National Post | From Down syndrome to 'near normal'? New Delhi clinic makes stem cell claims that worry experts National Post A New Delhi clinic that has claimed to help paralyzed Canadians walk again by injecting them with stem cells now says it can use the same treatment to make children with Down syndrome almost near normal. Nutech Mediworld says it has treated up to 16 ... |
A female patient in the US has grown a nose on her back following a failed experimental stem cell treatment that was intended to cure her paralysis. The nose-like growth, which was producing a thick mucus-like material, has recently been removed as it was pressing painfully on herspine. If you ever needed an example of the potential perils of stem cell therapy, and just how little we actually know about the function of stem cells, this is it. Its also notable that this stem cell therapy was carried out in a developed country, as part of an approved trial (apparently unwanted growths are more common in developing nations with less stringent medical safeguards).
Eight years ago, olfactory stem cells were taken from the patients nose and implanted in her spine. The stem cells were meant to turn into nerve cells that would help repair the womans spine, curing her of paralysis. Instead, it seems they decided to do what they were originally meant to do and attempt to build a nose. Over a number of years, the nose-like growth eventually became big enough and nosy enough to cause pain and discomfort to the patient. As reported by New Scientist, surgeons removed a 3-centimetre-long growth, which was found to be mainly nasal tissue, as well as bits of bone and tiny nerve branches that had not connected with the spinal nerves. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.5.SPINE13992 Autograft-derived spinal cord mass following olfactory mucosal cell transplantation in a spinal cord injury patient]
Your olfactory system. 1 is the olfactory bulb (the bit of your brain that processes smells); 6 is the olfactory receptors that bind to specific chemicals (odors). [Image credit: Wikipedia]
What went wrong, then? Basically, at the top of your nasal passages there is the olfactory mucosa. This region contains all of the machinery for picking up odors, and the neurons for sending all of that data off to your brains olfactory bulb for processing. Cells from this region can be easily and safely harvested, and with the correct processing they behave just like pluripotent embryonic stem cells that can develop into many other cell types. These olfactory stem cells could develop into cartilage, or mucus glands, or neurons. The researchers obviously wanted the latter, to cure the patients spinal nerve damage but seemingly they got it wrong, and thus she sprouted a second nose. Moving forward, newer olfactory stem cell treatments have an isolation stage to prevent this kind of thing from happening. [Read:The first 3D-printed human stem cells.]
Its important to note that medicine, despite being carried out primarily on humans, is still ultimately a scientific endeavor that requires a large amount of trial and error. In the western world, its very, very hard to get a stem cell therapy approved for human trials without lots of animal testing. Even then, the therapies are often only used on people who have nothing to lose. Obviously its hard to stomach news like this, and Im sure that stem cell critics will be quick to decry the Frankensteinian abomination created by these scientists. But when you think about the alternative no advanced medicine and significantly reduced lifespans for billions of people then really, such experimental treatments are nothing to sneeze at.
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Woman grows a nose on her spine after experimental stem ...
Stem Cell Treatment with Dr. Daley
As we age, our bodies go through wear and tear from sports, jobs, and previous injuries. Joints and tendons absorb the bulk of the abuse and unfortunately these tissues have limited ability to heal.
Joints often develop Osteoarthritis (OA), which is a destruction of the cartilage, which is the protective tissue of the joint. Once the cartilage is too thin or gone, bones rub together and cause pain. Unfortunately, OA is most common in the joints we use the most such as the knees.
Dr. Daley is among a select group of physicians around the country to offer Stem Cell treatment to relieve knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain and chronic tendonitis. Patients can benefit from a unique non-surgical procedure using the patients own stem cells for injections or surgical implantation of those cells. This treatment uses your own bodys repair mechanisms and growth factors to promote healing.
How can stem cells help me heal?
Adult stem cells have been helping your body heal your whole life. Your body naturally wants to help itself and most of the time it does. Unfortunately, there are some injuries that have a harder time healing especially as we get older. Taking a rich source of your own stem cells and concentrating them can enhance the healing capacity of your own body.
Where do adult stem cells reside in the body?
Stem cells reside in many tissues throughout your body, but the richest sources are found in your bone marrow. Fortunately, bone marrow can be harvested from several bones within your body and is relatively easy to access. Dr. Daley may choose to harvest cells from your bone marrow to treat your chronic knee pain.
Will the procedure regenerate cartilage in my joint?
There is some limited data suggesting an ability to regenerate cartilage in joints, but it also appears that whether or not the cartilage regenerates has little correlation with relief of pain. If there is significant spurring and significant loss of the joint space, there is little chance of cartilage regeneration.
During the procedure, Dr. Daley withdraws some blood from your bone, which contains stem cells from the bone marrow. This can be obtained from the hip or knee. The technique is fast and efficient, but most importantly provides a way to harness your bodys most powerful regenerative cells. The stem cells are then either injected or surgically implanted into the patients damaged joint. The stem cells are from the patients own body so the risk of rejection is very low.
Does the treatment consist of one injection or multiple injections?
Typically we do one stem cell injection, followed up 6 weeks later with a platelet rich plasma injection (blood drawn from your arm). If you are coming from out of town, this will be taken into consideration and may be modified. Our protocol is continually evolving, so this is ultimately decided on a case-by-case basis.
What is the success rate of a Stem Cell injection?
Experience has suggested most patients will have significant relief of pain around 1-2 months post injection. This will often continue to improve for the first 3-6 months after the stem cell procedure. There are patients who will not get any improvement at all from this procedure, probably around 10-20%. This is still a new treatment, and thus there are not a lot of long-term outcomes studies completed so far.
How do I know if I am a candidate?
Stem cell implantation may be recommended for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Typically these patients have failed other treatment options including rest, medications, other injections and physical therapy and are not anxious for total knee replacement.
Who is not a candidate for Stem Cells?
What are the risks?
The cells used in your treatment are your own cells. The processing of the bone marrow is only to remove the unwanted cells and concentrate the wanted cells. This is done in a sterile device approved to centrifuge bone marrow. You probably will experience some discomfort during the bone marrow aspiration and the treatment, which may persist for a few days. Your doctor will do everything possible to minimize pain. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have.
Before the Procedure:
After the Procedure:
Can I fly / drive home that day?
If you are flying (and you are not the pilot), you may fly home the same day, but there will be increased pain/discomfort after the procedure. If you are driving, you should have a driver, as there can be some mild to moderate discomfort in the first few hours following the procedure.
Stem Cell therapy is typically not covered by your insurance company. If you decide you want to explore this treatment option, you will first speak with one of our financial counselors. They assist you in determining if your insurance will pay for this procedure or if you will need to pay out of pocket for the treatment.
What should I do if I think Im a candidate?
If you live near one of Dr. Daleys offices in Hinsdale, New Lenox, or Joliet Illinois, we recommend scheduling an appointment for a consultation so that he can look at your radiology films (x-rays) and examine you to determine if you are a good candidate or not.
If you live more than 2-3 hours away, please work with your local health care professional to send us the following.
Send your images and records to us for review please include your name, address, phone number and email address. We will contact you with our recommendation within 7-10 business days of receiving your records.
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Stem Cell Treatment - Robert Daley M.D.
