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Diabetes reversed in mice using CRISPR and stem cell therapy – BioNews

27 April 2020

Genome-edited human stem cells from diabetic patientshavebeen shown to successfully reverse diabetes in mice.

Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, used CRISPR/Cas9 to correct a genetic defect in human stem cells and then converted them into cells capable of producing insulin. When these edited insulin-producing cells were implanted into diabetic mice, they were able to effectively control blood sugar levels for six months.

'We're excited about the fact that we were able to combine these two technologies - growing beta cells from induced pluripotent stemcells and using CRISPR to correct genetic defects,' said corresponding author Dr Jeffrey Millman. 'This is the first time CRISPR has been used to fix a patient's diabetes-causing genetic defect and successfully reverse diabetes.'

The human cells used were from a patient with a rare genetic type of diabetes called Wolfram syndrome, which develops during childhood and typically requires affected patients to inject insulin multiple times each day.

'For this study, we used cells from a patient with Wolfram syndrome because, conceptually, we knew it would be easier to correct a defect caused by a single gene. But we see this as a stepping-stone toward applying gene therapy to a broader population of patients with diabetes,' said Dr Millman.

The same team previously developed a new technique to more efficiently convert human stem cells into insulin-producing cells, allowing them to 'functionally cure' diabetes in mice for the first time (see BioNews1037). In the current study, they went one step further, adding the genome editing step to make cells from a diabetic personproduce insulin.

'We basically were able to use these cells to cure the problem, making normal beta cells by correcting this mutation,' said Dr Fumihiko Urano, who co-led the study. 'In fact, we found that corrected beta cells were indistinguishable from beta cells made from the stem cells of healthy people without diabetes,' added Dr Millman.

'It's also possible that by correcting the genetic defects in these cells, we may correct other problems Wolfram syndrome patients experience, such as visual impairment and neurodegeneration' said Dr Urano.

The study was published in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

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Diabetes reversed in mice using CRISPR and stem cell therapy - BioNews

Orchard Therapeutics Announces First Patient Dosed with OTL-201 Gene Therapy in Proof-of-Concept Clinical Trial for Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS-IIIA) -…

BOSTON and LONDON, April 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Orchard Therapeutics (Nasdaq: ORTX), a global gene therapy leader, today announced that the first patient has been dosed in an open-label, proof-of-concept investigational study of OTL-201, an ex vivo autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS-IIIA). The study is designed to evaluate safety, tolerability and clinical efficacy and is intended to enroll up to five patients between three months and 24 months of age who will be followed for three years. The study also contains a number of key secondary outcome measures such as overall survival, cognition and behavior to help inform future clinical development of HSC gene therapy in this indication.

MPS-IIIA, also known as Sanfilippo syndrome type A, is a rare, inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by genetic mutations that leads to the buildup of sugar molecules called mucopolysaccharides in the body, resulting in progressive intellectual disability and loss of motor function. Children born with MPS-IIIA rarely live past adolescence or early adulthood, and no approved therapies currently exist to treat the disease.

I am very encouraged that we, together with our research and clinical collaborators in Manchester, could achieve this important milestone in our efforts to develop a gene therapy for MPS-IIIA despite the current, challenging global health circumstances, said Bobby Gaspar, M.D., Ph.D., chief executive officer of Orchard. It is a testament to the dedication of our collective teams and underscores the truly dire, life-limiting nature of the disease for affected children and their families. This study adds to Orchards clinical pipeline of HSC gene therapies for the treatment of severe neurometabolic disorders and further demonstrates the potential of our platform approach.

About MPS-IIIAMucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS-IIIA, also known as Sanfilippo syndrome type A) is a rare and life-threatening metabolic disease. People with MPS-IIIA are born with a mutation in the N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase (SGSH) gene, which, when healthy, helps the body break down sugar molecules called mucopolysaccharides. The buildup of mucopolysaccharides in the brain and other tissues leads to intellectual disability and loss of motor function. MPS-IIIA occurs in approximately one in every 100,000 live births. Life expectancy of children born with MPS-IIIA is estimated to be between 10-25 years.

