to get a sort of fatty, proteinaceous slop together as a mimic for the brain. A thick macaroni and cheese might work, with a larger noodle like ziti or rigatoni and no tang, meaning a thick white cheese, as opposed to cheddar.

The brain sandwich, made from cow brains, was an unusual delicacy in St. Louis for years. When I lived there, I saw what it looked like as they fried it, and its hard to imagine any other organ meat could substitute for the real thing. Kidney and liver are too firm and too structured; most foods we eat, or could think about eating, are also too firm, and not fatty enough.

A brain from another animal might work, though it would have to be an animal with an advanced brain that is, one with the folds we see when we look at the brains surface (which are called gyri and cilici). Those are what distinguish higher mammals from lower mammals. They also make the human brain this particularly characteristic thing in terms of substance and texture and appearance. So an animal brain, to sub for a human brain, would need to have those features. That would mean anything from, say, a dog or cat on up those both have gyri and cilici, whereas rodents and rabbits, for example, do not.

Assistant Professor of Brain Science, Psychiatry and Human Behaviourat Brown University

I think my Zombie would be a vegan. The thing that I have found to be the closest in texture to the brain is tofu (not the firm kind). People are often surprised by that fact, because its really soft you can put your finger through it easily.

Broadly, I study the kind of complex planning and decision making that is localised to the front of the brain, the prefrontal cortex. This area is also one of the most likely to be injured if you hit your head, because your very soft brain bounces around inside your skull. Our lab typically does a demo for Brain Week and other events that lets people feel tofu, and then shake it around in a container and see what happens to it. Shake it around in some water (mimicking some of the protections that our brain has in the cerebro-spinal fluid that it floats in) and the tofu does much better (which is why its packaged in water!).

Unfortunately tofu doesnt mimic all the wonderful folding that it has that lets us pack so many brain cells into a tight space. A sheet of paper crumpled up is best to show that capacity, but paper is probably much less tasty than tofu (to humans anyway, I dont know about zombies!).

Professor, Systems Biology, George Mason University

My proposal is: a literal pound of flesh. Many people have too much of it; its very similar to the brain in texture; it has a lot of cholesterol, which is important, because in my opinion at least zombies would crave exactly that. Also, adipose tissue is very rich with various kinds of growth hormones and other kinds of bioactive stuff. If you could develop some kind of device that would transfer the flesh to the zombies, people might even be grateful they wouldnt have to get liposuction.

Senior Lecturer, Medical Biotechnology, Deakin University

The best thing to do would be to make small versions of a brain from stem cells, called organoids. These are almost, but not quite, brains. You grow them in an artificial 3D environment that mimics the properties of the central nervous tissue, and allow them to develop networks of neural cells in a structured way. Theyre used for research into drugs and diseases and so on, but would probably be an acceptable meat-free snack for an ethically conscious zombie plague.

Professor in Neurology and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Duke University

If I were a vegetarian zombie, I would try to make a brain substitute using the major components of the brain carbohydrates, proteins, and cells. The major carbohydrate component is hyaluronic acid (which is found in many beauty products, and can be purchased in bulk). Though by itself it does not form a solid, only a very viscous liquid, it can be combined with other materials that do form a solid. For example, sea weed has a carbohydrate named alginate that does form gels when combined with calcium. So, a blend of hyaluronic acid and alginate with calcium can yield a material that has the mechanics of the brain. For the protein component, eggs, beans, soy, and quinoa all can be good choices. To get the texture right, the calcium can be added while stirring to generate chunks. If it is ok to eat other animals, then I would buy pig brains, which are often discarded. Pig organs are close to the same size of humans and have even been used for transplantation due to similarities in physiology/biochemistry. That would be the simplest choice.

