Mini lung "organoids" join the fight against disease – New Atlas

Miniature lungs were grown from stem cells and infected with a respiratory virus to create a better model for studying diseases. (Credit: Columbia University)

Researchers have developed a miniature version of a lung in a dish, called an "organoid," that functions just like a real, full-size lung. These mini organs aren't designed for transplants or to support a living creature in any direct way, but rather as a research tool to study human disease and test drugs that could help regenerate damaged tissue.

A team from Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) created tiny 3-D structures from human pluripotent stem cells that mimic the features and appearance of a full-sized lung.

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"Researchers have taken up the challenge of creating organoids to help us understand and treat a variety of diseases," said Columbia professor of medicine Hans-Willem Snoeck, PhD, the lead investigator of the study. "But we have been tested by our limited ability to create organoids that can replicate key features of human disease."

We've seen stem cell research provide a number of promising developments in growing heart tissue, tendons and even artificial mouse embryos.

The lung organoids created from stem cells in Dr. Snoeck's lab represent a major advance in that they are the first to include key structures similar to those in human lungs.

The researchers infected the organoids with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is a major cause of respiratory infection in infants that currently has no vaccine and cannot be treated with existing medication. The mini-lungs reacted much the same way as the real thing in humans.

In further experiments, the organoids were given a gene mutation linked to pulmonary fibrosis and they also behaved just like real lungs with the same condition. Pulmonary fibrosis causes scarring in the lungs and a lung transplant is the only known cure it causes 30,000 to 40,000 deaths annually in the United States alone.

"Organoids, created with human pluripotent or genome-edited embryonic stem cells, may be the best, and perhaps only, way to gain insight into the (causes) of these diseases," Dr. Snoeck says.

The study was published last month in Nature Cell Biology.

Source: Columbia University

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Mini lung "organoids" join the fight against disease - New Atlas

Researchers develop a more precise and controlled method of engineering tissues from stem cells – Phys.Org

May 15, 2017 Near-infrared light is used to precisely engineer stem cells into tissue. Credit: University of California - Santa Barbara

Nothing beats nature. The diverse and wonderful varieties of cells and tissues that comprise the human body are evidence of that.

Each one of us starts out as a mass of identical, undifferentiated cells, and thanks to a combination of signals and forces, each cell responds by choosing a developmental pathway and multiplying into the tissues that become our hearts, brains, hair, bones or blood. A major promise of studying human embryonic stem cells is to understand these processes and apply the knowledge toward tissue engineering.

Researchers in UC Santa Barbara's departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology have gotten a step closer to unlocking the secrets of tissue morphology with a method of three-dimensional culturing of embryonic stem cells using light.

"The important development with our method is that we have good spatiotemporal control over which cellor even part of a cellis being excited to differentiate along a particular gene pathway," said lead author Xiao Huang, who conducted this study as a doctoral student at UCSB and is now a postdoctoral scholar in the Desai Lab at UC San Francisco. The research, titled "Light-Patterned RNA Interference of 3D-Cultured Human Embryonic Stem Cells," appears in volume 28, issue 48 of the journal Advanced Materials.

Similar to other work in the field of optogeneticswhich largely focuses neurological disorders and activity in living organisms, leading to insights into diseases and conditions such as Parkinson's and drug addictionthis new method relies on light to control gene expression.

The researchers used a combination of hollow gold nanoshells attached to small molecules of synthetic RNA (siRNA)a molecule that plays a large role in gene regulationand thermoreversible hydrogel as 3D scaffolding for the stem cell culture, as well as invisible, near-infrared (NIR) light. NIR light, Huang explained, is ideal when creating a three-dimensional culture in the lab.

