Category Archives: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells


QurAlis Announces Appointment of New Chief Medical Officer and Formation of Clinical Advisory Board – BioSpace

Oct. 29, 2020 12:00 UTC

Rare disease and neurology expert Dr. Angela Genge to lead QurAlis clinical R&D for ALS and FTD

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- QurAlis Corporation, a biotech company focused on developing precision medicines for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurologic diseases, today announced the appointment of Angela Genge, MD, FRCP(C), eMBA to the position of Chief Medical Officer (CMO). Dr. Genge is the Executive Director of the Montreal Neurological Institutes Clinical Research Unit and the Director of Montreal Neurological Hospitals ALS Global Center of Excellence.

The company also announced the formation of its Clinical Advisory Board, which will work closely with Dr. Genge on QurAlis clinical research and development programs in ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as the company prepares to move its pipeline to the clinical stage.

As QurAlis grows and advances quickly toward the clinic, we are proud to welcome to the team Dr. Genge, a world-renowned expert in ALS clinical drug development, and announce the highly esteemed group of ALS experts who will be forming our Clinical Advisory Board, said Kasper Roet, PhD, Chief Executive Officer of QurAlis. Dr. Genge has been treating patients and studying and developing therapeutics and clinical trials for ALS and other rare neurologic diseases for more than 25 years, diligently serving these vulnerable patient populations. Along with our newly formed Clinical Advisory Board, having a CMO with this extensive expertise, understanding and experience is invaluable to our success. Dr. Genge and our Board members are tremendous assets for our team who will undoubtedly help us advance on the best path toward the clinic, and we look forward to working with them to conquer ALS.

Previously, Dr. Genge directed other clinics at the Montreal Neurological Hospital including the Neuromuscular Disease Clinic and the Neuropathic Pain Clinic. In 2014, she was a Distinguished Clinical Investigator in Novartis Global Neuroscience Clinical Development Unit, and she has served as an independent consultant for dozens of companies developing and launching neurological therapeutics. Dr. Genge has served in professorial positions at McGill University since 1994.

At this pivotal period in its journey, QurAlis is equipped with a strong, committed leadership team and promising precision medicine preclinical assets, and I look forward to joining the company as CMO, said Dr. Genge. This is an exciting opportunity to further strengthen my work in ALS and other neurological diseases, and I intend to continue innovating and expanding possibilities for the treatment of rare neurological diseases alongside the dedicated QurAlis team.

QurAlis new Clinical Advisory Board Members are:

Dr. Al-Chalabi is a Professor of Neurology and Complex Disease Genetics at the Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Head of the Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, and Director of the Kings Motor Neuron Disease Care and Research Centre. Dr. Al-Chalabi trained in medicine in Leicester and London, and subsequently became a consultant neurologist at Kings College Hospital.

Dr. Andrews is an Associate Professor of Neurology in the Division of Neuromuscular Medicine at Columbia University, and serves as the Universitys Director of Neuromuscular Clinical Trials. She currently oversees neuromuscular clinical trials and cares for patients with neuromuscular disease, primarily with ALS. Dr. Andrews is the elected co-chair of the Northeastern ALS (NEALS) Consortium and is also elected to the National Board of Trustees of the ALS Association.

Dr. Cudkowicz is the Julianne Dorn Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School and Chief of Neurology and Director of the Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass General Hospital. As co-founder and former co-chair of the Northeast ALS Consortium, she accelerated the development of ALS treatments for people with ALS, leading pioneering trials using antisense oligonucleotides, new therapeutic treatments and adaptive trial designs. Through the Healey Center at Mass General, she is leading the first platform trial for people with ALS.

Dr. Shaw serves as Director of the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Translational Neuroscience for Chronic Neurological Disorders, and the Sheffield Care and Research Centre for Motor Neuron Disorders. She also serves as Consultant Neurologist at the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Since 1991, she has led a major multidisciplinary program of research investigating genetic, molecular and neurochemical factors underlying neurodegenerative disorders of the human motor system.

Dr. Van Damme is a Professor of Neurology and director of the Neuromuscular Reference Center at the University Hospital Leuven in Belgium. He directs a multidisciplinary team for ALS care and clinical research that is actively involved in ALS clinical trials, but is also working on the genetics of ALS, biomarkers of ALS, and disease mechanisms using different disease models, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells.

Dr. van den Berg is a professor of neurology who holds a chair in experimental neurology of motor neuron diseases at the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands. He also is director of the centers Laboratory for Neuromuscular Disease, director of the Netherlands ALS Center, chairman of the Neuromuscular Centre the Netherlands, and chairman of the European Network to Cure ALS (ENCALS), a network of the European ALS Centres.

About ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrigs disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. ALS breaks down nerve cells, reducing muscle function and causing loss of muscle control. ALS can be traced to mutations in over 25 different genes and is often caused by a combination of multiple sub-forms of the condition. Its average life expectancy is three years, and there is currently no cure for the disease.