Associate Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, George Mason University

Whenever I eat cauliflower, I think of the cerebellum or little brain. It is tucked away behind the cerebrum, or main part of the brain. The cerebellum is small, but it is where about 80 percent of the entire brains neurons are found! Most of the cerebellums neurons, or gray matter, are found on its outer surface. They are tightly packed together in little folds called folia. The neurons in the folia are connected to each other by nerve fibres, also known as white matter. When the cerebellum is cut in half, the white matter appears as this beautiful network of branches called the arbor vitae, or tree of life. It really does look just like a head of cauliflower!

Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College

The brain is actually quite soft and squishy. Fortunately for us it normally floats in a pool of cerebrospinal fluid that serves as a cushiony packing material protecting the delicate brain from the hard skull. But the brain is so soft it can easily become injured without the head striking any object. If there is enough rotational or acceleration/deceleration motion for the brain to hit the skull the tips of the brain can be bruised and individual cells can be stretched or sheared from their connections. This can happen, for example, in motor vehicle accidents or shaken baby syndrome where the head is thrown very quickly forwards and then backwards.

The consistency I think the brain comes closest to is a gelatin. But I would recommend that our zombie make the gelatin with milk rather than water. This will give it a closer consistency to a brain, the color will be more opaque like a real brain, and it will provide more of the much needed protein the zombie craves. There are even commercially made gelatin molds if the zombie is able to access stores or online shopping.

Another option would be a soft tofu. This might be a great option for a zombie who is a vegetarian or vegan. There is plenty of protein but it will be much harder to mold into the right shape. Sadly, most zombies are not portrayed to have the fine motor skills needed to create a brain shape from scratch, so the tofu would just have to be eaten as is.

On a side note, if our zombie truly finds that nothing satisfies like a real brain, they could certainly consider becoming a neurosurgeon that specializes in therapeutic surgeries, like temporal lobe resections. In this case, a small portion of the temporal lobe of the brain is removed to relieve a person of intractable epilepsy. This might allow for a chance to satisfy their craving while providing benefit to the person involved.

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What's the Best Human Brain Alternative for Hungry Zombies? - Gizmodo UK

Regenerative Medicine Products Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To…

New Jersey, United States,- Latest update on Regenerative Medicine Products Market Analysis report published with extensive market research, Regenerative Medicine Products Market growth analysis, and forecast by 2026. this report is highly predictive as it holds the overall market analysis of topmost companies into the Regenerative Medicine Products industry. With the classified Regenerative Medicine Products market research based on various growing regions, this report provides leading players portfolio along with sales, growth, market share, and so on.

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Regenerative Medicine Products Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To...

Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To…

New Jersey, United States,- Latest update on Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration Market Analysis report published with extensive market research, Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration Market growth analysis, and forecast by 2026. this report is highly predictive as it holds the overall market analysis of topmost companies into the Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration industry. With the classified Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration market research based on various growing regions, this report provides leading players portfolio along with sales, growth, market share, and so on.

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Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To...

Stem Cell Source Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To 2026 – 3rd Watch…

New Jersey, United States,- Latest update on Stem Cell Source Market Analysis report published with extensive market research, Stem Cell Source Market growth analysis, and forecast by 2026. this report is highly predictive as it holds the overall market analysis of topmost companies into the Stem Cell Source industry. With the classified Stem Cell Source market research based on various growing regions, this report provides leading players portfolio along with sales, growth, market share, and so on.

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The report of the Stem Cell Source market is an in-depth analysis of the business vertical projected to record a commendable annual growth rate over the estimated time period. It also comprises of a precise evaluation of the dynamics related to this marketplace. The purpose of the Stem Cell Source Market report is to provide important information related to the industry deliverables such as market size, valuation forecast, sales volume, etc.

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Stem Cell Source Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To 2026 - 3rd Watch...

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To 2026 -…

New Jersey, United States,- Latest update on Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Market Analysis report published with extensive market research, Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Market growth analysis, and forecast by 2026. this report is highly predictive as it holds the overall market analysis of topmost companies into the Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) industry. With the classified Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) market research based on various growing regions, this report provides leading players portfolio along with sales, growth, market share, and so on.

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Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To 2026 -...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To…

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Market Research Intellect

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market Size By Product Analysis, Application, End-Users, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies And Forecast Up To...