"Near-infrared light has better tissue penetration that is useful when the sample becomes thick," he explained. In addition to enhanced penetrationup to 10 cm deepthe light can be focused tightly to specific areas. Irradiation with the light released the RNA molecules from the nanoshells in the sample and initiated gene-silencing activity, which knocked down green fluorescent protein genes in the cell cluster. The experiment also showed that the irradiated cells grew at the same rate as the untreated control sample; the treated cells showed unchanged viability after irradiation.

Of course, culturing tissues consisting of related but varying cell types is a far more complex process than knocking down a single gene.

"It's a concert of orchestrated processes," said co-author and graduate student researcher Demosthenes Morales, describing the process by which human embryonic stem cells become specific tissues and organs. "Things are being turned on and turned off." Perturbing one aspect of the system, he explained, sets off a series of actions along the cells' developmental pathways, much of which is still unknown.

"One reason we're very interested in spatiotemporal control is because these cells, when they're growing and developing, don't always communicate the same way," Morales said, explaining that the resulting processes occur at different speeds, and occasionally overlap. "So being able to control that communication on which cell differentiates into which cell type will help us to be able to control tissue formation," he added.

The fine control over cell development provided by this method also allows for the three-dimensional culture of tissues and organs from embryonic stem cells for a variety of applications. Engineered tissues can be used for therapeutic purposes, including replacements for organs and tissues that have been destroyed due to injury or disease. They can be used to give insight into the body's response to toxins and therapeutic agents.

Explore further: Scientists expand ability of stem cells to regrow any tissue type

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Researchers at the University of Washington have successfully created a line of human embryonic stem cells that have the ability to develop into a far broader range of tissues than most existing cell lines.

(Phys.org) Scientists at the University of Virginia School of Medicine have overcome one of the greatest challenges in biology and taken a major step toward being able to grow whole organs and tissues from stem cells. ...

A study performed on the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery showed that exposure of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to microgravity inhibited their ability to differentiate and generate most cell lineages, needed for the development ...

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Researchers develop a more precise and controlled method of engineering tissues from stem cells - Phys.Org

The Israeli breakthrough that will prevent blindness in the elderly – Ynetnews

A groundbreaking experiment conducted at Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem using embryonic stem cells has succeeded in preventing blindness in the elderly. The researchers used stem cells to transplant retinal pigment cells into older patients with vision impairment.

Retinal degeneration in older age is a particularly common disease in the Western world. 30 percent of adults older than 75 suffer from it, and 6 to 8 percent of them suffer from total vision loss.

(Photo: Shutterstock)

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from in vitro fertilized embryos. When the couple decides they do not want to expand the family unit anymore, frozen embryos can be used to isolate the stem cells. These cells are unique because during pregnancy they are the ones that actually form the body of the fetus, and they can serve as a source of transplantation for every cell in the human body.

Prof. Benjamin Reubinoff, director of the Hadassah Center for Embryonic Stem Cell Research and an expert in obstetrics and gynecology, founded a company called Cellcure, which focuses on developing embryonic stem cell transplantation in patients with incurable diseases in the nervous system and the eyes.

Prof. Reubinoff and Prof. Eyal Banin, director of the Center for Retinal Degeneration Diseases at Hadassah's Department of Ophthalmology, began performing transplantations in five patients. Using imaging, they found that the transplanted cells were successfully absorbed into the retina.

"This is a great achievement for us. The vision of the elderly has remained stable and has not deteriorated as it would have without the transplant," explained Prof. Reubinoff. "If the treatment is proven to be effective, we will implant the cells at an early stage of the disease, thereby preventing millions of elderly people around the world from losing their sight."

Despite the success of the trial, the researchers believe it will take more time for the treatment to be available to all patients. "We will also have to prove safety and efficacy before we make it effective for everyone," concluded Prof. Reubinoff.