About QurAlis Corporation

QurAlis is bringing hope to the ALS community by developing breakthrough precision medicines for this devastating disease. Our stem cell technologies generate proprietary human neuronal models that enable us to more effectively discover and develop innovative therapies for genetically validated targets. We are advancing three antisense and small molecule programs addressing sub-forms of the disease that account for the majority of patients. Together with a world-class network of thought leaders, drug developers and patient advocates, our team is rising to the challenge of conquering ALS. http://www.quralis.com

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QurAlis Announces Appointment of New Chief Medical Officer and Formation of Clinical Advisory Board - BioSpace

AgeX Therapeutics Sublicenses Stem Cell Line ESI-053 to ImStem Biotechnology for Development of Cell Therapy Candidate IMS001 for COVID-19 and Acute…

Oct. 28, 2020 12:00 UTC

ALAMEDA, Calif. & FARMINGTON, Conn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.(AgeX: NYSE American: AGE), a biotechnology company developing innovative regenerative therapeutics to treat human diseases to increase healthspan and combat the effects of aging, and Imstem Biotechnology, Inc. (ImStem), a biopharmaceutical company developing embryonic stem cell (ESC) derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), today announced that ImStem has obtained from AgeX a non-exclusive, royalty-bearing sublicense to use AgeXs clinical-grade ESC line ESI-053 to derive ImStems investigational MSC product candidate IMS001 for development in COVID-19 as well as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from other causes.

ImStem will endeavor to file one or more investigational new drug (IND) applications for IMS001 in COVID-19 and/or ARDS with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or equivalent EU regulatory agency within 18 months. Under the agreement, AgeX will be entitled to receive revenues in the form of royalties on the sale of IMS001 if successfully developed by ImStem and approved for marketing by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, as well as a share of certain other revenues that ImStem may receive in connection with the development or commercialization of IMS001, in COVID-19 and ARDS.

This latest sublicensing arrangement between AgeX and ImStem is a continuation of AgeXs strategy to expand access to its ESI stem cell lines for use in the generation of cellular therapies. An ImStem publication in Stem Cell Reports (2014;3:115-130) showed in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis that MSCs derived from ESCs outperformed adult bone marrow MSCs. This ultimately led to research and commercial sublicense agreements for the ESI-053 ESC line by ImStem to develop IMS001 as an allogeneic, off-the-shelf and industrially scalable MSC product candidate. Earlier this year, the FDA cleared an IND application for IMS001 in multiple sclerosis. IMS001 is believed to be the first MSC product derived from an ESC line to be accepted for a human trial by the FDA.

Results from early clinical studies conducted in China by unrelated groups using different MSC products suggest MSCs warrant further exploration in COVID-19. First, a human study published in Aging and Disease (2020;11:216-228) showed that an intravenous infusion of adult-derived MSCs reduced COVID-19 symptoms and improved functional outcomes in seven treated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The MSCs appeared to be safe and well tolerated. Second, a clinical study published in Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2020;11:361) demonstrated that 12 severe COVID-19 patients who received an infusion of umbilical cord MSCs recovered without requiring mechanical ventilation and were discharged home. Even before being explored in COVID-19, MSCs were being investigated as a therapeutic option in ARDS, and emerging data in preclinical models is encouraging. However, the manufacturing scalability of adult MSCs may limit their use. ARDS is a respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and increased endothelial and epithelial permeability to protein, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs, hemorrhage, cell injury, diffuse alveolar damage, and blockage of oxygen from getting to vital organs. ARDS affects around 200,000 patients in the U.S. every year, accounts for 10% of intensive care admissions, and has a mortality of approximately 40%, with 75,000 deaths in the U.S. annually. No specific direct therapies exist for ARDS and only supportive treatment is available.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact hundreds of millions of people, with many countries now in the midst of a second wave. Antivirals, antibodies and cell therapies may all ultimately play a role in combating this disease, depending upon severity or stage. We are glad to expand our relationship with ImStem, so it can now utilize AgeXs ESI-053 stem cell line to develop its cell therapy candidate IMS001 for COVID-19 as well as acute respiratory distress syndrome more broadly, said Dr. Nafees Malik, Chief Operating Officer of AgeX. This latest sublicense is an example of AgeXs strategy to place our technologies in the hands of high-quality industry and academic partners, with this deal marking the sixth research and commercial arrangement AgeX has entered into this year.

The ESI stem cell lines are distinguished as the first clinical-grade human pluripotent stem cell lines created under current Good Manufacturing Practice as described in Cell Stem Cell (2007;1:490-4). They are listed on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stem Cell Registry and are among the best characterized and documented stem cell lines in the world. ESI cells are among only a few pluripotent stem cell lines from which a derived cell therapy product candidate has been granted FDA IND clearance for human studies.

We welcome the opportunity to continue to collaborate with AgeX and explore future development of our mesenchymal stem cell IMS001 product in COVID-19 and ARDS from other causes. Importantly, our product may overcome the important issue of limited manufacturing scalability associated with adult tissue derived MSCs, commented Xiaofang Wang, M.D., Chief Technology Officer of ImStem Biotechnology.

About AgeX Therapeutics

AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. (NYSE American: AGE) is focused on developing innovative regenerative therapeutics to treat human diseases to increase healthspan and combat the effects of aging. AgeXs PureStem and UniverCyte manufacturing and immunotolerance technologies are designed to work together to generate highly-defined, universal, allogeneic, off-the-shelf pluripotent stem cell-derived young cells of any type for application in a variety of diseases with a high unmet medical need. AgeX has two preclinical cell therapy programs: AGEX-VASC1 (vascular progenitor cells) for tissue ischemia and AGEX-BAT1 (brown fat cells) for Type II diabetes. AgeXs revolutionary longevity platform induced Tissue Regeneration (iTR) aims to unlock cellular immortality and regenerative capacity to reverse age-related changes within tissues. HyStem is AgeXs delivery technology intended to stably engraft PureStem derived cell therapies in the body. AgeX is seeking opportunities to establish licensing and collaboration arrangements around its broad IP estate and proprietary technology platforms and therapy product candidates.