Cord blood banking in Bulgaria: problems of control and continuing insurance – Lexology

Background

The long-term storage of umbilical cord blood (UCB) has gained traction and is increasingly regarded as a form of partial blood insurance. It involves the storage of blood present in the umbilical cord at birth and of tissue left over from the umbilical cord and placenta after birth. Such blood and tissue tend to contain pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These can potentially be used to treat some serious blood and immune system diseases both in the donor (later in life) or in related or unrelated individuals (allogeneic transplantation). Otherwise, HSCs can be collected from the bone marrow (in an invasive procedure involving general anaesthesia) or from peripheral blood (in which case they are found in a much lower circulation).

Cord blood and placentae were historically discarded after birth and indeed in the absence of UCB banking they mostly still are disposed although of course certain cultural practices such as ingestion etc, are applied.

Cord blood can be stored long-term at the temperature range of the liquid phase of nitrogen, generally for up to 25 years - and thats what many private cord blood banking companies (BloodCos) encourage parents to do.

Public storage programmes have been available on a more limited scale since the 1990s, and the blood donated to them is usually controlled by the healthcare provider.

BloodCos promise the parents to retain control over the blood and use it for future treatment, generally of the donor or related family members. The number of BloodCos operating in Bulgaria is rising; 11 licensed private BloodCo offerings were marketed as at January 2020; approximately 20 980 bulgarian families have stored cord blood in BloodCos (*1) (compared to 7 licensed cord blood banks operating in the UK).

This leads to a lot of options to choose from and can be confusing. Parents are often persuaded to sign up by a desire to guarantee the future well-being of their children.

Giving blood and tissue for storage to a BloodCo is costly: a one-off fee between EUR 2,000.00 and EUR 3,500.00, with additional annual fees typically around EUR 100.00.

Given the importance and hope parents attach to the idea of protecting their childrens future health and the relatively large sums of money involved, families who decide to store blood and tissue in a BloodCo must consider how protected their investment is and in what ways are they entitled to control the stored material.

Legal grounds to store blood and tissue from the umbilical cord and placenta

Bulgarian legislation

Pursuant to s. 28 of the Bulgarian Organ, Tissue and Cell Transplantation Act, to be able to store cord blood and tissue legally, a BloodCo must receive informed consent from the childs mother. The consent of the biological or future legal father (if known) is neither sufficient nor required.

However, once whole blood from the placenta is collected, there may be no objection for other parties to enter into a contractual agreement concerning the now removed blood. At this stage, another parent (e.g., the father) or perhaps another relative (e.g., a grandparent) could become a contractual party in relation to a contract dealing with the storage and disposal of cord blood.

Parents often themselves approach a BloodCo in advance of an expected birth and enter into a cord blood storage agreement (often labelled Stem Cells Storage Agreement) (Storage Agreement) which contains the mothers informed consent to the storage. This allows the BloodCo to lawfully extract blood from the umbilical cord and placenta when the baby is born and store it.

Storage Agreement To achieve its advertised or assumed purpose, the Storage Agreement must guarantee that the donor child (when adult) and possibly the parents will be able to use stored material and will have control over it at their discretion within the law.

Example clauses

Control Rights

The Storage Agreement must set out clearly who can control the stored material containing the UCB. This needs to include the right to deal with all or some of the stored material by for example providing it to a treatment provider to develop a treatment; making it available for research; discarding it; requiring its removal or handover (including to other BloodCo). Where appropriate, it ought to detail who has ownership rights over the material. It ought to be clear whether these rights exclusively belong to the

Right to remove and hand over

Given that the Bulgarian market for UCB is small, it may not be able to sustain as many BloodCos purely domestically as are currently offering their service. Mothers giving birth in Bulgaria may then use cross-border providers, typically from elsewhere in the EU. These providers are more likely to have the scale to survive in the market but may either operate facilities in Bulgaria permanently or only intermittently with enough facilities to collect and possibly store but with bigger or more important parts of their business being located elsewhere.