About OrchardOrchard Therapeutics is a global gene therapy leader dedicated to transforming the lives of people affected by rare diseases through the development of innovative, potentially curative gene therapies. Our ex vivo autologous gene therapy approach harnesses the power of genetically-modified blood stem cells and seeks to correct the underlying cause of disease in a single administration. The company has one of the deepest gene therapy product candidate pipelines in the industry and is advancing seven clinical-stage programs across multiple therapeutic areas, including inherited neurometabolic disorders, primary immune deficiencies and blood disorders, where the disease burden on children, families and caregivers is immense and current treatment options are limited or do not exist.

Orchard has its global headquarters in London and U.S. headquarters in Boston. For more information, please visit http://www.orchard-tx.com, and follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn.

Availability of Other Information About OrchardInvestors and others should note that Orchard communicates with its investors and the public using the company website (www.orchard-tx.com), the investor relations website (ir.orchard-tx.com), and on social media (twitter.com/orchard_tx and http://www.linkedin.com/company/orchard-therapeutics), including but not limited to investor presentations and investor fact sheets, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. The information that Orchard posts on these channels and websites could be deemed to be material information. As a result, Orchard encourages investors, the media, and others interested in Orchard to review the information that is posted on these channels, including the investor relations website, on a regular basis. This list of channels may be updated from time to time on Orchards investor relations website and may include additional social media channels. The contents of Orchards website or these channels, or any other website that may be accessed from its website or these channels, shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains certain forward-looking statements about Orchards strategy, future plans and prospects, which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include express or implied statements relating to, among other things, Orchards business strategy and goals and the therapeutic potential of Orchards product candidates, including the product candidate or candidates referred to in this release. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees and are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Orchards control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in these forward-looking statements. In particular, these risks and uncertainties include, without limitation: the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Orchards business, including on clinical development and commercial programs; the risk that any one or more of Orchards product candidates, including the product candidate or candidates referred to in this release, will not be approved, successfully developed or commercialized; the risk of cessation or delay of any of Orchards ongoing or planned clinical trials; the risk that Orchard may not successfully recruit or enroll a sufficient number of patients for its clinical trials; the risk that prior results, such as signals of safety, activity or durability of effect, observed from preclinical studies or clinical trials will not be replicated or will not continue in ongoing or future studies or trials involving Orchards product candidates; the delay of any of Orchards regulatory submissions; the failure to obtain marketing approval from the applicable regulatory authorities for any of Orchards product candidates or the receipt of restricted marketing approvals; and the risk of delays in Orchards ability to commercialize its product candidates, if approved. Given these uncertainties, the reader is advised not to place any undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Other risks and uncertainties faced by Orchard include those identified under the heading "Risk Factors" in Orchards annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 27, 2020, as well as subsequent filings and reports filed with the SEC. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release reflect Orchards views as of the date hereof, and Orchard does not assume and specifically disclaims any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

Contacts

InvestorsRenee LeckDirector, Investor Relations+1 862-242-0764Renee.Leck@orchard-tx.com

MediaMolly CameronManager, Corporate Communications+1 978-339-3378media@orchard-tx.com

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Orchard Therapeutics Announces First Patient Dosed with OTL-201 Gene Therapy in Proof-of-Concept Clinical Trial for Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS-IIIA) -...

Impact of COVID-19 on Stem Cell Therapy Market Investment Opportunities And Forecast 2020-2027 | By Top Key Players Magellan, Medipost Co., Ltd,…

The Stem Cell Therapy Market Has Witnessed Continuous Growth In The Past Few Years And Is Projected To Grow Even Further During The Forecast Period (2020-2027). The Assessment Provides A 360 View And Insights, Outlining The Key Outcomes Of The Industry. These Insights Help The Business Decision-makers To Formulate Better Business Plans And Make Informed Decisions For Improved Profitability. In Addition, The Study Helps Venture Or Private Players In Understanding The Companies More Precisely To Make Better-informed Decisions. Some Of The Prominent Key Players Covered In The Stem Cell Therapy Market Are Magellan, Medipost Co., Ltd, Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Kolon TissueGene, Inc., JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Anterogen Co. Ltd., Pharmicell Co., Inc., and Stemedica Cell Technologies, Inc.