(Translated and edited by N. Elias)

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The Israeli breakthrough that will prevent blindness in the elderly - Ynetnews

Stem cells in plants and animals behave surprisingly similarly – Science Daily

Technology Networks

Stem cells in plants and animals behave surprisingly similarly Science Daily One of the prize winners, Shinya Yamanaka, had demonstrated how to externally manipulate cells to return to an embryonic stem cell state by increasing the concentration of certain proteins. Turning back the clock this way has enormous potential in ... Global Human Embryonic Stem Cells Market 2017: Government Initiatives & Medical Tourism are Accelerating this ...MilTech The Israeli breakthrough that will prevent blindness in the elderlyYnetnews UK's Largest Resource of Human Stem Cells from Healthy Donors ...Technology Networks all 17 news articles »

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Stem cells in plants and animals behave surprisingly similarly - Science Daily

Three-dimensional system enabling the maintenance and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under … – Science Advances

The development of in vitro models for the maintenance and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is an active area of stem cell research. The strategies used so far are based mainly on two-dimensional (2D) cultures, in which cellular phenotypes are regulated by soluble factors. We show that a 3D culture system with atelocollagen porous scaffolds can significantly improve the outcome of the current platforms intended for the maintenance and lineage specification of mouse PSCs (mPSCs). Unlike 2D conditions, the 3D conditions maintained the undifferentiated state of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) without exogenous stimulation and also supported endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm differentiation of mESCs under serum-free conditions. Moreover, 3D mPSCderived mesodermal cells showed accelerated osteogenic differentiation, giving rise to functional osteoblast-osteocyte populations within calcified structures. The present strategy offers a 3D platform suitable for the formation of organoids that mimic in vivo organs containing various cell types, and it may be adaptable to the generation of ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived tissues when combined with appropriate differentiation treatments.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

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Three-dimensional system enabling the maintenance and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under ... - Science Advances

Uncovering the genetic mechanisms driving embryonic development – Medical Xpress

May 11, 2017 by Kevin Mccullough Ali Shilatifard, PhD, the Robert Francis Furchgott Professor and chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, was the senior author of the study that explored the activation of Hox genes in early embryonic development.

A new Northwestern Medicine study, published in Genes and Development, has identified two DNA elements crucial to the activation of a set of genes that drive the early development of embryos, and which also play an important role in the development of cancer cells.

So-called Hox genes are a related group that control the body plan of a developing embryo; in humans, they regulate the orientation and structure of the vertebrae and spinal cord as well as the location and growth of limbs. Previously, however, the question of how Hox genes become activated, moving from a silent form to an active form, have been poorly-understood by scientists.

"Hox genes are not only crucial for the proper development of the embryo but also play essential roles in tumor formation and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms that trigger the expression of Hox genes could help us develop novel therapeutic approaches against cancer," said first-author Kaixiang Cao, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Ali Shilatifard, PhD, the Robert Francis Furchgott Professor and chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics.

In the study, the authors present several experiments that provide evidence for a model of embryonic development that utilizes multiple layers of regulation as a "fail-safe mechanism" to guarantee organisms develop properly.

First, the scientists identified two sequences of DNA, located in a so-called "gene desert" between functioning genes, and demonstrated how these sequences ensure activation of Hox genes.

Previously thought to be "junk DNA," the sequences of DNA found in gene deserts have recently been found to play important regulatory roles, and irregularities in these stretches of the genetic code have been associated with disease, including some forms of cancer.

After the scientists pinpointed these previously unidentified DNA sequences, named E1 and E2, they demonstrated they were acting as "shadow enhancers," and regulated the early expression of Hox genes.

Utilizing mouse embryonic stem cell models that had been modified to lack one or both of the sequences, the scientists showed that the two sequences worked redundantly: deletion of either the E1 or E2 sequence resulted in unaffected activation, but removing both E1 and E2 stopped the Hox genes from activating properly.

Separately, the scientists also demonstrated that a protein called SET1A, part of a family of enzymes called COMPASS, which have previously been shown to activate Hox genes, also regulates Hox gene activation: without SET1A, several Hox genes failed to activate.