For more information, please visit http://www.agexinc.com or connect with the company on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and YouTube.

About ImStem Biotechnology

ImStem Biotechnology, Inc. is aspiring to revolutionize how serious diseases with significant unmet needs are treated with a new generation of regenerative and cellular therapies. Pioneering research by its current founder and Chief Technology Officer Dr. Xiaofang Wang and Dr. Ren-He Xu, former director of UConn Stem Cell Institute, led to the proprietary state-of-the-art pluripotent stem cell technology, enabling off-the-shelf, allogeneic stem cell-derived products to be manufactured in scale, differentiating itself from the typical challenges imposed by autologous adult cell therapy products. The company's mission is to advance the science and understanding of human pluripotent stem cell based regenerative cellular therapies through novel and creative development pathways and to fulfill unmet medical needs in serious diseases. And its development strategy focuses on neurologic, autoimmune, degenerative, and rare orphan diseases. ImStem Biotechnology Inc. is a privately held company headquartered in Farmington, CT.

For more information, please visit http://www.imstem.com.

About ES Cell International

ESI ES Cell International Pte Ltd (ESI). Established in 2000, ESI, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc., developed ESI hESC lines in compliance with the principles of current Good manufacturing Practices and has made them available to various biopharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions, including AgeX. These ESI cell lines are extensively characterized and most of the lines have documented and publicly available genomic sequences.

Forward-Looking Statements for AgeX

Certain statements contained in this release are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statements that are not historical fact including, but not limited to statements that contain words such as will, believes, plans, anticipates, expects, estimates should also be considered forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements and as such should be evaluated together with the many uncertainties that affect the business of AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiaries, particularly those mentioned in the cautionary statements found in more detail in the Risk Factors section of AgeXs most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commissions (copies of which may be obtained at http://www.sec.gov). Subsequent events and developments may cause these forward-looking statements to change. In addition, with respect to AgeXs sublicense agreement with ImStem there is no assurance that (i) ImStem will be successful in developing therapeutic products from the ESI-053 stem cell line sublicensed from AgeX or that any therapeutic products that may be developed will receive FDA or foreign regulatory approval, (ii) any therapeutic products that may be developed will be successfully commercialized, or (iii) AgeX will derive revenue or other financial benefits from the sublicense agreement. AgeX specifically disclaims any obligation or intention to update or revise these forward-looking statements as a result of changed events or circumstances that occur after the date of this release, except as required by applicable law.

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AgeX Therapeutics Sublicenses Stem Cell Line ESI-053 to ImStem Biotechnology for Development of Cell Therapy Candidate IMS001 for COVID-19 and Acute...

Bayer Acquires AskBio for Up to $4 Billion to Expand Gene Therapy Platform – BioSpace

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Bayer is making a big bet on gene therapy with the acquisition of North Carolina-based Asklepios BioPharmaceutical (AskBio). Bayer is paying $2 billion upfront for AskBio's AAV-based gene therapy pipeline of treatments for Pompe disease, among others, and could pay an additional $2 billion in potential milestones.

AskBios Pro10 AAV manufacturing process has become something of a standard across the industry. The platform is used by multiple companies, including Pfizer, Takeda and Viralgen Vector Core SA. The company holds over 500 patents in areas such as AAV production, chimeric vectors and self-complementary DNA. AskBios technology has already seen regulatory success. It initially developed the gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy that Illinois-based AveXis, a subsidiary of Novartis, won approval for from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019. AskBios lead research programs, which are focused on Pompe disease, Parkinsons disease and congestive heart failure are currently in early phases of clinical development.

Under terms of the deal, Bayer will own full rights to AskBios pipeline of treatments for Pompe disease, Parkinsons disease, as well as therapies for neuromuscular, central nervous system, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. AskBio will remain an autonomous company under the Bayer umbrella and will operate on an arms-length basis, Bayer said this morning. AskBio Chief Executive Officer Sheila Mikhail noted that her company will retain its independent structure, which she said will allow them to provide accelerated development of gene therapies to treat more patients who can benefit from them.

Our innovation in capsid re-engineering and promoter design, coupled with our scaled manufacturing processes, gives us the tools to provide gene therapy solutions to more people suffering from a wider spectrum of disease that is not being adequately treated today, added Richard Jude Samulski, AskBios chief scientific officer. Samulski was the first scientist to clone AAV.

The acquisition of AskBio will bolster Bayers cell and gene therapy business and will lay the foundation for future partnerships in the area of adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapies, Bayer said. Besides multiple clinical-stage assets for indications with highly unmet needs, the acquisition includes a state-of-the-art gene therapy technology platform as well as existing gene therapy manufacturing platform, the company added.

The addition of AskBio will complement Bayers other cell and gene therapy company, BlueRock Therapeutics, which it acquired last year. BlueRock is developing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), with its most advanced program aimed at Parkinsons disease.

Werner Baumann, chairman of the Board of Management at Bayer, said the acquisition of AskBio significantly advances the establishment of a cell and gene therapy platform that can be at the forefront of breakthrough science and contribute to the development of therapies that can prevent or cure diseases caused by genetic defects. Baumann said the goal is in line with the companys purpose of science for a better life.

As part of our strategy, we are building new therapeutic platforms including cell and gene therapies, Stefan Oelrich, president of the Bayers Pharmaceuticals Division said in a statement. As an emerging leader in the rapidly advancing field of gene therapies, the expertise and portfolio of AskBio supports us in establishing highly innovative treatment options for patients and further strengthens our portfolio. We want to help patients whose medical needs are not yet met by todays treatment options and we are looking forward to work together with the team at AskBio.