Whats Keeping Magellan, Medipost Co., Ltd, Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Kolon TissueGene, Inc., JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Anterogen Co. Ltd., Pharmicell Co., Inc., and Stemedica Cell Technologies, Inc. Ahead In The Market? Benchmark Yourself With Strategic Steps And Conclusions Recently Published By Coherent Market Insights

Type Segmentation:

By Cell Source:Adult Stem CellsInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem CellsOthersGlobal Stem Cell Therapy Market, By Application:Musculoskeletal DisordersWounds and InjuriesCancerAutoimmune disordersOthers

Consumer Traits (If Applicable)

The Stem Cell Therapy Market Study Covers Current Status, % Share, Future Patterns, Development Rate, Swot Examination, Sales Channels, To Anticipate Growth Scenarios For Years 2020-2027. It Aims To Recommend Analysis Of The Market With Regards To Growth Trends, Prospects, And Players Contribution To Market Development. The Report Size Market By 5 Major Regions, Known As, North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (Includes Asia & Oceania Separately), Middle East And Africa (Mea), And Latin America.

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Stem Cell Therapy Market Executive Summary: It Gives A Summary Of Overall Studies, Growth Rate, Available Market, Competitive Landscape, Market Drivers, Trends, And Issues, And Macroscopic Indicators.Stem Cell Therapy Market Production By Region Stem Cell Therapy Market Profile Of Manufacturers-players Are Studied On The Basis Of Swot, Their Products, Production, Value, Financials, And Other Vital Factors.

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Stem Cell Therapy Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) By Region (2019-2027)

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Stem Cell Therapy Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend By Type {strip Sensors, Invasive Sensors, Ingestible Sensors, Implantable Sensors, Wearable Sensors}

Stem Cell Therapy Market Analysis By Application {hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Diagnostic Centers}

Stem Cell Therapy Manufacturers Profiles/analysis Stem Cell Therapy Manufacturing Cost Analysis, Industrial/supply Chain Analysis, Sourcing Strategy And Downstream Buyers, Marketing Strategy By Key Manufacturers/players, Connected Distributors/traders Standardization, Regulatory And Collaborative Initiatives, Industry Road Map And Value Chain Market Effect Factors Analysis.

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Impact of COVID-19 on Stem Cell Therapy Market Investment Opportunities And Forecast 2020-2027 | By Top Key Players Magellan, Medipost Co., Ltd,...

Molecules identified that reverse cellular aging process – New Atlas

Central to a lot of scientific research into aging are tiny caps on the ends of our chromosomes called telomeres. These protective sequences of DNA grow a little shorter each time a cell divides, but by intervening in this process, researchers hope to one day regulate the process of aging and the ill health effects it can bring. A Harvard team is now offering an exciting pathway forward, discovering a set of small molecules capable of restoring telomere length in mice.

Telomeres can be thought of like the plastic tips on the end of our shoelaces, preventing the fraying of the DNA code of the genome and playing an important part in a healthy aging process. But each time a cell divides, they grow a little shorter. This sequence repeats over and over until the cell can no longer divide and dies.

This process is linked to aging and disease, including a rare genetic disease called dyskeratosis congenita (DC). This is caused by the premature aging of cells and is where the Harvard University team focused its attention, hoping to offer alternatives to the current treatment that involves high-risk bone marrow transplants and which offers limited benefits.

One of the ways dyskeratosis congenita comes about is through genetic mutations that disrupt an enzyme called telomerase, which is key to maintaining the structural integrity of the telomere caps. For this reason, researchers have been working to target telomerase for decades, in hopes of finding ways to slow or even reverse the effects of aging and diseases like dyskeratosis congenita.

Once human telomerase was identified, there were lots of biotech startups, lots of investment, says Boston Childrens Hospital's Suneet Agarwal, senior investigator on the new study. But it didnt pan out. There are no drugs on the market, and companies have come and gone.

Agarwal has been studying the biology of telomerase for the past decade, and back in 2015 he and his team discovered a gene called PARN that plays a role in the action of the telomerase enzyme. This gene normally processes and stabilizes an important component of telomerase called TERC, but when it mutates, it results in less of the enzyme being produced and, in turn, the telomeres becoming shortened prematurely.