Dr. Lewis A. Chodosh is a physician-scientist who received a BS in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale University, and MD from Harvard Medical School, and a PhD. in Biochemistry from M.I.T. in the laboratory of Dr. Phillip Sharp.He performed his clinical training in Internal Medicine and Endocrinology at the Massachusetts General Hospital, after which he was a postdoctoral research fellow with Dr. Philip Leder at Harvard Medical School.Dr. Chodosh joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in 1994, where he is currently a Professor in the Departments of Cancer Biology, Cell & Developmental Biology, and Medicine. He serves as Chairman of the Department of Cancer Biology, Associate Director for Basic Science of the Abramson Cancer Center, and Director of Cancer Genetics for the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute at the University of Pennsylvania. Additionally, heis on the scientific advisory board for the Harvard Nurses' Health Studies I and II.
Dr. Chodosh's research focuses on genetic, genomic and molecular approaches to understanding breast cancer susceptibility and pathogenesis.
Welcome to the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center. I am David Borenstein, MD, founder of the center, which is part of my practice, Manhattan Integrative Medicine.
Whether we are treating patients from New York City, Montreal or Toronto, we are dedicated to the advancement of quality care in the area of adult stem cell regenerative medicine. Our mission is to use advanced stem cell technology in order to improve the bodys ability to regenerate, heal and overcome a variety of inflammatory and degenerative conditions.
Therapies are provided at our stem cell clinic for patientsfrom all over the U.S. and around the world. Locations we serve includethe surrounding areas of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, Staten Island, Nassau County, Suffolk County, Long Island, Westchester, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. We treat patientswho visit us from Canada as well, from cities such as Montreal and Toronto.
Feel free to learn more about our stem cell treatments and our stem cell clinic. If you have further questions please go ahead andcontact us, and if you would like to schedule an initial consultation, please fill out acandidate application.
Financing and banking options for stem cell therapy procedures with the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center are available through United Medical Credit. Thousands of patients have trusted United Medical Credit to secure affordable payment plans for their procedures. United Medical Credit can do the same for you!
Below are some of the benefits of choosing United Medical Credit to finance your stem cell therapy:
Dr. David Borenstein obtained his medical degree from the Technion Faculty of Medicine in Haifa, Israel and completed his internship at Staten Island University Hospital. He has completed residencies at: University Hospital at Stony Brook; Westchester County Medical Center; and St. Charles Hospital and Rehabilitation Center.
During the course of his career he has attended numerous specialized training courses in order to expand the scope of his medical expertise that he uses every day at his stem cell treatment center. He is board certified in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, certified in Medical Acupuncture, and is a member of numerous professional societies.
Dr. Borenstein has held many prestigious clinical appointments and positions in leading medical facilities. He has been published in the European Journal of Ultrasound and has been the Chief Investigator on a research project on Spinal Cord Injuries. He has conducted medical missions in North Korea, Ghana, Cuba, and other countries.
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NY Stem Cell Treatment | Stem Cell Therapy Clinics ...
At Beike, our treatment not only focuses on treating the patient current symtoms but also prevents future complications. As cerebral palsy patients mature, the primary symptoms will inevitably lead to futher physical issues that could possibly be avoided.
Possible Improvements after Stem Cell Treatment:
Now lets talk about the stem cells we use in our treatment protocol for Cerebral Palsy.
What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to help perform a variety of regenerative functions such as differentiate and replace a wide range of cells in patients body, regulate the immune system and stimulate patients own stem cells. Adult Stem Cells (ACSs) are naturally present in every human being and their task is to regenerate dead and damaged cells during the bodys whole life span. They regenerate cells that are naturally dying (apoptosis) as well as cells injured by other reasons (disease, traumatic injuries etc.). These stem cells have limited differentiation and proliferation potentials, thus they are not likely to create any tumor or cancer. At Beike Biotech, we are only using Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells (UCBSC) and Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UCMSC) in our treatment protocols, which are 2 types of Adult Stem Cells widely documented and considered as safe by the international scientific community.
How do our Stem Cells help treat Cerebral Palsy? Stem Cells help Cerebral Palsy patients by rebuilding and regenerating the cells that were lost at birth due to a lack of oxygen. These cells will NEVER be naturally regenerated by the body which means the damage that has been done, will NEVER improve.
Is Stem Cell Treatment for Cerebral Palsy Safe? YES Since the companys founding in 2005, more than 20,500 patients (as of January 2016) have been treated with Beikes stem cell technology with no serious adverse outcomes or reactions that have been related to the stem cell transplants. Our medical department doctors review in-depth medical information provided by patients and it is only after this review that patients may be accepted for treatment. All medical procedures present possibility for complications.
As you already know by seeking treatment for Cerebral Palsy, the traditional process of treating Cerebral Palsy is almost as complex as the condition itself. Cerebral Palsy is caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain during birth, being born premature, serious head injuries or infections such as Meningitis. Cerebral Palsy treatment and the everyday life complications are emotionally, physiologically, physically, financially and spiritually draining. The average lifetime cost of treating a child with Cerebral Palsy is $921,000USD, that cost does not include out-of-pocket expenses, visits to the emergency room, lost wages or physosocial effects. Unfortunately, there is no known cure for Cerebral Palsy, conventional treatments options for parents are:
When considering treatment for Cerebral Palsy we focus on all factors that truly determine the level of care the patient needs, also, what a successful outcome would be. It is also important to note that each case of Cerebral Palsy is unique, with unique medical needs for each patient. An example of being able to determine a successful outcome would be as follows; there is no known cure for Cerebral Palsy, so to have the expectation of curing the disease is unrealistic. However, we break down Cerebral Palsy into primary and secondary conditions we are able to identify a realistic treatment outcome, with measurable medical outcomes. An example of a typical primary condition is when a patient has facial muscle control and coordination problems. The facial issues would be considered a primary condition with the secondary conditions being:
Common symptoms caused by Cerebral Palsy
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Stem Cell Treatment for Cerebral Palsy
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Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[1][2] Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.[2] Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements.[3] While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes.[3] Over 100 cancers affect humans.[2]
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.[1] Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol.[1][4] Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.[5] In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV).[1] These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.[6] Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.[6] Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents.[7] Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests.[1] It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.[8]
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure.[9][10] Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer.[11] The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.[11][12] Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.[1][13] Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease.[1] The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment.[6] In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%.[14] For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.[15]
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).[6] It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths.[6][16] The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer.[6] If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases.[17][18] In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often.[14] In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries.[6] Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world.[19] The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.[20]
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[1][2] They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.[21][22]
All tumor cells show the six hallmarks of cancer. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include:[23]
The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a detectable mass to outright cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression.[24][25]
When cancer begins, it produces no symptoms. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or ulcerates. The findings that result depend on the cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are specific. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Cancer is a "great imitator". Thus, it is common for people diagnosed with cancer to have been treated for other diseases, which were hypothesized to be causing their symptoms.[26]
Local symptoms may occur due to the mass of the tumor or its ulceration. For example, mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting in cough or pneumonia; esophageal cancer can cause narrowing of the esophagus, making it difficult or painful to swallow; and colorectal cancer may lead to narrowing or blockages in the bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing up blood, in the bowels to anemia or rectal bleeding, in the bladder to blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal bleeding. Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial swelling is usually painless. Some cancers can cause a buildup of fluid within the chest or abdomen.[26]
General symptoms occur due to effects that are not related to direct or metastatic spread. These may include: unintentional weight loss, fever, excessive fatigue and changes to the skin.[27]Hodgkin disease, leukemias and cancers of the liver or kidney can cause a persistent fever.[26]
Some cancers may cause specific groups of systemic symptoms, termed paraneoplastic phenomena. Examples include the appearance of myasthenia gravis in thymoma and clubbing in lung cancer.[26]
Cancer can spread from its original site by local spread, lymphatic spread to regional lymph nodes or by haematogenous spread via the blood to distant sites, known as metastasis. When cancer spreads by a haematogenous route, it usually spreads all over the body. However, cancer 'seeds' grow in certain selected site only ('soil') as hypothesized in the soil and seed hypothesis of cancer metastasis. The symptoms of metastatic cancers depend on the tumor location and can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and are typically hard), enlarged liver or enlarged spleen, which can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms.[26]
The majority of cancers, some 9095% of cases, are due to environmental factors. The remaining 510% are due to inherited genetics.[5]Environmental, as used by cancer researchers, means any cause that is not inherited genetically, such as lifestyle, economic and behavioral factors and not merely pollution.[28] Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death include tobacco (2530%), diet and obesity (3035%), infections (1520%), radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%), stress, lack of physical activity and environmental pollutants.[5]
It is not generally possible to prove what caused a particular cancer, because the various causes do not have specific fingerprints. For example, if a person who uses tobacco heavily develops lung cancer, then it was probably caused by the tobacco use, but since everyone has a small chance of developing lung cancer as a result of air pollution or radiation, the cancer may have developed for one of those reasons. Excepting the rare transmissions that occur with pregnancies and occasional organ donors, cancer is generally not a transmissible disease.[29]
Exposure to particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. These substances are called carcinogens.