According to the scientists, the E1/E2 regulation and the SET1A regulation of Hox genes appear to be independent of each other, and are part of a series of multiple regulatory processes that work together to fine-tune the activation of genes essential for the early growth of embryos.

"Future studies that identify small molecules targeting SET1A and factors functioning through the E1/E2 DNA sequences will be important for developing therapies for Hox gene disorders," Shilatifard said.

The project's insight into the process by which Hox genes are regulated, has the potential to identify targets for new treatments for developmental diseases caused by dysfunction in Hox genes, as well as forms of cancer that arise from Hox gene errors, according to the authors.

Explore further: Molecular 'on switch' could point to treatments for pediatric brain tumor

More information: Kaixiang Cao et al. SET1A/COMPASS and shadow enhancers in the regulation of homeotic gene expression, Genes & Development (2017). DOI: 10.1101/gad.294744.116

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Uncovering the genetic mechanisms driving embryonic development - Medical Xpress

Science | UM researchers develop new technology for stem cell storage – Macau Daily Times

Home | Macau | Science | UM researchers develop new technology for stem cell storage

UM researchers have developed a new technology for cell storage and transport

The University of Macau (UM) Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) has developed a technology that enables the storage of stem cells at room temperature for at least seven days without the loss of viability or biological activities. According to a statement issued by UM, this new technology does not rely on the traditional cryopreservation method which requires costly equipment and tedious cryopreservation procedures, thus enabling cell storage and transport under ambient conditions.

Under professor Ren-He Xus supervision, doctoral student Jiang Bin and postdoctoral researcher Yan Li, both from the FHS, engaged in the research study titled Spheroidal Formation Preserves Human Stem Cells for Prolonged Environment under Ambient Conditions for Facile Storage and Transportation. Together with the participation of Chris Wong Koon Ho, an assistant professor at the FHS, they successfully developed the new technology. The related paper has been published in Biomaterials, a renowned international journal in the field of biological materials.

The study found that preparing human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) to form spheroids with the hanging-drop or other methods, can reduce the cell metabolism and increase cell viability. Stored in a sealed vessel filled with regular culture medium, under ambient conditions without oxygen supply, the viability of hMSC in spheroids remained over 90 percent even after 11 days. This method is also applicable to higher pluripotent human embryonic stem cells.

Stem cells are found in various locations of the body such as bone marrow, blood, brain, spinal cord, skin, and corneal limbus. They are responsible for regenerating and repairing damaged tissues and organs in the body. Transplantation of stem cells can restore damaged tissues and organs to their original functions. For this reason, stem cells have significant clinical value. However, they require strict culturing and storage conditions. Extended exposure (over 24 to 48 hours) to unfavorable temperature, humidity, or levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide will cause the cells to gradually lose their functions and viability.

Currently, long-distance cell transport mainly relies on the costly method of cryopreservation. For short-distance transport, cells can be prepared in suspension or adherent culture, but the number of cells that can be transported via this method is limited. Moreover, cell viability decreases dramatically after transport for 48 hours under ambient conditions.

The UM claims that the new technology developed by its researchers can overcome the above limitations. With this technology, a sufficient dose of stem cells that are being transported can be used in patients without the need to freeze stem cells before transport and to thaw, revive, and proliferate the transported stem cells, a statement from the institution reads.

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Science | UM researchers develop new technology for stem cell storage - Macau Daily Times

Identical twins; not-so-identical stem cells – Biotechin.Asia

A new twin study sheds light on what causes reprogrammed stem cells to have different epigenetic patterns Scientists turned to twins to compare the difference between iPSCs Credit: Pixabay

Salk scientists and collaborators have shed light on a longstanding question about what leads to variation in stem cells by comparing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from identical twins. Even iPSCs made from the cells of twins, they found, have important differences, suggesting that not all variation between iPSC lines is rooted in genetics, since the twins have identical genes.