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Bayer Acquires AskBio for Up to $4 Billion to Expand Gene Therapy Platform - BioSpace

Trends in the Ready To Use Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market 2020-2020 – Eurowire

The global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells market 2020 mainly focuses on the market trend, market share, size and forecast. It is a brief and professional analysis on the current scenario of the Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells market.

The report on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells market is a comprehensive study on global market analysis and insights. The report focuses on the emerging trends in the global and regional spaces on all the significant components, such as market capacity, cost, price, demand and supply, production, profit, and competitive landscape. The report analyzes past trends and future prospects in this report which makes it highly comprehensible for the analysis of the market. Moreover, the latest trends, product portfolio, demographics, geographical segmentation, and regulatory framework of the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells market have also been included in the study.

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The report gives a look at the recent developments and their innovations in the global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The report presents the basic overview of the industry which includes the definition, manufacturing along with its applications.

The report mainly comprises the recent marketing factors that are crucial to keep an eye on to analyze the market performance to fuel the profitability and productivity of the industry.

The report enhances its focus on the estimates of 2020-2026 market development trends of the Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Furthermore, an analysis of arduous raw materials, demand and production value has been laid out.

Market segmentation:

Research analysts have studied and analyzed the report on these 3 segments which cover the market share, revenues, growth rate along with the other factors that uplift the growth rate in Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells market. This study will lead in identifying the high growth areas as well as in identifying the growth factors which are helping in leading these segments.

The major players profiled in this report include: BlueRock Therapeutics Corning Life Sciences EMD Millipore Lonza Group Promega Thermo Fisher Scientific

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This research is a comprehensive way to understand the current landscape of the market, especially in 2020. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches are employed to estimate the complete market size. This will help all the market stakeholders to have a better understanding of the direction in which the market will be headed and future forecast.

The end users/applications and product categories analysis: On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into- General Type

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for each application, including- Medical

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Reasons to purchase this report:

It provides market dynamics scenario along with growth opportunities in the forecast period.

It determines upcoming opportunities, threats and obstacles that can have an effect on the industry.

This report will help in making accurate and time bound business plans keeping in mind the economic shift.

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To enhance the creation long term business plans.

Regional and country level analysis.

Segment wise market value and volume.

SWOT, PEST analysis along with the strategies adopted by major players.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview

1.1 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Introduction

1.2 Market Analysis by Type

1.2.1 Overview: Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue by Type: 2015 VS 2019 VS 2025

1.2.2 Coat/Jacket

1.2.3 Pants

1.2.4 Vest

1.3 Market Analysis by Application

1.3.1 Overview: Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue by Application: 2015 VS 2019 VS 2025

1.3.2 Indoor Firefighting

1.3.3 Wild Firefighting

1.3.4 Marine Firefighting

1.3.5 Others

1.4 Overview of Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market

1.4.1 Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market Status and Outlook (2015-2025)

1.4.2 North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

1.4.3 Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia and Italy)

1.4.4 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

1.4.5 South America, Middle East & Africa

1.5 Market Dynamics

1.5.1 Market Opportunities

1.5.2 Market Risk

1.5.3 Market Driving Force

2 Manufacturers Profiles

3.3 Market Concentration Rate

3.3.1 Top 3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Manufacturer Market Share in 2019

3.3.2 Top 6 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Manufacturer Market Share in 2019

3.4 Market Competition Trend

4 Global Market Analysis by Regions

4.1 Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions

4.1.1 Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

4.1.2 Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

4.2 North America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

4.3 Europe Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

4.4 Asia-Pacific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

4.5 South America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

4.6 Middle East and Africa Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

5 North America by Country

5.1 North America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country

5.1.1 North America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)

5.1.2 North America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)

5.2 United States Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

5.3 Canada Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

5.4 Mexico Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

6 Europe by Country

6.1 Europe Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country

6.1.1 Europe Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)

6.1.2 Europe Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)

6.2 Germany Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

6.3 UK Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

6.4 France Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

6.5 Russia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

6.6 Italy Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7 Asia-Pacific by Regions

7.1 Asia-Pacific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions

7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

7.2 China Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7.3 Japan Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7.4 Korea Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7.5 India Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7.6 Southeast Asia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7.7 Australia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

8 South America by Country

8.1 South America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country

8.1.1 South America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)

8.1.2 South America Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)

8.2 Brazil Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

8.3 Argentina Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

9 Middle East & Africa by Countries

9.1 Middle East & Africa Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country

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Trends in the Ready To Use Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market 2020-2020 - Eurowire

How Will the Virus Epidemic Cause Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Market 2020 – The Think Curiouser

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) market research report provides the details about Industry Chain structure, Market Competition, Market Size and Share, SWOT Analysis, Technology, Cost, Raw Materials, Consumer Preference, Development and Trends, Regional Forecast, Company and Profile and Product and Service.

This report includes the estimation of market size for value (million USD) and volume (K Units). Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been used to estimate and validate the market size of Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) market, to estimate the size of various other dependent submarkets in the overall market. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified primary sources.

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The Global Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Market focuses on global major leading industry players providing information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information along with the raw materials, equipment and demands. Also the distribution channel of this market is analyzed.

Through the tables and figure required reliable and valuable statistics has also shown for proper guidance and direction for investors and individuals.

Major Points covered in this report are as below

The study objectives are:

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How Will the Virus Epidemic Cause Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Market 2020 - The Think Curiouser

Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market to Expand at a Healthy CAGR of XX% Between and 2019 2029 – Eurowire

Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market report 2018, discusses various factors driving or restraining the market, which will help the future market to grow with promising CAGR. The Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market research Reports offers an extensive collection of reports on different markets covering crucial details. The report studies the competitive environment of the Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market is based on company profiles and their efforts on increasing product value and production.