Tobacco smoke, for example, causes 90% of lung cancer.[30] It also causes cancer in the larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, esophagus and pancreas.[31] Tobacco smoke contains over fifty known carcinogens, including nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[32]
Tobacco is responsible about one in five cancer deaths worldwide[32] and about one in three in the developed world[33]Lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored smoking patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking rates since the 1950s followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men since 1990.[34][35]
In Western Europe, 10% of cancers in males and 3% of cancers in females are attributed to alcohol exposure, especially liver and digestive tract cancers.[36] Cancer from work-related substance exposures may cause between 220% of cases,[37] causing at least 200,000 deaths.[38] Cancers such as lung cancer and mesothelioma can come from inhaling tobacco smoke or asbestos fibers, or leukemia from exposure to benzene.[38]
Diet, physical inactivity and obesity are related to up to 3035% of cancer deaths.[5][39] In the United States excess body weight is associated with the development of many types of cancer and is a factor in 1420% of cancer deaths.[39] A UK study including data on over 5 million people showed higher body mass index to be related to at least 10 types of cancer and responsible for around 12,000 cases each year in that country.[40] Physical inactivity is believed to contribute to cancer risk, not only through its effect on body weight but also through negative effects on the immune system and endocrine system.[39] More than half of the effect from diet is due to overnutrition (eating too much), rather than from eating too few vegetables or other healthful foods.
Some specific foods are linked to specific cancers. A high-salt diet is linked to gastric cancer.[41]Aflatoxin B1, a frequent food contaminant, causes liver cancer.[41]Betel nut chewing can cause oral cancer.[41] National differences in dietary practices may partly explain differences in cancer incidence. For example, gastric cancer is more common in Japan due to its high-salt diet[42] while colon cancer is more common in the United States. Immigrant cancer profiles develop mirror that of their new country, often within one generation.[43]
Worldwide approximately 18% of cancer deaths are related to infectious diseases.[5] This proportion ranges from a high of 25% in Africa to less than 10% in the developed world.[5]Viruses are the usual infectious agents that cause cancer but cancer bacteria and parasites may also play a role.
Oncoviruses (viruses that can cause cancer) include human papillomavirus (cervical cancer), EpsteinBarr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (T-cell leukemias). Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma.[44][45] Parasitic infections associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) and the liver flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).[46]
Up to 10% of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation.[5] Additionally, the majority of non-invasive cancers are non-melanoma skin cancers caused by non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation, mostly from sunlight. Sources of ionizing radiation include medical imaging and radon gas.
Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong mutagen.[47] Residential exposure to radon gas, for example, has similar cancer risks as passive smoking.[47] Radiation is a more potent source of cancer when combined with other cancer-causing agents, such as radon plus tobacco smoke.[47] Radiation can cause cancer in most parts of the body, in all animals and at any age. Children and adolescents are twice as likely to develop radiation-induced leukemia as adults; radiation exposure before birth has ten times the effect.[47]
Medical use of ionizing radiation is a small but growing source of radiation-induced cancers. Ionizing radiation may be used to treat other cancers, but this may, in some cases, induce a second form of cancer.[47] It is also used in some kinds of medical imaging.[48]
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun can lead to melanoma and other skin malignancies.[49] Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave UVB, as the cause of most non-melanoma skin cancers, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world.[49]
Non-ionizing radio frequency radiation from mobile phones, electric power transmission and other similar sources have been described as a possible carcinogen by the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer.[50] However, studies have not found a consistent link between mobile phone radiation and cancer risk.[51]
The vast majority of cancers are non-hereditary ("sporadic"). Hereditary cancers are primarily caused by an inherited genetic defect. Less than 0.3% of the population are carriers of a genetic mutation that has a large effect on cancer risk and these cause less than 310% of cancer.[52] Some of these syndromes include: certain inherited mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 with a more than 75% risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer,[52] and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome), which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer,[53] among others.
Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects.[54] A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to asbestos, naturally occurring mineral fibers that are a major cause of mesothelioma (cancer of the serous membrane) usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs.[54] Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers, such as wollastonite, attapulgite, glass wool and rock wool, are believed to have similar effects.[54] Non-fibrous particulate materials that cause cancer include powdered metallic cobalt and nickel and crystalline silica (quartz, cristobalite and tridymite).[54] Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhalation) and require years of exposure to produce cancer.[54]
Physical trauma resulting in cancer is relatively rare.[55] Claims that breaking bones resulted in bone cancer, for example, have not been proven.[55] Similarly, physical trauma is not accepted as a cause for cervical cancer, breast cancer or brain cancer.[55] One accepted source is frequent, long-term application of hot objects to the body. It is possible that repeated burns on the same part of the body, such as those produced by kanger and kairo heaters (charcoal hand warmers), may produce skin cancer, especially if carcinogenic chemicals are also present.[55] Frequent consumption of scalding hot tea may produce esophageal cancer.[55] Generally, it is believed that the cancer arises, or a pre-existing cancer is encouraged, during the process of healing, rather than directly by the trauma.[55] However, repeated injuries to the same tissues might promote excessive cell proliferation, which could then increase the odds of a cancerous mutation.