Because they can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body, stem cells have the potential to be used to create healthy cells to treat a number of diseases. But stem cells come in two varieties: embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are isolated from embryos, and iPSCs, which are created in the lab from adult cells that are reprogrammed using mixtures of signaling molecules and are a promising tool for understanding disease and developing new treatments.

But stem cells come in two varieties: embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are isolated from embryos, and iPSCs, which are created in the lab from adult cells that are reprogrammed using mixtures of signaling molecules and are a promising tool for understanding disease and developing new treatments.

Although iPSCs resemble ESCs in most ways, scientists have found that iPSCs often have variations in their epigeneticsmethyl marks on the DNA that dictate when genes are expressed. These epigenetic markers arent the same between iPSCs and ESCs, or even between different lines of iPSCs. In the past, its been hard to determine what drives these differences.

When we reprogram cells, we see small differences when we compare them to stem cells that come from an embryo. We wanted to understand what types of differences are always there, what is causing them, and what they mean, says Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, a professor in Salks Gene Expression Laboratory and cosenior author, with Kelly Frazer of the University of California, San Diego, on the new paper, which was published in Cell Stem Cell in April 2017.

A better understanding of these differences will help researchers refine stem cell-based treatments for disease.

Izpisua Belmonte and Frazer, along with cofirst authors of the paper Athanasia Panopoulos, formerly a postdoctoral fellow at Salk and now at the University of Notre Dame, and Erin Smith of UCSD, turned to twins to help sort it out.

Although identical twins have the same genes as each other, their epigenomesthe collection of methyl marks studded in their DNAare different by the time they reach adulthood due in part to environmental factors. Reprogramming the skin cells of adult identical twins to their embryonic state eliminated most of these differences, the researchers found when they studied cells from three sets of twins. However, there were still key epigenetic differences between twins in terms of how the iPSCs compared to ESCs.

When the team looked more in depth at the spots of the genome where this variation between methyl marks tended to show up in twins, they found that they often fell near binding sites for a regulatory protein called MYC.

In the past, researchers had found lots of sites with variations in methylation status, but it was hard to figure out which of those sites had variation due to genetics, says Panopoulos. Here, we could focus more specifically on the sites we know have nothing to do with genetics. That new focus, she says, is what allowed them to home in on the MYC binding sites.

The MYC proteinwhich is one of the molecules used to reprogram iPSCs from adult cellslikely plays a role in dictating which sites in the genome are randomly methylated during the reprogramming process, the researchers hypothesized.

The twins enabled us to ask questions we couldnt ask before, says Panopoulos. Youre able to see what happens when you reprogram cells with identical genomes but divergent epigenomes, and figure out what is happening because of genetics, and what is happening due to other mechanisms.

The findings help scientists better understand the processes involved in reprogramming cells and the differences between iPSCs and ESCs, which has implications on future studies aiming to understand the specific causes and consequences of these changes, and the way iPSCs are being used for research and therapeutics.

Source: Salk Institute

The original paper can be accessed here.

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Identical twins; not-so-identical stem cells - Biotechin.Asia

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market by 2022 -Growth … – MilTech

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market is expected to witness growth of international market with respect to advancements and innovations including development history, competitive analysis and regional development forecast.

The report starts with a basic Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) market overview. In this introductory section, the research report incorporates analysis of definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure.

In depth analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Marketis a crucial thing for various stakeholders like investors, CEOs, traders, suppliers and others.

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market split by product type,with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

Adult Sources

Fetal Sources

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market split by application,report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) in each application and can be divided into

Regenerative Medicine

Stem Cell Biology Research

Tissue Engineering

Toxicology Testing

Browse more detail information about Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market at:http://www.360marketupdates.com/10570506

To begin with, the report elaborates the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market overview. Various definitions and classification of the industry, applications of the industry and chain structure are given. Present day status of the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market in key regions is stated and industry policies and news are analysed.