This Report covers the manufacturers data, including: shipment, price, revenue, gross profit, interview record, business distribution etc., these data help the consumer know about the competitors better. This report also covers all the regions and countries of the world, which shows a regional development status, including market size, volume and value, as well as price data.

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The report analyzes the market of Stem Cell-Derived Cells by main manufactures and geographic regions. The report includes Stem Cell-Derived Cells definitions, classifications, applications, and industry chain structure, development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development and market status.

By Market Players:

key players in stem cell-derived cells market are focused on generating high-end quality cardiomyocytes as well as hepatocytes that enables end use facilities to easily obtain ready-made iPSC-derived cells. As the stem cell-derived cells market registers a robust growth due to rapid adoption in stem cellderived cells therapy products, there is a relative need for regulatory guidelines that need to be maintained to assist designing of scientifically comprehensive preclinical studies. The stem cell-derived cells obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are initially dissociated into a single-cell suspension and later frozen in vials. The commercially available stem cell-derived cell kits contain a vial of stem cell-derived cells, a bottle of thawing base and culture base.

The increasing approval for new stem cell-derived cells by the FDA across the globe is projected to propel stem cell-derived cells market revenue growth over the forecast years. With low entry barriers, a rise in number of companies has been registered that specializes in offering high end quality human tissue for research purpose to obtain human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) derived cells. The increase in product commercialization activities for stem cell-derived cells by leading manufacturers such as Takara Bio Inc. With the increasing rise in development of stem cell based therapies, the number of stem cell-derived cells under development or due for FDA approval is anticipated to increase, thereby estimating to be the most prominent factor driving the growth of stem cell-derived cells market. However, high costs associated with the development of stem cell-derived cells using complete culture systems is restraining the revenue growth in stem cell-derived cells market.

The global Stem cell-derived cells market is segmented on basis of product type, material type, application type, end user and geographic region:

Segmentation by Product Type

Segmentation by End User

The stem cell-derived cells market is categorized based on product type and end user. Based on product type, the stem cell-derived cells are classified into two major types stem cell-derived cell kits and accessories. Among these stem cell-derived cell kits, stem cell-derived hepatocytes kits are the most preferred stem cell-derived cells product type. On the basis of product type, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes kits segment is projected to expand its growth at a significant CAGR over the forecast years on the account of more demand from the end use segments. However, the stem cell-derived definitive endoderm cell kits segment is projected to remain the second most lucrative revenue share segment in stem cell-derived cells market. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies followed by research and academic institutions is expected to register substantial revenue growth rate during the forecast period.

North America and Europe cumulatively are projected to remain most lucrative regions and register significant market revenue share in global stem cell-derived cells market due to the increased patient pool in the regions with increasing adoption for stem cell based therapies. The launch of new stem cell-derived cells kits and accessories on FDA approval for the U.S. market allows North America to capture significant revenue share in stem cell-derived cells market. Asian countries due to strong funding in research and development are entirely focused on production of stem cell-derived cells thereby aiding South Asian and East Asian countries to grow at a robust CAGR over the forecast period.

Some of the major key manufacturers involved in global stem cell-derived cells market are Takara Bio Inc., Viacyte, Inc. and others.

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Market analysis for the global Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market, with region-specific assessments and competition analysis on a global and regional scale.

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Stem Cell-Derived Cells Market to Expand at a Healthy CAGR of XX% Between and 2019 2029 - Eurowire

The Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market To Mark Robustness In The Form Of A Robust CAGR – KYT24

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The healthcare industry has been focusing on excessive research and development in the last couple of decades to ensure that the need to address issues related to the availability of drugs and treatments for certain chronic diseases is effectively met. Healthcare researchers and scientists at the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the Hong Kong University have successfully demonstrated the utilization of human induced pluripotent stem cells or hiPSCs from the skin cells of the patient for testing therapeutic drugs.

The success of this research suggests that scientists have crossed one more hurdle towards using stem cells in precision medicine for the treatment of patients suffering from sporadic hereditary diseases. iPSCs are the new generation approach towards the prevention and treatment of diseases that takes into account patients on an individual basis considering their genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environment. Along with the capacity to transform into different body cell types and same genetic composition of the donors, hiPSCs have surfaced as a promising cell source to screen and test drugs.

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In the present research, hiPSC was synthesized from patients suffering from a rare form of hereditary cardiomyopathy owing to the mutations in Lamin A/C related cardiomyopathy in their distinct families. The affected individuals suffer from sudden death, stroke, and heart failure at a very young age. As on date, there is no exact treatment available for this condition.

This team in Hong Kong tested a drug named PTC124 to suppress specific genetic mutations in other genetic diseases into the iPSC transformed heart muscle cells. While this technology is being considered as a breakthrough in clinical stem cell research, the team at Hong Kong University is collaborating with drug companies regarding its clinical application.

The unique properties of iPS cells provides extensive potential to several biopharmaceutical applications. iPSCs are also used in toxicology testing, high throughput, disease modeling, and target identification. This type of stem cell has the potential to transform drug discovery by offering physiologically relevant cells for tool discovery, compound identification, and target validation.

A new report by Persistence Market Research (PMR) states that the globalinduced pluripotent stem or iPS cell marketis expected to witness a strong CAGR of 7.0% from 2018 to 2026. In 2017, the market was worth US$ 1,254.0 Mn and is expected to reach US$ 2,299.5 Mn by the end of the forecast period in 2026.