Chronic inflammation has been hypothesized to directly cause mutation.[55][56] Inflammation can contribute to proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration of cancer cells by influencing the tumor microenvironment.[57][58]Oncogenes build up an inflammatory pro-tumorigenic microenvironment.[59]
Some hormones play a role in the development of cancer by promoting cell proliferation.[60]Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins play a key role in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, suggesting possible involvement in carcinogenesis.[61]
Hormones are important agents in sex-related cancers, such as cancer of the breast, endometrium, prostate, ovary and testis and also of thyroid cancer and bone cancer.[60] For example, the daughters of women who have breast cancer have significantly higher levels of estrogen and progesterone than the daughters of women without breast cancer. These higher hormone levels may explain their higher risk of breast cancer, even in the absence of a breast-cancer gene.[60] Similarly, men of African ancestry have significantly higher levels of testosterone than men of European ancestry and have a correspondingly higher level of prostate cancer.[60] Men of Asian ancestry, with the lowest levels of testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, have the lowest levels of prostate cancer.[60]
Other factors are relevant: obese people have higher levels of some hormones associated with cancer and a higher rate of those cancers.[60] Women who take hormone replacement therapy have a higher risk of developing cancers associated with those hormones.[60] On the other hand, people who exercise far more than average have lower levels of these hormones and lower risk of cancer.[60]Osteosarcoma may be promoted by growth hormones.[60] Some treatments and prevention approaches leverage this cause by artificially reducing hormone levels and thus discouraging hormone-sensitive cancers.[60]
There is an association between celiac disease and an increased risk of all cancers. People with untreated celiac disease have a higher risk, but this risk decreases with time after diagnosis and strict treatment, probably due to the adoption of a gluten-free diet, which seems to have a protective role against development of malignancy in people with celiac disease. However, the delay in diagnosis and initiation of a gluten-free diet seems to increase the risk of malignancies.[62] Rates of gastrointestinal cancers are increased in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, due to chronic inflammation. Also, immunomodulators and biologic agents used to treat these diseases may promote developing extra-intestinal malignancies.[63]
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.[64]
The affected genes are divided into two broad categories. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur through the formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of normal oncogenes, or by the under-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes. Typically, changes in multiple genes are required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.[65]
Genetic changes can occur at different levels and by different mechanisms. The gain or loss of an entire chromosome can occur through errors in mitosis. More common are mutations, which are changes in the nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA.
Large-scale mutations involve the deletion or gain of a portion of a chromosome. Genomic amplification occurs when a cell gains copies (often 20 or more) of a small chromosomal locus, usually containing one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic material. Translocation occurs when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well-known example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia and results in production of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase.
Small-scale mutations include point mutations, deletions and insertions, which may occur in the promoter region of a gene and affect its expression, or may occur in the gene's coding sequence and alter the function or stability of its protein product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants.
Replication of the data contained within the DNA of living cells will probabilistically result in some errors (mutations). Complex error correction and prevention is built into the process and safeguards the cell against cancer. If significant error occurs, the damaged cell can self-destruct through programmed cell death, termed apoptosis. If the error control processes fail, then the mutations will survive and be passed along to daughter cells.
Some environments make errors more likely to arise and propagate. Such environments can include the presence of disruptive substances called carcinogens, repeated physical injury, heat, ionising radiation or hypoxia.[66]
The errors that cause cancer are self-amplifying and compounding, for example:
The transformation of a normal cell into cancer is akin to a chain reaction caused by initial errors, which compound into more severe errors, each progressively allowing the cell to escape more controls that limit normal tissue growth. This rebellion-like scenario is an undesirable survival of the fittest, where the driving forces of evolution work against the body's design and enforcement of order. Once cancer has begun to develop, this ongoing process, termed clonal evolution, drives progression towards more invasive stages.[67] Clonal evolution leads to intra-tumour heterogeneity (cancer cells with heterogeneous mutations) that complicates designing effective treatment strategies.
Characteristic abilities developed by cancers are divided into categories, specifically evasion of apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of immune destruction.[24][25]
The classical view of cancer is a set of diseases that are driven by progressive genetic abnormalities that include mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes and chromosomal abnormalities. Later epigenetic alterations' role was identified.[68]
Epigenetic alterations refer to functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not change the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are changes in DNA methylation (hypermethylation and hypomethylation), histone modification[69] and changes in chromosomal architecture (caused by inappropriate expression of proteins such as HMGA2 or HMGA1).[70] Each of these alterations regulates gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes may remain through cell divisions, last for multiple generations and can be considered to be epimutations (equivalent to mutations).
Epigenetic alterations occur frequently in cancers. As an example, one study listed protein coding genes that were frequently altered in their methylation in association with colon cancer. These included 147 hypermethylated and 27 hypomethylated genes. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers.[71]
While epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing reduced expression of DNA repair proteins, may be of particular importance. Such alterations are thought to occur early in progression to cancer and to be a likely cause of the genetic instability characteristic of cancers.[72][73][74][75]
Reduced expression of DNA repair genes disrupts DNA repair. This is shown in the figure at the 4th level from the top. (In the figure, red wording indicates the central role of DNA damage and defects in DNA repair in progression to cancer.) When DNA repair is deficient DNA damage remains in cells at a higher than usual level (5th level) and cause increased frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th level). Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair[76][77] or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR).[78] Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells.[79]
Higher levels of DNA damage cause increased mutation (right side of figure) and increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing.[80][81]
Deficient expression of DNA repair proteins due to an inherited mutation can increase cancer risks. Individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article DNA repair-deficiency disorder) have increased cancer risk, with some defects ensuring a 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g. p53 mutations).[82] Germ line DNA repair mutations are noted on the figure's left side. However, such germline mutations (which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers.[83]
In sporadic cancers, deficiencies in DNA repair are occasionally caused by a mutation in a DNA repair gene, but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. This is indicated in the figure at the 3rd level. Many studies of heavy metal-induced carcinogenesis show that such heavy metals cause reduction in expression of DNA repair enzymes, some through epigenetic mechanisms. DNA repair inhibition is proposed to be a predominant mechanism in heavy metal-induced carcinogenicity. In addition, frequent epigenetic alterations of the DNA sequences code for small RNAs called microRNAs (or miRNAs). MiRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "target" protein-coding genes and reduce their expression.
Cancers usually arise from an assemblage of mutations and epimutations that confer a selective advantage leading to clonal expansion (see Field defects in progression to cancer). Mutations, however, may not be as frequent in cancers as epigenetic alterations. An average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein-altering mutations, of which about three or four may be "driver" mutations and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations.[84]
Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. The dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors, while the original is called the primary tumor. Almost all cancers can metastasize.[85] Most cancer deaths are due to cancer that has metastasized.[86]
Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the lymphatic system or both. The typical steps in metastasis are local invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymph, circulation through the body, extravasation into the new tissue, proliferation and angiogenesis. Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, but overall the most common places for metastases to occur are the lungs, liver, brain and the bones.[85]
Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through screening. Neither of these lead to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist. People with suspected cancer are investigated with medical tests. These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and endoscopy.
People may become extremely anxious and depressed post-diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double the normal risk.[87]
Cancers are classified by the type of cell that the tumor cells resemble and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These types include:
Cancers are usually named using -carcinoma, -sarcoma or -blastoma as a suffix, with the Latin or Greek word for the organ or tissue of origin as the root. For example, cancers of the liver parenchyma arising from malignant epithelial cells is called hepatocarcinoma, while a malignancy arising from primitive liver precursor cells is called a hepatoblastoma and a cancer arising from fat cells is called a liposarcoma. For some common cancers, the English organ name is used. For example, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal carcinoma of the breast. Here, the adjective ductal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, which suggests that it has originated in the milk ducts.
Benign tumors (which are not cancers) are named using -oma as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a leiomyoma (the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uterus is fibroid). Confusingly, some types of cancer use the -noma suffix, examples including melanoma and seminoma.
Some types of cancer are named for the size and shape of the cells under a microscope, such as giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma.
The tissue diagnosis from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its histological grade, genetic abnormalities and other features. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the prognosis of the patient and to choose the best treatment. Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry are other types of tissue tests. These tests may provide information about molecular changes (such as mutations, fusion genes and numerical chromosome changes) and may thus also indicate the prognosis and best treatment.
Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk.[89] The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable.[90] Between 70% and 90% of common cancers are due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable.[91]
Greater than 30% of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including: tobacco, excess weight/obesity, insufficient diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexually transmitted infections and air pollution.[92] Not all environmental causes are controllable, such as naturally occurring background radiation and cancers caused through hereditary genetic disorders and thus are not preventable via personal behavior.
While many dietary recommendations have been proposed to reduce cancer risks, the evidence to support them is not definitive.[9][93] The primary dietary factors that increase risk are obesity and alcohol consumption. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat have been implicated but reviews and meta-analyses do not come to a consistent conclusion.[94][95] A 2014 meta-analysis find no relationship between fruits and vegetables and cancer.[96]Coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer.[97] Studies have linked excess consumption of red or processed meat to an increased risk of breast cancer, colon cancer and pancreatic cancer, a phenomenon that could be due to the presence of carcinogens in meats cooked at high temperatures.[98][99] In 2015 the IARC reported that eating processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) and, to a lesser degree, red meat was linked to some cancers.[100][101]
Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, whole grains and fish and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), animal fats and refined carbohydrates.[9][93]
Medications can be used to prevent cancer in a few circumstances.[102] In the general population, NSAIDs reduce the risk of colorectal cancer; however, due to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects, they cause overall harm when used for prevention.[103]Aspirin has been found to reduce the risk of death from cancer by about 7%.[104]COX-2 inhibitors may decrease the rate of polyp formation in people with familial adenomatous polyposis; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs.[105] Daily use of tamoxifen or raloxifene reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women.[106] The benefit versus harm for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride is not clear.[107]
Vitamins are not effective at preventing cancer,[108] although low blood levels of vitamin D are correlated with increased cancer risk.[109][110] Whether this relationship is causal and vitamin D supplementation is protective is not determined.[111]Beta-carotene supplementation increases lung cancer rates in those who are high risk.[112]Folic acid supplementation is not effective in preventing colon cancer and may increase colon polyps.[113] It is unclear if selenium supplementation has an effect.[114]
Vaccines have been developed that prevent infection by some carcinogenic viruses.[115]Human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil and Cervarix) decrease the risk of developing cervical cancer.[115] The hepatitis B vaccine prevents infection with hepatitis B virus and thus decreases the risk of liver cancer.[115] The administration of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccinations is recommended when resources allow.[116]
Unlike diagnostic efforts prompted by symptoms and medical signs, cancer screening involves efforts to detect cancer after it has formed, but before any noticeable symptoms appear.[117] This may involve physical examination, blood or urine tests or medical imaging.[117]
Cancer screening is not available for many types of cancers. Even when tests are available, they may not be recommended for everyone. Universal screening or mass screening involves screening everyone.[118]Selective screening identifies people who are at higher risk, such as people with a family history.[118] Several factors are considered to determine whether the benefits of screening outweigh the risks and the costs of screening.[117] These factors include:
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issues recommendations for various cancers:
Screens for gastric cancer using photofluorography due to the high incidence there.[19]
Genetic testing for individuals at high-risk of certain cancers is recommended by unofficial groups.[116][132] Carriers of these mutations may then undergo enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or preventative surgery to reduce their subsequent risk.[132]
Many treatment options for cancer exist. The primary ones include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and palliative care. Which treatments are used depends on the type, location and grade of the cancer as well as the patient's health and preferences. The treatment intent may or may not be curative.
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic anti-neoplastic drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized regimen. The term encompasses a variety of drugs, which are divided into broad categories such as alkylating agents and antimetabolites.[133] Traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, a critical property of most cancer cells.
Targeted therapy is a form of chemotherapy that targets specific molecular differences between cancer and normal cells. The first targeted therapies blocked the estrogen receptor molecule, inhibiting the growth of breast cancer. Another common example is the class of Bcr-Abl inhibitors, which are used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).[134] Currently, targeted therapies exist for breast cancer, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, prostate cancer, melanoma and other cancers.[135]
The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. In combination with surgery, chemotherapy has proven useful in cancer types including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and certain lung cancers.[136] Chemotherapy is curative for some cancers, such as some leukemias,[137][138] ineffective in some brain tumors,[139] and needless in others, such as most non-melanoma skin cancers.[140] The effectiveness of chemotherapy is often limited by its toxicity to other tissues in the body. Even when chemotherapy does not provide a permanent cure, it may be useful to reduce symptoms such as pain or to reduce the size of an inoperable tumor in the hope that surgery will become possible in the future.
Radiation therapy involves the use of ionizing radiation in an attempt to either cure or improve symptoms. It works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue, killing it. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs, which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from multiple exposure angles to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue. As with chemotherapy, cancers vary in their response to radiation therapy.[141][142][143]
Radiation therapy is used in about half of cases. The radiation can be either from internal sources (brachytherapy) or external sources. The radiation is most commonly low energy x-rays for treating skin cancers, while higher energy x-rays are used for cancers within the body.[144] Radiation is typically used in addition to surgery and or chemotherapy. For certain types of cancer, such as early head and neck cancer, it may be used alone.[145] For painful bone metastasis, it has been found to be effective in about 70% of patients.[145]
Surgery is the primary method of treatment for most isolated, solid cancers and may play a role in palliation and prolongation of survival. It is typically an important part of definitive diagnosis and staging of tumors, as biopsies are usually required. In localized cancer, surgery typically attempts to remove the entire mass along with, in certain cases, the lymph nodes in the area. For some types of cancer this is sufficient to eliminate the cancer.[136]
Palliative care refers to treatment that attempts to help the patient feel better and may be combined with an attempt to treat the cancer. Palliative care includes action to reduce physical, emotional, spiritual and psycho-social distress. Unlike treatment that is aimed at directly killing cancer cells, the primary goal of palliative care is to improve quality of life.
People at all stages of cancer treatment typically receive some kind of palliative care. In some cases, medical specialty professional organizations recommend that patients and physicians respond to cancer only with palliative care.[146] This applies to patients who:[147]
Palliative care may be confused with hospice and therefore only indicated when people approach end of life. Like hospice care, palliative care attempts to help the patient cope with their immediate needs and to increase comfort. Unlike hospice care, palliative care does not require people to stop treatment aimed.
Multiple national medical guidelines recommend early palliative care for patients whose cancer has produced distressing symptoms or who need help coping with their illness. In patients first diagnosed with metastatic disease, palliative care may be immediately indicated. Palliative care is indicated for patients with a prognosis of less than 12 months of life even given aggressive treatment.[148][149][150]
A variety of therapies using immunotherapy, stimulating or helping the immune system to fight cancer, have come into use since 1997. Approaches include antibodies, checkpoint therapy and adoptive cell transfer.[151]
Complementary and alternative cancer treatments are a diverse group of therapies, practices and products that are not part of conventional medicine.[152] "Complementary medicine" refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while "alternative medicine" refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine.[153] Most complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been studied or tested using conventional techniques such as clinical trials. Some alternative treatments have been investigated and shown to be ineffective but still continue to be marketed and promoted. Cancer researcher Andrew J. Vickers stated, "The label 'unproven' is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been 'disproven'."[154]
Survival rates vary by cancer type and by the stage at which it is diagnosed, ranging from majority survival to complete mortality five years after diagnosis. Once a cancer has metastasized, prognosis normally becomes much worse. About half of patients receiving treatment for invasive cancer (excluding carcinoma in situ and non-melanoma skin cancers) die from that cancer or its treatment.[19]
Survival is worse in the developing world,[19] partly because the types of cancer that are most common there are harder to treat than those associated with developed countries.[155]
Those who survive cancer develop a second primary cancer at about twice the rate of those never diagnosed.[156] The increased risk is believed to be primarily due to the same risk factors that produced the first cancer, partly due to treatment of the first cancer and to better compliance with screening.[156]
Predicting short- or long-term survival depends on many factors. The most important are the cancer type and the patient's age and overall health. Those who are frail with other health problems have lower survival rates than otherwise healthy people. Centenarians are unlikely to survive for five years even if treatment is successful. People who report a higher quality of life tend to survive longer.[157] People with lower quality of life may be affected by depression and other complications and/or disease progression that both impairs quality and quantity of life. Additionally, patients with worse prognoses may be depressed or report poorer quality of life because they perceive that their condition is likely to be fatal.