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Astellas Pharma Inc/ Ocata Therapeutics

STEMCELL Technologies

BIOTIME, INC

Thermo Fisher Scientific

CellGenix

ESI BIO

PromoCell

Lonza

Kite Pharma

Cynata

Sumanas

LifeCell

And Many Others

Get a PDF Sample of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Research Report at:http://www.360marketupdates.com/enquiry/request-sample/10570506

After the basic information, the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market report sheds light on the production. Production plants, their capacities, global production and revenue are studied. Also, the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market growth in various regions and R&D status are also covered.

Following are Major Table of Content of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Industry:

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Competition by Manufacturers

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2017-2022)

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2017-2022)

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Analysis by Application

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Further in the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Industry Analysis report, the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market is examined for price, cost and gross capacity. These three points are analysed for types, companies and regions. In continuation with this data sale price for various types, applications and region is also included. The Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market for major regions is given.

Scope of the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Industry on the basis of region:

The West

Southwest

The Middle Atlantic

New England

The South

The Midwest

Additionally, type wise and application wise consumption figures are also given. With the help of supply and consumption data, gap between these two is also explained.

To provide information on competitive landscape, this report includes detailed profiles of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market key players. For each player, product details, capacity, price, cost, gross and revenue numbers are given. Their contact information is provided for better understanding.

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Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market by 2022 -Growth ... - MilTech

Phys.org – embryonic stem cells

The formation of a human embryo starts with the fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm cell. This yields the zygote, the primordial cell that carries one copy each of the maternal and paternal genomes. However, this genetic ...

Scientists are getting closer to understanding how naked mole rats, the world's longest living rodent species, avoid cancer, which could lead to safer stem cell therapies for human diseases.

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have identified cell surface markers specific for the very earliest stem cells in the human embryo. These cells are thought to possess great potential for replacing damaged tissue but ...

Scientists have determined the first 3D structures of intact mammalian genomes from individual cells, showing how the DNA from all the chromosomes intricately folds to fit together inside the cell nuclei.

University of Tsukuba-led researchers explored the function of the reprogramming factor KLF4 in production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). KLF4 was shown to bind upstream of the Tcl1 target gene, which controls ...

Scientists at the University of Cambridge have managed to create a structure resembling a mouse embryo in culture, using two types of stem cells - the body's 'master cells' - and a 3D scaffold on which they can grow.

An International Reserach Team coordinated by Igb-Cnr has discovered a key role of vitamins and amino acids in pluripotent stem cells. The research is published in Stem Cell Reports, and may provide new insights in cancer ...

A new nanofiber-on-microfiber matrix could help produce more and better quality stem cells for disease treatment and regenerative therapies.

A new report from the Stowers Institute for Medical Research chronicles the embryonic origins of planaria, providing new insight into the animal's remarkable regenerative abilities.

Freiburg plant biologist Prof. Dr. Thomas Laux and his research group have published an article in the journal Developmental Cell presenting initial findings on how shoot stem cells in plants form during embryogenesis, the ...

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo known as a blastocyst. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 45 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50150 cells.

Embryonic Stem (ES) cells are pluripotent. This means they are able to differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult body. Pluripotency distinguishes ES cells from multipotent progenitor cells found in the adult; these only form a limited number of cell types. When given no stimuli for differentiation, (i.e. when grown in vitro), ES cells maintain pluripotency through multiple cell divisions. The presence of pluripotent adult stem cells remains a subject of scientific debate; however, research has demonstrated that pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.

Because of their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, ES cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. However Diseases treated by these non-embryonic stem cells include a number of blood and immune-system related genetic diseases, cancers, and disorders; juvenile diabetes; Parkinson's; blindness and spinal cord injuries. Besides the ethical concerns of stem cell therapy (see stem cell controversy), there is a technical problem of graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, these problems associated with histocompatibility may be solved using autologous donor adult stem cells or via therapeutic cloning.

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Phys.org - embryonic stem cells