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Customization to be the Key Focus of Market Players

Due to the evolving needs of the research community, the demand for specialized cell lines have increased to a certain point where most vendors offering these products cannot depend solely on sales from catalog products. The quality of the products and lead time can determine the choices while requesting custom solutions at the same time. Companies usually focus on establishing a strong distribution network for enabling products to reach customers from the manufacturing units in a short time period.

Entry of Multiple Small Players to be Witnessed in the Coming Years

Several leading players have their presence in the global market; however, many specialized products and services are provided by small and regional vendors. By targeting their marketing strategies towards research institutes and small biotechnology companies, these new players have swiftly established their presence in the market.

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The Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Market To Mark Robustness In The Form Of A Robust CAGR - KYT24

COVID-19 can affect the heart – Science Magazine

The family of seven known human coronaviruses are known for their impact on the respiratory tract, not the heart. However, the most recent coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has marked tropism for the heart and can lead to myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), necrosis of its cells, mimicking of a heart attack, arrhythmias, and acute or protracted heart failure (muscle dysfunction). These complications, which at times are the only features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical presentation, have occurred even in cases with mild symptoms and in people who did not experience any symptoms. Recent findings of heart involvement in young athletes, including sudden death, have raised concerns about the current limits of our knowledge and potentially high risk and occult prevalence of COVID-19 heart manifestations.

The four common cold human coronavirusesHCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1have not been associated with heart abnormalities. There were isolated reports of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS; caused by MERS-CoV) with myocarditis and a limited number of case series of cardiac disease in patients with SARS (caused by SARS-CoV) (1). Therefore, a distinct feature of SARS-CoV-2 is its more extensive cardiac involvement, which may also be a consequence of the pandemic and the exposure of tens of millions of people to the virus.

What appears to structurally differentiate SARS-CoV-2 from SARS is a furin polybasic site that, when cleaved, broadens the types of cells (tropism) that the virus can infect (2). The virus targets the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor throughout the body, facilitating cell entry by way of its spike protein, along with the cooperation of the cellular serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), heparan sulfate, and other proteases (3). The heart is one of the many organs with high expression of ACE2. Moreover, the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 is significantly greater than that of SARS (4). The tropism to other organs beyond the lungs has been studied from autopsy specimens: SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA was highest in the lungs, but the heart, kidney, and liver also showed substantial amounts, and copies of the virus were detected in the heart from 16 of 22 patients who died (5). In an autopsy series of 39 patients dying from COVID-19, the virus was not detectable in the myocardium in 38% of patients, whereas 31% had a high viral load above 1000 copies in the heart (6).

Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection can damage the heart both directly and indirectly (see the figure). SARS-CoV-2 exhibited a striking ability to infect cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro, leading to a distinctive pattern of heart muscle cell fragmentation, with complete dissolution of the contractile machinery (7). Some of these findings were verified from patient autopsy specimens. In another iPSC study, SARS-CoV-2 infection led to apoptosis and cessation of beating within 72 hours of exposure (8). Besides directly infecting heart muscle cells, viral entry has been documented in the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels to the heart and multiple vascular beds. A secondary immune response to the infected heart and endothelial cells (endothelitis) is just one dimension of many potential indirect effects. These include dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that modulates blood pressure, and activation of a proinflammatory response involving platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, with release of cytokines and a prothrombotic state. A propensity for clotting, both in the microvasculature and large vessels, has been reported in multiple autopsy series and in young COVID-19 patients with strokes.

There is a diverse spectrum of cardiovascular manifestations, ranging from limited necrosis of heart cells (causing injury), to myocarditis, to cardiogenic shock (an often fatal inability to pump sufficient blood). Cardiac injury, as reflected by concentrations of troponin (a cardiac musclespecific enzyme) in the blood, is common with COVID-19, occurring in at least one in five hospitalized patients and more than half of those with preexisting heart conditions. Such myocardial injury is a risk factor for in-hospital mortality, and troponin concentration correlates with risk of mortality. Furthermore, patients with higher troponin amounts have markers of increased inflammation [including C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and high neutrophil count] and heart dysfunction (amino-terminal pro-Btype natriuretic peptide) (9).

More worrisome than the pattern of limited injury is myocarditis: diffuse inflammation of the heart, usually representing a variable admixture of injury and the inflammatory response to the injury that can extend throughout the three layers of the human heart to the pericardium (which surrounds the heart). Unlike SARS-associated myocarditis, which did not exhibit lymphocyte infiltration, this immune and inflammatory response is a typical finding at autopsy after SARS-CoV-2 infections. Involvement of myocytes, which orchestrate electrical conduction, can result in conduction block and malignant ventricular arrhythmias, both of which can lead to cardiac arrest.

Along with such in-hospital arrythmias, there have been reports of increased out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and sudden death in multiple geographic regions of high COVID-19 spread, such as the 77% increase in Lombardy, Italy, compared with the prior year (10). There have been many reports of myocarditis simulating a heart attack, owing to the cluster of chest pain symptoms, an abnormal electrocardiogram, and increased cardiac-specific enzymes in the blood, even in patients as young as a 16-year-old boy. When there is extensive and diffuse heart muscle damage, heart failure, acute cor pulmonale (right heart failure and possible pulmonary emboli), and cardiogenic shock can occur.