The right to require relocation of the material is therefore especially relevant to a small market such as Bulgaria. Recently, one of the BloodCos, incorporated in Switzerland and operating in Bulgaria, was declared insolvent.

This provoked a lot of questions and confusion about what will happen with the stored material and where it will be relocated, respectively stored. This confusion can be limited if on entering into a Storage Agreement, a parent demands a clause which expressly allows them to relocate the stored material at their discretion.

Provisions by the BloodCo

It is highly advisable that the Storage Agreement contains express provisions on use of the stored UCB. Key protections concern:

For example, one of BloodCo operating in Bulgaria provides that in case of its insolvency, storage will be taken over by a separate independent company. This still needs to be investigated (e.g. is the second BloodCo truly separate or may it be threatened by the insolvency or financial difficulties of the first company). This can be done by the parents or, if they decide, by an experienced lawyer.

Conclusion

The storage of blood and tissue left over in the umbilical cord and placenta is a common occurrence and typically governed by a contractual agreement. Before entering into a Storage Agreement parents should be aware of the risks which arise.

Since the decision to bank cord blood is a form of insurance (i.e., it is intended to deal with a future risk), it is important to make sure that at least basic steps are taken that the agreement is effective. At the same time, in the case of cord blood, these can be dealt with purely contractually, with interesting questions of cross-border insolvency and title also arising.

If parents want the Storage Agreement to serve them well, they must make an informed decision on its terms which also probably requires legal analysis.

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Cord blood banking in Bulgaria: problems of control and continuing insurance - Lexology

Stem Cell Therapy Products Market: COVID 19 Transformation of Key Players Mesoblast, TiGenix, Osiris – 3rd Watch News

Stem Cell Therapy Products Market has witnessed continuous growth within the past few years and is projected to grow even more throughout the forecast period (2020 2027). The analysis presents a whole assessment of the market and contains Future trends, Current Growth Factors, attentive opinions, facts, historical information, and statistically supported and trade valid market information.

The report, titled Global Stem Cell Therapy Products Market defines and briefs readers about its products, applications, and specifications. The research lists key companies operating in the global market and also highlights the key changing trends adopted by the companies to maintain their dominance. By using SWOT analysis and Porters five force analysis tools, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of key companies are all mentioned in the report. All leading players in this global market are profiled with details such as product types, business overview, sales, manufacturing base, competitors, applications, and specifications.

You Can Request A Demo Version of Report Before Buying (Higher Preference For Corporate Email ID User): https://www.worldwidemarketreports.com/sample/176069

Mesoblast, TiGenix, Osiris, Medi-post, New York Blood Center, Anterogen, Pharmicell, ClinImmune of the major organizations dominating the global market.(*Note: Other Players Can be Added per Request)

1. Industry outlookThis is where youll find the current state of the Stem Cell Therapy Products industry overall and where its headed. Relevant industry metrics like size, trends, life cycle, and projected growth included here. This report comes prepared with the data to back up your business idea. On a regional basis, the Global Stem Cell Therapy Products market has been segmented into Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa.

2. Target marketThis target market section of study includes the following:

User persona and characteristics: It includes demographics such as age, income, and location. It lets you know what their interests and buying habits are, as well as explain the best position to meet their needs.

Market size: How big is the potential Stem Cell Therapy Products market for your business? It brings to light the consumption in the Stem Cell Therapy Products industry by the type and application.

3. Competitive analysisDiscover your competitors. The report lets you know what youre up against, but it also lets you spot the competitions weaknesses. Are there customers that are underserved? What can you offer that similar businesses arent offering? The competitive analysis contains the following components:

Direct competitors: What other companies are offering similar products and services? Which companies are your true competitors?

Competitor strengths and weaknesses: What is your competition good at? Where do they fall behind? Get insights to spot opportunities to excel where others are falling short.

Barriers to entry: What are the potential pitfalls of entering the Stem Cell Therapy Products market? Whats the cost of entry? Is it prohibitively high, or easy to enter?