Cancer patients have an increased risk of blood clots in veins. The use of heparin appears to improve survival and decrease the risk of blood clots.[158]
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Cancer - Wikipedia
Stem cell transplants are procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in people who have had theirs destroyed by the very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy that are used to treat certain cancers.
Blood-forming stem cells are important because they grow into different types of blood cells. The main types of blood cells are:
You need all three types of blood cells to be healthy.
In a stem cell transplant, you receive healthy blood-forming stem cells through a needle in your vein. Once they enter your bloodstream, the stem cells travel to the bone marrow, where they take the place of the cells that were destroyed by treatment. The blood-forming stem cells that are used in transplants can come from the bone marrow, bloodstream, or umbilical cord. Transplants can be:
To reduce possible side effects and improve the chances that an allogeneic transplant will work, the donors blood-forming stem cells must match yours in certain ways. To learn more about how blood-forming stem cells are matched, see Blood-Forming Stem Cell Transplants.
Stem cell transplants do not usually work against cancer directly. Instead, they help you recover your ability to produce stem cells after treatment with very high doses of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both.
However, in multiple myeloma and some types of leukemia, the stem cell transplant may work against cancer directly. This happens because of an effect called graft-versus-tumor that can occur after allogeneic transplants. Graft-versus-tumor occurs when white blood cells from your donor (the graft) attack any cancer cells that remain in your body (the tumor) after high-dose treatments. This effect improves the success of the treatments.
Stem cell transplants are most often used to help people with leukemia and lymphoma. They may also be used for neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma.
Stem cell transplants for other types of cancer are being studied in clinical trials, which are research studies involving people. To find a study that may be an option for you, see Find a Clinical Trial.
The high doses of cancer treatment that you have before a stem cell transplant can cause problems such as bleeding and an increased risk of infection. Talk with your doctor or nurse about other side effects that you might have and how serious they might be. For more information about side effects and how to manage them, see the section on side effects.
If you have an allogeneic transplant, you might develop a serious problem called graft-versus-host disease. Graft-versus-host disease can occur when white blood cells from your donor (the graft) recognize cells in your body (the host) as foreign and attack them. This problem can cause damage to your skin, liver, intestines, and many other organs. It can occur a few weeks after the transplant or much later. Graft-versus-host disease can be treated with steroids or other drugs that suppress your immune system.
The closer your donors blood-forming stem cells match yours, the less likely you are to have graft-versus-host disease. Your doctor may also try to prevent it by giving you drugs to suppress your immune system.
Stem cells transplants are complicated procedures that are very expensive. Most insurance plans cover some of the costs of transplants for certain types of cancer. Talk with your health plan about which services it will pay for. Talking with the business office where you go for treatment may help you understand all the costs involved.
To learn about groups that may be able to provide financial help, go to the National Cancer Institute database, Organizations that Offer Support Services and search "financial assistance." Or call toll-free 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) for information about groups that may be able to help.
When you need an allogeneic stem cell transplant, you will need to go to a hospital that has a specialized transplant center. The National Marrow Donor Program maintains a list of transplant centers in the United States that can help you find a transplant center.
Unless you live near a transplant center, you may need to travel from home for your treatment. You might need to stay in the hospital during your transplant, you may be able to have it as an outpatient, or you may need to be in the hospital only part of the time. When you are not in the hospital, you will need to stay in a hotel or apartment nearby. Many transplant centers can assist with finding nearby housing.
A stem cell transplant can take a few months to complete. The process begins with treatment of high doses of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of the two. This treatment goes on for a week or two. Once you have finished, you will have a few days to rest.
Next, you will receive the blood-forming stem cells. The stem cells will be given to you through an IV catheter. This process is like receiving a blood transfusion. It takes 1 to 5 hours to receive all the stem cells.
After receiving the stem cells, you begin the recovery phase. During this time, you wait for the blood cells you received to start making new blood cells.
Even after your blood counts return to normal, it takes much longer for your immune system to fully recoverseveral months for autologous transplants and 1 to 2 years for allogeneic or syngeneic transplants.
Stem cell transplants affect people in different ways. How you feel depends on:
Since people respond to stem cell transplants in different ways, your doctor or nurses cannot know for sure how the procedure will make you feel.
Doctors will follow the progress of the new blood cells by checking your blood counts often. As the newly transplanted stem cells produce blood cells, your blood counts will go up.
The high-dose treatments that you have before a stem cell transplant can cause side effects that make it hard to eat, such as mouth sores and nausea. Tell your doctor or nurse if you have trouble eating while you are receiving treatment. You might also find it helpful to speak with a dietitian. For more information about coping with eating problems see the booklet Eating Hints or the section on side effects.
Whether or not you can work during a stem cell transplant may depend on the type of job you have. The process of a stem cell transplant, with the high-dose treatments, the transplant, and recovery, can take weeks or months. You will be in and out of the hospital during this time. Even when you are not in the hospital, sometimes you will need to stay near it, rather than staying in your own home. So, if your job allows, you may want to arrange to work remotely part-time.
Many employers are required by law to change your work schedule to meet your needs during cancer treatment. Talk with your employer about ways to adjust your work during treatment. You can learn more about these laws by talking with a social worker.
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Types of Treatment: Stem Cell Transplant - National Cancer ...
On behalf of the organizing committee, it is my distinct pleasure to invite you to attend the Stem Cell Congress-2017. After the success of the Cell Science-2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, Conference series.LLC is proud to announce the 6th World Congress and expo on Cell & Stem Cell Research (Stem Cell Congress-2017) which is going to be held during March 20-22, 2017, Orlando, Florida, USA. The theme of Stem Cell Congress-2017 is Explore and Exploit the Novel Techniques in Cell and Stem Cell Research.
This annual Cell Science conference brings together domain experts, researchers, clinicians, industry representatives, postdoctoral fellows and students from around the world, providing them with the opportunity to report, share, and discuss scientific questions, achievements, and challenges in the field.
Examples of the diverse cell science and stem cell topics that will be covered in this comprehensive conference include Cell differentiation and development, Cell metabolism, Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Stem cell therapy, Cell and gene therapy, Novel stem cell technologies, Stem cell and cancer biology, Stem cell treatment, Tendency in cell biology of aging and Apoptosis and cancer disease, Drugs and clinical developments. The meeting will focus on basic cell mechanism studies, clinical research advances, and recent breakthroughs in cell and stem cell research. With the support of many emerging technologies, dramatic progress has been made in these areas. In Stem Cell Congress-2017, you will be able to share experiences and research results, discuss challenges encountered and solutions adopted and have opportunities to establish productive new academic and industry research collaborations.