COVID-19associated heart dysfunction can also be attributed to other pathways, including Takotsubo syndrome (also called stress cardiomyopathy), ischemia from endothelitis and related atherosclerotic plaque rupture with thrombosis, and the multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children (MIS-C). The underlying mechanism of stress cardiomyopathy is poorly understood but has markedly increased during the pandemic. MIS-C is thought to be immune-mediated and manifests with a spectrum of cardiovascular features, including vasculitis, coronary artery aneurysms, and cardiogenic shock. This syndrome is not exclusive to children because the same clinical features have been the subject of case reports in adults, such as in a 45-year-old man (11).

Recent series of COVID-19 patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or echocardiography of the heart have provided some new insights about cardiac involvement (1214). In a cohort of 100 patients recovered from COVID-19, 78 had cardiac abnormalities, including 12 of 18 patients without any symptoms, and 60 had ongoing myocardial inflammation, which is consistent with myocarditis (12). The majority of more than 1200 patients in a large prospective cohort with COVID-19 had echocardiographic abnormalities (13). This raises concerns about whether there is far more prevalent heart involvement than has been anticipated, especially because at least 30 to 40% of SARS-CoV-2 infections occur without symptoms. Such individuals may have underlying cardiac pathology.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has the potential to directly and indirectly induce cardiac damage.

To date, there have been four small series of asymptomatic individuals with bona fide infections who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) scans to determine whether there were lung abnormalities consistent with COVID-19. Indeed, half of the asymptomatic people showed lung CT features that were seen in patients with symptoms. But so far, there have been minimal cardiac imaging studies in people who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 or are seropositive but without symptoms. Furthermore, the time course of resolution or persistence of any organ abnormalities after SARS-CoV-2 infection has not yet been reported. With a high proportion of silent infections despite concurrent evidence of internal organ damage, there is a fundamental and large hole in our knowledge base.

In contrast to people without symptoms, there is a substantial proportion of people who suffer a long-standing, often debilitating illness, called long-COVID. Typical symptoms include fatigue, difficulty in breathing, chest pain, and abnormal heart rhythm. An immunologic basis is likely but has yet to be determined. Nor have such patients undergone systematic cardiovascular assessment for possible myocarditis or other heart abnormalities, such as fibrosis, which could account for some of the enduring symptoms. It would not be surprising in the future for patients to present with cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology and test positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, attributing such cardiomyopathy to the virus may be difficult given the high prevalence of infections, and ultimately a biopsy might be necessary to identify virus particles to support causality.

Cardiac involvement in athletes has further elevated the concerns. A 27-year-old professional basketball player, recovered from COVID-19, experienced sudden death during training. Several college athletes have been found to have myocarditis (14), including 4 of 26 (15%) in a prospective study from Ohio State University (15), along with one of major league baseball's top pitchers. Collectively, these young, healthy individuals had mild COVID-19 but were subsequently found to have unsuspected cardiac pathology. This same demographic groupyoung and healthyare the most common to lack symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infections, which raises the question of how many athletes have occult cardiac disease? Systematic assessment of athletes who test positive for SARS-CoV-2, irrespective of symptoms, with suitable controls through some form of cardiac imaging and arrhythmia screening seems prudent until more is understood.

The most intriguing question that arises is why do certain individuals have a propensity for heart involvement after SARS-CoV-2 infection? Once recognized a few months into the pandemic, the expectation was that cardiac involvement would chiefly occur in patients with severe COVID-19. Clearly, it is more common than anticipated, but the true incidence is unknown. It is vital to determine what drives this pathogenesis. Whether it represents an individual's inflammatory response, an autoimmune phenomenon, or some other explanation needs to be clarified. Beyond preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, the goal of averting cardiovascular involvement is paramount. The marked heterogeneity of COVID-19, ranging from lack of symptoms to fatality, is poorly understood. A newly emerged virus, widely circulating throughout the human population, with a panoply of disease manifestations, all too often occult, has made this especially daunting to unravel.

Acknowledgments: E.J.T. is supported by National Institutes of Health grant UL1 TR001114.

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COVID-19 can affect the heart - Science Magazine

Kobe Hospital Trials Transplant to Reverse Blindness A First in the World – JAPAN Forward

Kobe City Eye Hospital in Hyogo Prefecture announced on October 16 that it had performed the worlds first clinical trial transplant to reverse blindness. The transplant was performed in early October on a woman in her 60s from the Kansai region who had lost most of her eyesight.

The roughly two-hour surgery wrapped up as scheduled without the patient experiencing complications. It involved light responding photoreceptor cells that were taken from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).

The patient in this case suffered from pigmentary retinal degeneration, a rare eye disease. The surgery was successful and the patient is said to be in good condition.

Regeneration of the photoreceptor cells connected to the central nervous system had been a long-awaited dream come true. Although its a small step, I am touched and relieved that we were able to safely step forward, said Yasuo Kurimoto, who performed the operation.

I would be happy if it could provide hope to those waiting to receive the same treatment, the female patient was quoted as saying after the surgery.

In the clinical trial, iPS cells that form the source of photoreceptor cells were generated from a healthy donor. The visual cells were then cultivated into a sheet with a diameter of one millimeter, and transplanted in three slices into the retina of the patients eye.

The aim is for the cells to develop into healthy photoreceptor cells so that the patients eyesight will improve and she will be able to sense light. The team will observe the procedures safety and effectiveness over a one-year period.

So far, two instances in which iPS cells were transplanted to treat eye disorders in regenerative clinical trials have been conducted. However, this was the first time that visual cells were regenerated in order to treat the core of vision.