For the new study, Harvard researchers screened more than 100,000 known chemicals in search of compounds that could preserve healthy function of PARN. This led them to small handful that seemed capable of doing so by inhibiting an enzyme called PAPD5, which serves to unravel PARN and destabilize TERC.

We thought if we targeted PAPD5, we could protect TERC and restore the proper balance of telomerase, says Harvard Medical Schools Neha Nagpal, first author on the new paper.

These chemicals were tested on stem cells in the lab, made from the cells of patients with dyskeratosis congenita. These compounds boosted TERC levels in those stem cells and restored telomeres to their normal length. However, rather than a scattergun approach, the team really wanted to test for safety and see if the treatment could precisely target stem cells carrying the right ingredients for telomerase formation.

More specifically, the team wanted to see if this could be achieved by having the PAPD5-inhibiting drugs recognize and respond to another important component of telomerase, a molecule called TERT. To do so, in the next round of experiments the team used human blood stem cells and triggered mutations in the PARN gene that give rise to dyskeratosis congenita. These were then implanted into mice that were treated with the compounds, with the team finding the treatment boosted TERC, restored telomere length in the stem cells and had no ill effects on the rodents.

This provided the hope that this could become a clinical treatment, says Nagpal.

The team will now continue its work in an effort to prove these small molecules are a safe and effective way to apply the brakes to dyskeratosis congenita, other diseases, and possibly aging more broadly.

We envision these to be a new class of oral medicines that target stem cells throughout the body, Agarwal says. We expect restoring telomeres in stem cells will increase tissue regenerative capacity in the blood, lungs, and other organs affected in DC and other diseases.

The research was published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

Source: Boston Childrens Hospital via Harvard University

Continued here:
Molecules identified that reverse cellular aging process - New Atlas

Breakthrough to halt premature aging of cells – ScienceBlog.com

Capping decades of research, a new study may offer a breakthrough in treatingdyskeratosis congenitaand other so-called telomere diseases, in which cells age prematurely.

Using cells donated by patients with the disease, researchers at theDana-Farber/Boston Childrens Cancer and Blood Disorders Centeridentified several small molecules that appear to reverse this cellular aging process.Suneet Agarwal, the studys senior investigator, hopes at least one of these compounds will advance toward clinical trials. Findings werepublished Tuesday in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

If so, it could be the first treatment for dyskeratosis congenita, or DC, that could reverse all of the diseases varying effects on the body. The current treatment, bone marrow transplant, is high-risk, and only helps restore the blood system, whereas DC affects multiple organs.

The compounds identified in the study restore telomeres, protective caps on the tips of our chromosomes that regulate how our cells age. Telomeres consist of repeating sequences of DNA that get shorter each time a cell divides.

The bodys stem cells, which retain their youthful qualities, normally make an enzyme called telomerase that builds telomeres back up again. But when telomeres cant be maintained, tissues age before their time. A spectrum of diseases can result not just DC, but also aplastic anemia, liver cirrhosis, and pulmonary fibrosis.

The discovery of telomerase 35 years ago, earninga Nobel Prize in 2009, galvanized the scientific world. Subsequent studies suggested the enzyme could be a key to reversing aging, as well as treating cancer, in which malignant cells become immortal and divide indefinitely.

For years, researchers have tried to find a simple and safe way to manipulate telomerase, preserve telomeres, and create cures for telomere diseases.

Once human telomerase was identified, there were lots of biotech startups, lots of investment, says Agarwal, who has researched the biology of telomerase for the past decade. But it didnt pan out. There are no drugs on the market, and companies have come and gone.

DC can be caused by mutations in any of multiple genes. Most of these mutations disrupt telomerase formation or function in particular, by disrupting two molecules called TERT and TERC that join together to form telomerase. TERT is an enzyme made in stem cells, and TERC is a so-called non-coding RNA that acts as a template to create telomeres repeating DNA sequences. Both TERT and TERC are affected by a web of other genes that tune telomerases action.