In association with the Stem Cell Congress-2017 conference, we will invite those selected to present at the meeting to publish a manuscript from their talk in the journal Cell Science with a significantly discounted publication charge. Please join us in Philadelphia for an exciting all-encompassing annual Stem Cell get together with the theme of better understanding from basic cell mechanisms to latest Stem Cell breakthroughs!
Haval Shirwan, Ph.D. Executive Editor, Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology Dr. Michael and Joan Hamilton Endowed Chair in Autoimmune Disease Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Director, Molecular Immunomodulation Program, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
Track01:Stem Cells
The most well-established and widely used stem cell treatment is thetransplantationof blood stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood and immune system, or to restore the blood system after treatments for specific cancers. Since the 1970s,skin stem cellshave been used to grow skin grafts for patients with severe burns on very large areas of the body. Only a few clinical centers are able to carry out this treatment and it is usually reserved for patients with life-threatening burns. It is also not a perfect solution: the new skin has no hair follicles or sweat glands. Research aimed at improving the technique is ongoing.
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Track 02: Stem Cell Banking:
Stem Cell Banking is a facility that preserves stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for future use. Stem cell samples in private or family banks are preserved precisely for use by the individual person from whom such cells have been collected and the banking costs are paid by such person. The sample can later be retrieved only by that individual and for the use by such individual or, in many cases, by his or her first-degree blood relatives.
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Track 03: Stem Cell Therapy:
Autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures. Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation. Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in vivo and stimulated to produce pancreatic -cells and later transplanted to the patient. Its success depends on response of the patients immune system and ability of the transplanted cells to proliferate, differentiate and integrate with the target tissue.
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Track 04: Novel Stem Cell Technologies:
Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cells are defined as totipotent progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Stem cells survive well and show stable division in culture, making them ideal targets for in vitro manipulation. Although early research has focused on haematopoietic stem cells, stem cells have also been recognised in other sites. Research into solid tissue stem cells has not made the same progress as that on haematopoietic stem cells.
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Track 05: Stem Cell Treatment:
Bone marrow transplant is the most extensively used stem-cell treatment, but some treatment derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.
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Track 06: Stem cell apoptosis and signal transduction:
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. Most cytotoxic anticancer agents induce apoptosis, raising the intriguing possibility that defects in apoptotic programs contribute to treatment failure. Because the same mutations that suppress apoptosis during tumor development also reduce treatment sensitivity, apoptosis provides a conceptual framework to link cancer genetics with cancer therapy.
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InternationalConference on Restorative MedicineOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA;; 3rdWorld Congress onHepatitis and Liver Diseases October 17-19, 2016 Dubai, UAE; InternationalConference on Molecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 2nd InternationalConference on Tissue preservation and Biobanking September12-13, 2016 Philadelphia USA; 26thEuropean Congress ofClinical Microbiology, April 912 2016, Istanbul, Turkey;Conference onCell Growth and Regeneration, Jan 1014 2016, Breckenridge, USA ;
Track 07: Stem Cell Biomarkers:
Molecular biomarkers serve as valuable tools to classify and isolate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to monitor their differentiation state by antibody-based techniques. ESCs can give rise to any adult cell type and thus offer enormous potential for regenerative medicine and drug discovery. A number of biomarkers, such as certain cell surface antigens, are used to assign pluripotent ESCs; however, accumulating evidence suggests that ESCs are heterogeneous in morphology, phenotype and function, thereby classified into subpopulations characterized by multiple sets of molecular biomarkers.
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8thWorld Congress on Stem Cell ResearchMarch 20-22, 2017 Orlando, USA; 5th International Conference onCell and Gene TherapyMay 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 7thAnnual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineAug 4-5, 2016, Manchester, UK; InternationalConference on Restorative MedicineOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; InternationalConference on Molecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 2nd InternationalConference on Tissue preservation and Biobanking September12-13, 2016 Philadelphia USA;Conference on Cardiac Development, Regeneration and RepairApril 3 7, 2016 Snowbird, Utah, USA; Stem Cell DevelopmentMay 22-26, 2016 Hillerd, Denmark; Conference onHematopoietic Stem Cells, June 3-5, 2016 Heidelberg, Germany; ISSCR Pluripotency - March 22-24, 2016 Kyoto, Japan
Track 08: Cellular therapies:
Cellular therapy also called Cell therapy is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient, this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course of immunotherapy.
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InternationalConference on Genetic Counseling and Genomic MedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK;World Congress on Human GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; InternationalConference on Molecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 3rd InternationalConference on Genomics & PharmacogenomicsSeptember 21-23, 2015 San Antonio, USA; EuropeanConference on Genomics and Personalized MedicineApril 25-27, 2016 Valencia, Spain;Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Feb 711 2016, Banff, Canada; Drug Discovery for Parasitic Diseases, Jan 2428 2016, Tahoe City, USA; Heart Failure: Genetics,Genomics and Epigenetics, April 37 2016, Snowbird, USA; Understanding the Function ofHuman Genome Variation, May 31 June 4 2016, Uppsala, Sweden; 5thDrug Formulation SummitJan2527,2016,Philadelphia, USA
Track 09: Stem cells and cancer:
Cancer can be defined as a disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division. Normal cells are constantly subject to signals that dictate whether the cells should divide, differentiate into another cell or die. Cancer cells develop a degree of anatomy from these signals, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation. If this proliferation is allowed to continue and spread, it can be fatal.
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2ndWorld Congress on Applied MicrobiologyOctober 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; InternationalConference on Infectious Diseases & Diagnostic MicrobiologyOct 3-5, 2016 Vancouver, Canada;18th International conference on Neuroscience, April 26 2016, Sweden, Austria; 6th Annual Traumatic Brain Injury Conference, May 1112 2016, Washington, D.C., USA; Common Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, June 1216 2016, Keystone, USA; Neurology Caribbean Cruise, Aug 2128 2016, Fort Lauderdale, USA; Annual Meeting of the German Society ofNeurosurgery(DGNC), June 1215 2016, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Track 10: Embryonic stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells have a major potential for studying early steps of development and for use in cell therapy. In many situations, however, it will be necessary to genetically engineer these cells. A novel generation of lentivectors which permit easy genetic engineering of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.
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4thCongress on Bacteriology and Infectious DiseasesMay 16-18, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 2ndWorld Congress on Applied MicrobiologyOctober 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; InternationalConference on Infectious Diseases & Diagnostic MicrobiologyOct 3-5, 2016 Vancouver, Canada; InternationalConference on Water MicrobiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5th InternationalConference on Clinical MicrobiologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; Axons: FromCell Biologyto Pathology Conference, 2427 January 2016, Santa Fe, USA; 26th EuropeanCongress of Clinical MicrobiologyApril 912 2016, Istanbul, Turkey;Conference on Gut Microbiota, Metabolic Disorders and Beyond, April 1721 2016, Newport, USA; 7th EuropeanSpores Conference, April 1820 2016, Egham, UK; New Approaches to Vaccines forHuman and Veterinary Tropical Diseases, May 2226 2016, Cape Town, South Africa
Track 11: Cell differentiation and disease modeling:
Cellular differentiation is the progression, whereas a cell changes from one cell type to another. Variation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiationalmost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.