Pigmentary retinal degeneration is a progressive disease that narrows vision and leads to vision loss and blindness as the photoreceptor cells of the retina gradually die. It is a genetic disorder for which there is no treatment up to now.

With the implementation of photoreceptor cell transplants using iPS cells, the treatment of blindness through regenerative medicine has taken a giant step forward.

Although transplants for patients with untreatable eye diseases have been conducted in the past, this was a groundbreaking procedure because it challenged the regrowth of the core of the vision system.

In the past, clinical study surgeries on regenerative medicine for the eye using iPS cells had included transplanting pigment epithelial cells in order to nourish the retina, as well as transplants of corneal cells that could act as lenses for the eye. However, neither transplants involved cells that generated vision itself.

Photoreceptor cells are considered the source of vision, as they convert light stimuli into electrical signals that produce information about the colors and shapes of objects we see. The information is then transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. Without properly functioning photoreceptor cells, it would be impossible to see.

Directly connected to the central nervous system, photoreceptor cells, which have limited regenerative ability on their own, rarely recover naturally once the cells are damaged. That is why there is no fundamental treatment for pigmentary retinal degeneration, which loses the photoreceptor cells in the retina.

According to the Japan Ophthalmologists Association, there are an estimated 187,000 people in Japan with vision loss. If iPS cell-based regenerative medicine is realized, those who have lost their sight due to photoreceptor damage will be able to recover from blindness and at least see light again.

However, this time, the teams primary purpose for the surgery was to verify the fundamental safety and effectiveness of the procedure. The transplanted photoreceptor cells only take up a few percent of the area of the retina. Thus, the patients vision will not drastically improve in a short time.

Patients waiting for the procedure will have high expectations, but the safety and effectiveness of the treatment must be carefully examined before it can be put to practical use. There is hope now, but it will take some time before everyone can have access to the procedure.

Located inside the eyeball, photoreceptors are image-forming cells that make up the retina and play a central role in vision. Arranged in thin layers, the cells are capable of absorbing light that reaches the retina and then convert it into an electrical signal that is sent to the brain as information conveying the color or shape that is being viewed.

There are more than 100 million photoreceptors in each eye, but when a failure occurs, the vision is impaired and may lead to blindness if the condition becomes severe.

(Read the related articles in Japanese here and here.)

Author: Juichiro Ito

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Kobe Hospital Trials Transplant to Reverse Blindness A First in the World - JAPAN Forward

Rethinking the Link between Cannabinoids and Learning – Lab Manager Magazine

Fluorescent image of a mouse brain with the cerebellum highlighted in the shape of a marijuana leaf.

Illustration by Rita Flix, PhD

Cannabinoids have a strong influence on how our brains work and how we behave. Many people are only aware of the recreational aspect of cannabinoids. But in fact these molecules naturally exist in our brains where they participate in various intrinsic processes.

Altered cannabinoid signaling, for instance due to chronic use of marijuana, results in a range of impairments. Similarly, mice lacking cannabinoid receptors exhibit reduced activity levels, as well as deficits in learning and memory.

How do cannabinoids exact their effect on learning? A team led by Megan Carey, a principal investigator at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in Portugal, and Catarina Albergaria, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab, decided to tap into this question by investigating the brain mechanisms involved in a classical learning task called eyeblink conditioning.

In eyeblink conditioning, subjects learn to associate the appearance of a sensory stimulus, for example a flash of light, with a subsequent delivery of an airpuff to the eye. Once learned, the subjectin this case a mousecloses its eyes when the light appears to avoid the airpuff. "It's just like Pavlov's dog and the bell," says Albergaria.

Previous studies had established that this form of learning takes place in a brain structure called the cerebellum, and that it was impaired by altered cannabinoid signaling in both humans and mice. To study the role of cannabinoids in learning, the team used mutant mice lacking cannabinoid receptors, which show impaired eyeblink conditioning.

Why are these mice impaired? When they started, the researchers had an immediate suspect in mind. "Many studies support the idea that cannabinoids mediate neural plasticity, or experience-dependent changes in the connections between neurons," Carey explains. "We therefore first hypothesized that interfering with this process was what was driving the impairments in learning."

But like a good mystery novel, the immediate suspect turned out to be the wrong one. What was the real culprit? "In a study we published two years ago, we found that the more mice ran, the better they learned," Albergaria explains. The team began to suspect that the difference in learning might instead be due to the reduced activity levels of the mutant mice.

"We wondered whether the mutant mice weren't learning as well simply because they weren't active enough," Albergaria recalls. In the journal eLife, the team reports that the altered behavioral state of the mutants fully accounts for their impaired eyeblink conditioning. When the researchers placed the mice on a motorized treadmill that ensured that the mutants walked as much as normal mice, the results were striking: learning was completely restored.

The team also found that other cerebellar behaviors, locomotor coordination and learning, were normal in the cannabinoid mutants. Further, eyeblink conditioning was fully intact in mice that lacked cannabinoid receptors specifically within the cerebellum. "These experiments further supported our hypothesis that disrupted cannabinoid signaling was impairing learning by altering behavioral state, and not through direct effects on neural plasticity in the cerebellum," says Carey.

"There is a growing body of evidence that behavioral state profoundly influences brain function," says Carey. "Our study highlights the need to consider behavioral state as a powerful independent means through which individual genes contribute to complex behaviors."

"We were able to overcome a learning deficit associated with a genetic mutation with a purely behavioral intervention," adds Albergaria, suggesting a potential real-world consequence for these findings.

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Rethinking the Link between Cannabinoids and Learning - Lab Manager Magazine