One of these genes is PARN. In 2015, Agarwal and colleagues showed inNatureGeneticsthat PARN is important for processing and stabilizing TERC. Mutations in PARN mean less TERC, less telomerase, and prematurely shortened telomeres.

Thenew study, led by Harvard Medical School postdoctoral fellow Neha Nagpal, delved further, focusing on an enzyme that opposes PARN and destabilizes TERC, called PAPD5.

We thought if we targeted PAPD5, we could protect TERC and restore the proper balance of telomerase, says Nagpal, first author on the paper.

Nagpal and her colleagues first conducted large-scale screening studies to identify PAPD5 inhibitors, testing more than 100,000 known chemicals. They got 480 initial hits, which they ultimately narrowed to a small handful.

They then tested the inhibitors in stem cells made from the Martins cells and those of other patients with DC. To the teams delight, the compounds boosted TERC levels in the cells and restored telomeres to their normal length.

But the real challenge was to see if the treatment would be safe and specific, affecting only the stem cells bearing TERT. To test this, the team introduced DC-causing PARN mutations into human blood stem cells, transplanted those cells into mice, then treated the mice with oral PAPD5 inhibitors. The compounds boosted TERC and restored telomere length in the transplanted stem cells, with no adverse effect on the mice or on the ability to form different kinds of blood cells.

This provided the hope that this could become a clinical treatment, says Nagpal.

In the future, Agarwal, Nagpal, and colleagues hope to validate PAPD5 inhibition for other diseases involving faulty maintenance of telomeres and perhaps even aging itself. They are most excited about two compounds, known as BCH001 and RG7834 that are under further development.

We envision these to be a new class of oral medicines that target stem cells throughout the body, Agarwal says. We expect restoring telomeres in stem cells will increase tissue regenerative capacity in the blood, lungs, and other organs affected in DC and other diseases.

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Breakthrough to halt premature aging of cells - ScienceBlog.com

World coronavirus Dispatch: Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecasted To Surpass The Value Of US$ XX Mn/Bn By 2036 2017 2025 – Latest Herald

Given the debilitating impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) on the Animal Stem Cell Therapy market, companies are vying opportunities to stay afloat in the market landscape. Gain access to our latest research analysis on COVID-19 associated with the Animal Stem Cell Therapy market and understand how market players are adopting new strategies to mitigate the impact of the pandemic.

Analysis of the Global Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market

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Regional Overview

Our team of analysts at PMR, trace the major developments within the Animal Stem Cell Therapy landscape in various geographies. The market share and value of each region are discussed in the report along with graphs, tables, and figures.

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This chapter of the report discusses the ongoing developments, mergers and acquisitions of leading companies operating in the Animal Stem Cell Therapy market. The product portfolio, pricing strategy, the regional and global presence of each company is thoroughly discussed in the report.

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The key participants in the animal stem cell therapy market are Magellan Stem Cells, ANIMAL CELL THERAPIES, Abbott Animal Hospital, VETSTEM BIOPHARMA, Veterinary Hospital and Clinic Frisco, CO, etc. The companies are entering into the collaboration and partnership to keep up the pace of the innovations.

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World coronavirus Dispatch: Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecasted To Surpass The Value Of US$ XX Mn/Bn By 2036 2017 2025 - Latest Herald

Israeli scientists begin trials into the effectiveness of cannabis in treating Covid-19 – Euro Weekly News

RESEARCHERS want to determine if CBDs anti-inflammatory properties can slow or stop the virus.

Tests at Rabin Medical Centre in Petah Tikva will be led by partnerships with Stero Biotech, an Israeli CBD company, and Clalit, Israels largest HMO.

We estimate that our CBD-based treatment can enhance the current treatment of those patients who are in life-threatening conditions, said David Bass, Stero Biotechs founder and CEO, in a statement.

Hospitalised Covid-19 patients are mostly being treated with steroids, and our study is planned to demonstrate the benefit of a combined solution with steroid treatments.

Bass added that the company is hopeful that this study will lead to faster benefit for the growing number of Covid-19 patients in Israel and around the world.

Last week, InnoCan Pharma announced a collaboration with Tel Aviv University to instil CBD medicine through exosomes the small cell structures created when stem cells multiply.