The window of opportunity:Does your entry into the Stem Cell Therapy Products industry rely on time-sensitive technology? Do you need to enter early to take advantage of an emerging market?

4. ProjectionsLikewise, We offered thoughtful, not hockey-stick forecasting.

Market share:We have given the consumption behavior of users. When you know how much can your future customers spend, then only youll understand how much of the Stem Cell Therapy Products industry you have a chance to grab, and here we came up with real stats and numbers.

Impact Analysis of COVID-19:The complete version of the Report will include the impact of the COVID-19, and anticipated change on the future outlook of the industry, by taking into account the political, economic, social, and technological parameters.

Finally, It is one report that hasnt shied away from taking a critical look at the current status and future outlook for the consumption/sales of these products, by the end users and applications. Not forgetting the market share control and growth rate of the Stem Cell Therapy Products Industry, per application. Most noteworthy, this market analysis will help you find market blind spots.

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Stem Cell Therapy Products Market: COVID 19 Transformation of Key Players Mesoblast, TiGenix, Osiris - 3rd Watch News

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Turning off junk DNA may free stem cells to become neurons – National Institutes of Health

Media Advisory

Monday, July 13, 2020

For every cell in the body there comes a time when it must decide what it wants to do for the rest of its life. In an article published in the journal PNAS, National Institutes of Health researchers report for the first time that ancient viral genes that were once considered junk DNA may play a role in this process. The article describes a series of preclinical experiments that showed how some human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K) genes inscribed into chromosomes 12 and 19 may help control the differentiation, or maturation, of human stem cells into the trillions of neurons that are wired into our nervous systems. The experiments were performed by researchers in a lab led by Avindra Nath, M.D., clinical director, at the NIHs National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

Over the course of evolution, the human genome has absorbed thousands of human endogenous retrovirus genes. As a result, nearly eight percent of the DNA that lines our chromosomes includes remnants of these genes. Although once thought to be inactive, or junk, recent studies have shown that these genes may be involved in human embryonic development, the growth of some tumors, and nerve damage during multiple sclerosis. Previously, researchers in Dr. Naths lab showed that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be linked to activation of the HERV-K gene. In this study, led by Tongguang (David) Wang, M.D., Ph.D., staff scientist at NINDS, the team showed that deactivation of the gene may free stem cells to become neurons.

The researchers performed most of their experiments on blood cells, drawn from healthy volunteers at the NIHs Clinical Center, that they genetically transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells, which can then turn into any cell type in the body. Surprisingly, they found that the surfaces of the stem cells were lined with high levels of HERV-K, subtype HML-2, an envelope protein, that viruses often use to latch onto and infect cells. These proteins progressively disappeared as the cells were served two rounds of cocktails. One round nudged the cells into an intermediate, neural stem cell state followed by a second round that pushed the cells into finally becoming neurons. The researchers sped up this process by turning off HERV-K, HML-2 genes in the stem cells or by treating the cells with antibodies against the HML-2 protein. In contrast, they delayed neural differentiation by artificially overloading the cells with the HML-2 genes. Finally, the team discovered that interactions on the stem cell surfaces between HML-2 and another immune cell protein called CD98HC may restrain differentiation by triggering internal chemical reactions that are known to control cell growth and tumors. In the future, the team plans to explore how HERV-K genes may shape the wiring of a nervous system.

This press release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Science is an unpredictable and incremental process each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways. Most clinical advances would not be possible without the knowledge of fundamental basic research.

Tongguang (David) Wang, M.D., Ph.D., staff scientist NINDS; Avindra Nath, M.D., clinical director, NINDS

Wang, T. et al. Regulation of stem cell function and neuronal differentiation by HERV-K via mTOR pathway, July 13, 2020, PNAS; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002427117

This study was supported by the NIHs NINDS Division of Intramural Research.

NINDS is the nations leading funder of research on the brain and nervous system.The mission of NINDS is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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Turning off junk DNA may free stem cells to become neurons - National Institutes of Health