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4thCongress on Bacteriology and Infectious DiseasesMay 16-18, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 2ndWorld Congress on Applied MicrobiologyOctober 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; InternationalConference on Infectious Diseases & Diagnostic MicrobiologyOct 3-5, 2016 Vancouver, Canada; InternationalConference on Water MicrobiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5thInternationalConference on Clinical MicrobiologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; Axons: FromCell Biologyto Pathology Conference, 2427 January 2016, Santa Fe, USA; 26thEuropeanCongress of Clinical MicrobiologyApril 912 2016, Istanbul, Turkey;Conference on Gut Microbiota, Metabolic Disorders and Beyond, April 1721 2016, Newport, USA; 7thEuropeanSpores Conference, April 1820 2016, Egham, UK; New Approaches toVaccines forHuman and Veterinary Tropical Diseases, May 2226 2016, Cape Town, South Africa
Track 12: Tissue engineering:
Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. Powerful developments in the multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering have produced a novel set of tissue replacement parts and implementation approaches. Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments have created unique opportunities to fabricate tissues in the laboratory from combinations of engineered extracellular matrices cells, and biologically active molecules.
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4thCongress on Bacteriology and Infectious DiseasesMay 16-18, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 2ndWorld Congress on Applied MicrobiologyOctober 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; InternationalConference on Infectious Diseases & Diagnostic MicrobiologyOct 3-5, 2016 Vancouver, Canada; InternationalConference on Water MicrobiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5thInternationalConference on Clinical MicrobiologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; Axons: FromCell Biologyto Pathology Conference, 2427 January 2016, Santa Fe, USA; 26thEuropeanCongress of Clinical MicrobiologyApril 912 2016, Istanbul, Turkey;Conference on Gut Microbiota, Metabolic Disorders and Beyond, April 1721 2016, Newport, USA; 7thEuropeanSpores Conference, April 1820 2016, Egham, UK; New Approaches toVaccines forHuman and Veterinary Tropical Diseases, May 2226 2016, Cape Town, South Africa
Track 13: Stem cell plasticity and reprogramming:
Stem cell plasticity denotes to the potential of stem cells to give rise to cell types, previously considered outside their normal repertoire of differentiation for the location where they are found. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of transdifferentiation the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another, and metaplasia the conversion of one tissue type into another. From the point of view of this entry, some metaplasias have a clinical significance because they predispose individuals to the development of cancer.
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InternationalConference on Case ReportsMarch 31-April 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 2nd International Meeting onClinical Case ReportsApril 18-20, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 3rd Experts Meeting onMedical Case ReportsMay 09-11, 2016 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; 12thEuro BiotechnologyCongress November 7-9, 2016 Alicante, Spain; 2nd International Conference onTissue preservation and BiobankingSeptember 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 11thWorld Conference BioethicsOctober 20-22, 2015 Naples, Italy;Annual Conference Health Law and Bioethics, May 6-7 2016 Cambridge, MA, USA; 27th Maclean Conference on Clinical Medical Ethics, Nov 13-14, 2015, Chicago, USA; CFP: Global Forum on Bioethics in Research, Nov 3-4, 2015, Annecy, France
Track 14: Gene therapy and stem cells
Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. Gene therapy could be a way to fix a genetic problem at its source. The polymers are either expressed as proteins, interfere with protein expression, or possibly correct genetic mutations. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
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Track 15: Tumour cell science:
An abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are a classic sign of inflammation, and can be benign or malignant. Tomour usually reflect the kind of tissue they arise in. Treatment is also specific to the location and type of the tumor. Benign tumors can sometimes simply be ignored, cancerous tumors; options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
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Track 16: Reprogramming stem cells: computational biology
Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Bioinformatics groups use computational methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning stem cells. To accomplish this bioinformaticsdevelop and apply advanced analysis techniques that make it possible to dissect complex collections of data from a wide range of technologies and sources.
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The fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine research are fundamentally about understanding dynamic cellular processes such as development, reprogramming, repair, differentiation and the loss, acquisition or maintenance of pluripotency. In order to precisely decipher these processes at a molecular level, it is critical to identify and study key regulatory genes and transcriptional circuits. Modern high-throughput molecular profiling technologies provide a powerful approach to addressing these questions as they allow the profiling of tens of thousands of gene products in a single experiment. Whereas bioinformatics is used to interpret the information produced by such technologies.
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8th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research
The success of the 7 Cell Science conferences series has given us the prospect to bring the gathering one more time for our 8thWorld Congress 2017 meet in Orlando, USA. Since its commencement in 2011 cell science series has perceived around 750 researchers of great potentials and outstanding research presentations around the globe. The awareness of stem cells and its application is increasing among the general population that also in parallel offers hope and add woes to the researchers of cell science due to the potential limitations experienced in the real-time.
Stem Cell Research-2017has the goal to fill the prevailing gaps in the transformation of this science of hope to promptly serve solutions to all in the need.World Congress 2017 will have an anticipated participation of 100-120 delegates from around the world to discuss the conference goal.
History of Stem cells Research
Stem cells have an interesting history, in the mid-1800s it was revealed that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells. Efforts were made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside of the human body and in the early 1900s, it was discovered that some cells had the capacity to generate blood cells. In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was achieved successfully to treat two siblings with severe combined immunodeficiency. Other significant events in stem cell research include:
1978: Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood 1981: First in vitro stem cell line developed from mice 1988: Embryonic stem cell lines created from a hamster 1995: First embryonic stem cell line derived from a primate 1997: Cloned lamb from stem cells 1997: Leukaemia origin found as haematopoietic stem cell, indicating possible proof of cancer stem cells
Funding in USA:
No federal law forever did embargo stem cell research in the United States, but only placed restrictions on funding and use, under Congress's power to spend. By executive order on March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama removed certain restrictions on federal funding for research involving new lines of humanembryonic stem cells. Prior to President Obama's executive order, federal funding was limited to non-embryonic stem cell research and embryonic stem cell research based uponembryonic stem celllines in existence prior to August 9, 2001. In 2011, a United States District Court "threw out a lawsuit that challenged the use of federal funds for embryonic stem cell research.
Members Associated with Stem Cell Research:
Discussion on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex fully patterned adult organism, as well as the intimately related question of how adult structures regenerate. Stem cells play critical roles both during embryonic development and in later renewal and repair. More than 65 faculties in Philadelphia from both basic science and clinical departments in the Division of Biological Sciences belong to Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology. Their research uses traditional model species including nematode worms, fruit-flies, Arabidopsis, zebrafish, amphibians, chick and mouse as well as non-traditional model systems such as lampreys and cephalopods. Areas of research focus include stem cell biology, regeneration, developmental genetics, and cellular basis of development, developmental neurobiology, and evo-devo (Evolutionary developmental biology).
Stem Cell Market Value:
Worldwide many companies are developing and marketing specialized cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for life sciences research. We are providing a unique platform for the discussions between academia and business.
Global Tissue Engineering & Cell Therapy Market, By Region, 2009 2018
$Million
Why to attend???
Stem Cell Research-2017 could be an outstanding event that brings along a novel and International mixture of researchers, doctors, leading universities and stem cell analysis establishments creating the conference an ideal platform to share knowledge, adoptive collaborations across trade and world, and assess rising technologies across the world. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in cell science fields are assurances of this conference.
A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event:
http://stemcell.omicsgroup.com/sponsors.php
UAS Major Universities which deals with Stem Cell Research
University of Washington/Hutchinson Cancer Center
Oregon Stem Cell Center
University of California Davis
University of California San Francisco
University of California Berkeley
Stanford University
Mayo Clinic
Major Stem Cell Organization Worldwide:
Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research
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