The unconventional method will utilise the exosomes as homing missiles, as they can uniquely target cell organs damaged by Covid-19.

Researchers then believe CBDs anti-inflammatory properties will repair the damaged cells through a synergistic effect.

However, health experts have warned smoking marihuana could have the opposite effect, and make the condition worse.

All the same, scientists are carrying out studies, alongside existing treatments.

Steros 10-patient study, now underway, will seemingly be a small-scale clinical trial, which pending final approval by the final Helsinki Committee, will be a proof of concept study the first step before a clinical study.

It is likely to take a couple of months.

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Israeli scientists begin trials into the effectiveness of cannabis in treating Covid-19 - Euro Weekly News

Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Segmentation, Application, Technology, Analysis Research Report and Forecast to 2026 – Cole of Duty

Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute

Global Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Segmentation

This market was divided into types, applications and regions. The growth of each segment provides an accurate calculation and forecast of sales by type and application in terms of volume and value for the period between 2020 and 2026. This analysis can help you develop your business by targeting niche markets. Market share data are available at global and regional levels. The regions covered by the report are North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, and Africa and Latin America. Research analysts understand the competitive forces and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

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Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Region Coverage (Regional Production, Demand & Forecast by Countries etc.):

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)

Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)

South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)

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Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size by Manufacturer: Here, the report concentrates on revenue and production shares of manufacturers for all the years of the forecast period. It also focuses on price by manufacturer and expansion plans and mergers and acquisitions of companies.

Production by Region: It shows how the revenue and production in the global market are distributed among different regions. Each regional market is extensively studied here on the basis of import and export, key players, revenue, and production.

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Tags: Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size, Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Trends, Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Growth, Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Forecast, Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Analysis

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Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Segmentation, Application, Technology, Analysis Research Report and Forecast to 2026 - Cole of Duty

The Republicans who were once so pro-life they fought over one woman on life support now want to sacrifice grandma for the economy – The Independent

Years after the United States elected a president with the motto America First, we just pulled ahead in a race no one wants to win: the most deaths from the novel coronavirus. In order to limit casualties from a catastrophic second wave, states have enacted measures of differing severity, from shutting down some businesses to move severe shelter in place orders mandating citizens stay in their homes.

However, months into this disruption, some restless Americans are looking for a way out and there are Republican politicians eager to placate them. Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky bemoaned the lack of commerce on Twitter and threw his support behind re-opening the economy. Georgia Governor Brian Kemp is way ahead of him, announcing plans to lift restrictions on businesses from bowling alleys to hair salons amidst widespread pushback in his own state. Lt. Governor Dan Patrick of Texas skipped the subtext and went straight to the point with the breathtaking assertion that there are more important things than living, a statement that presumably doesnt include himself or his loved ones.

Its puzzling how these politicians think re-opening will lead to business as usual with an unpredictable contagion floating around. Commerce relies on consumers, and if a majority of those consumers are rightfully afraid for themselves and their families, how exactly is the government supposed to put things back to pre-pandemic levels without forcing us to go to the mall on pain of arrest?

Sharing the full story, not just the headlines

Even if they just intend to let those who dont care about the risks shop, go to work and pretend everything is normal, theres a very real danger that way more Americans will die as a result. But according to Lt. Gov. Patrick, its a justifiable sacrifice for the good of the nations GDP.

This is fascinating coming from a party that has long labeled itself as pro-life over the years when it suits them. Lets look at one of the most extreme examples: Terri Schiavo, a woman whose private medical battle became a tool for the Republican party during the early 2000s. After a Florida trial court concluded that Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state and would have wanted the feeding tube keeping her alive to be removed, Republicans at all levels became involved. Governor Jeb Bush pulled in everyone from his brother in the White House to the United States Congress to unsuccessfully fight the trial courts order for years. It would seem to a casual observer that this was a political party that would stop at nothing to save a life.

This wasnt the first time Republicans (or the Bushes) were performatively pro-life. During his first year in office President George W. Bush severely limited federal funding for research involving embryonic stem cells, giving evangelical conservatives an important win. Bush continued to oppose bills to loosen these restrictions, citing concerns that taxpayers would be funding the destruction of potential life. Again, if you didnt know anything else about the GOP you would think that their concerns were so pure as to encompass cells that could become a human being someday.

This stated concern for life didnt stop with the Bush brothers. Republicans took a stand during debates surrounding President Obamas signature legislation, the Affordable Care Act. This proposed legislation aimed to increase the amount of people with health insurance (which is positively correlated with life preservation). However, former GOP vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin asserted repeatedly that the law would lead to death panels that would decide whether elderly Americans would live or die. Inspired by Palin, the right painted a dystopian picture of a future where liberal judges would decide grandmas fate. A decade later and pearl-clutching at treatment of older Americans has taken a turn since they are inconveniently deemed to be more at risk of dying of Covid-19. Now the elderly, it seems, are at best inessential to public life and, at worst, expendable sacrifices to the gods of capitalism.

Here is whats revealing in each of those episodes: championing the life of Terri Schiavo, or the potential life of stem cells, or the imaginary life of a condemned grandma didnt cost Republicans a nickel. But the people who would potentially die if re-opening measures are scaled back are expensive. Theyre also inconvenient for the partys narratives. They include the medical workers who counter-protest the Confederate flag-wavers who want to be able to get a haircut. They are immigrants who risk their lives to provide you with food. They are, disproportionately, black, indicative of the virulent racism in our country.

Championing their lives means economic sacrifice with no legislative gain. That is, apparently, a bridge too far.

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The Republicans who were once so pro-life they fought over one woman on life support now want to sacrifice grandma for the economy - The Independent

Sustainably Yours: The importance of understanding and trusting in Science – The Phuket News

In his book 21 Lessons for The 21st Century, historian Yuval Noah Harari begins by writing, In a world deluged by irrelevant information, clarity is power. Before the Internet, access to information was relatively limited, and media was concentrated in the hands of a few corporations, which had its problems.

When it comes to supposed facts about COVID-19 posted on the internet, its best to check first with those doing the real checking: scientists. Photo: AFP

Today, with YouTubers, bloggers, and social media at our fingertips, the world is filled with more information than ever. The problem is that much of it is fake news and rumours. Too many voices are clamouring for our attention, but few are fact-checked for accuracy.

Since the spread of COVID-19 began, weve seen snake oil salesmen hawking cures and prophylaxis, and the spread of conspiracy theories about the viruss origins.

In a world where breathing the same air as someone else can kill you, misinformation can be as deadly as the virus. Now more than ever we need to be mindful of what we say, what we post, and how we behave. So, we need to understand and trust in science.

Why Should We Believe in Science?

According to Harvard Professor Naomi Oreskes, author of Why Trust Science?, for several decades there has been an organised campaign to undermine the publics trust in science funded mainly by industries whose financial interests are threatened by its findings.

At its core, science is the study of how the natural world works.

It has a long history of success, and when done correctly it is the single best method of inquiry we have for the pursuit of truth. Because of science, we have aeroplanes, cars, GPS, the Internet, smartphones and modern medicine. The only reason we know that COVID-19 exists is because of science. More importantly, science is a self-policing system of checks and balances that exists to reveal problems and correct inaccuracies.

It begins with the scientific method, something we all learned in school:

Once a scientist has drawn a conclusion, it undergoes rigorous scrutiny by colleagues who are working in the same discipline. This process of scrutiny can lead to rejecting or accepting the hypothesis, redesigning the experiment or finding additional data to support the conclusion. If the claim is valid, the scientist then publishes their work in a reputable scientific journal such as Nature or Science.

Submission of a paper begins the rigorous peer-review process where experts in the same field deliberately challenge the scientists arguments, inspect their data and look for errors in their methodology. So, before a claim is made and the general media gets a hold of it, a study is peer-reviewed and subjected to scrutiny by dozens, if not hundreds of other experts in the same field.

In areas where there is a scientific consensus, such as the relative safety and efficacy of vaccines, or that climate change is anthropogenic, thousands of studies on these topics have been published over decades and reviewed by thousands of scientists in dozens of countries.

Professor Oreskes notes that a critical aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively and not individually. This weeds out personal biases or someone who might have a specific agenda.

Scientific claims are put through a process much like a trial. Questions are posed, data is analysed, and facts are debated before the community comes to a consensus. This process can take years, even decades. So, when your beliefs are founded on scientific consensus, you are relying on the knowledge of dozens if not hundreds, or thousands of experts in their fields.

Because COVID-19 is still so new, there are lots of unknowns. It will take time to review the data and draw definitive conclusions. There remains speculation about how the virus transmits, whether recovered patients acquire sustained immunity, the effect of heat and humidity have on infection rates and the viability of various treatments, among other things. Nevertheless, our reaction to COVID-19 should be grounded in facts, evidence and empirical data rather than, unfounded opinions, suppositions and fears.

Science Makes Mistakes

Like any other human discipline, science has its failures. For example, in 2014, Japanese biologist Haruko Obokata knowingly falsified data regarding the creation of stimulus acquired pluripotent (STAP) cells in mice. If her claim had been valid, it would have revolutionised the production of embryonic stem cells, which are blank cells that can be programmed to become any of 200 different cell types in the human body, including bone, hair, skin or muscle.

However, due to the self-policing nature of science, within days, other biologists in her field refuted her claims after failing to replicate her experiments. Within months, her paper was retracted, and her career ended in disgrace.

Knowing that science sometimes makes mistakes and admits and corrects for them shouldnt make us trust it any less if anything it should make us believe in it more. Especially when compared to other methods of inquiry, which have no process of scrutiny.

The Problem with Intuition

In his book Thinking Fast Thinking Slow, Nobel Prize-winning behavioural economist Daniel Kahneman defined intuition as, Thinking that you know something without knowing why you do. As an example, he poses this problem:

A bat and ball cost $1.10.

The bat costs one dollar more than the ball.

How much does the ball cost?

If you answered 10 cents, you are incorrect. This question confounds 50% of students from some of the best universities in the world.

The correct answer is 5 cents.

Kahneman identifies two methods for problem-solving. System 1 is quick, intuitive, spontaneous and effortless. It instantly helps us to recognise faces, to act when confronted with dangers and to solve simple questions. System 2 is slow, rational, reflective and effortful. It gets into the drivers seat when you focus and concentrate on a complicated problem.

The problems occur when we try to use System 1 to make complex decisions that require System 2. People will often make judgements based on intuition when a given situation is easy to imagine. For example, when asked what the most dangerous method of generating energy is, public opinion is usually most negative toward nuclear. However, on a per terawatt-hour basis, atomic energy has killed far fewer people than oil, coal and even solar. But because most people conflate nuclear power with war, they tend to answer incorrectly.

When our perception of reality is based on stories that people tell us, rather than science, facts and evidence, it leads to poor decisions. In the modern world, we need to learn to think in terms of data as it is a far too complicated a place to always reason by intuition.

Linear Vs. Exponential Thinking

Part of the reason many governments didnt foresee the problems COVID-19 would create is that their leaders are linear thinkers.

As an example, if you take 30 linear steps, you move 30 standard paces from where you started, or about 30 metres. However, if you take 30 exponential steps, one, two, four, eight, sixteen by the time you get to the last step, you end up a billion metres from where your started thats about 26 times around the planet!

Its the reason why at the beginning of March the United States only had 65 infections and by April 14 it had over 500,000.

We are In This Together

Whether we like it or not, we are in this together. The virus doesnt distinguish between race, social class, tourist, expat or Thai.

We must be careful about what we say or post in social media. The virus kills quickly, but misinformation can also kill by influencing people to do foolish things.

For sources of science that have been peer-reviewed or vetted by experts, you can go to the following websites:

PubMed

The Lancet

Nature Medicine

The New England Journal Of Medicine

The British Medical Journal

WebMD

Healthline

When we depend on intuition, gossip, fake news and conspiracy theories to make decisions, we get leaders who make demonstrably poor decisions that lead to disastrous consequences. In this regard many people think of Donald Trump.

To quote John F. Kennedy, We are not here to curse the darkness, but to light the candle that can guide us through that darkness to a safe and sane future.

Science, both literally and figuratively, is that light; to disregard it is to remain in the dark.

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Sustainably Yours: The importance of understanding and trusting in Science - The Phuket News