Kevin Mwachiro: Keeper of Stories – Roads and Kingdoms

This week on The Trip podcast: talking African stories, LGBTQ rights in Kenya, and surviving cancer with Kevin Mwachiro.

One of the things, one of the unnerving things, that you first realize as a foreigner visiting Nairobi, is that many of your cohortthose other foreigners landing at Jomo Kenyatta airportseem to be looking right past the people, past the humans of Kenya. They are searching for animals. Nairobi is the worlds busiest transit hub for safari-goers. Theres even a national park inside the city limits, a park with wild warthogs and zebras and giraffes and the rest of the cast from The Lion King.

I am resolutely and proudly not here for a safari. It just feels, well, a little premature, a little colonial, like Id need to be wearing a pith helmet and khaki knee breeches. Maybe on my fifth visit I would go for a walkabout. But Nairobis wildlife will not be ignored. In Karen, the district Im staying innamed after Karen Blixen, who wrote Out of Africa nearbythe birds bring the safari to you. Kestrels and crakes and bee-eaters and bustards, sooty falcons and jacksons widowbirds all circle and sing and their song to me, Im sure, roughly translates as fuck you if you think youre too good for us.

But I stand firm. Itspeople Im most interested in, and if Ive found anything in two decades as a foreign correspondent and daydrinker, its that humans are endlessly fascinating, and occasionally even delightful. Case in point, this episodes guest, Kevin Mwachiroan openly gay athlete in a country where gay relationships are illegal, a survivor of a rare cancer who is also the sunniest person Ive met in ages. Kevin was a guest on one of the last episodes of Parts Unknown, when Bourdain and W. Kamau Bell came to Kenya, and it is my distinct human pleasure to have him, like Tony and Kamau before him, on this show.

Here is an edited and condensed transcript from my conversation with Joshua. Subscribers canlisten to the full episode here. If youre not on Luminary yet, subscribe and listen (and get a 1-month free trial) by signing uphere.

Nathan Thornburgh: All right, so this coffee is great. This is exciting. And I remember Colombians, God love them, make incredible coffee, Juan Valdez on down, but the national passion was instant coffee, and it was always very confusing. But its one of those things where you have this really valuable commodity, easy to export, and somehow I think its true in a lot of places that make the best coffees in the world where the average person is like, Well, Im not going to compete in the global market for these high quality beans. Im going to just be happy with the instant.

But what is Kenyan coffee drinking culture like? Is there some proportion of the population that recognizes that Kenya makes some amazing coffee and rolls with that?

Kevin Mwachiro: The thing with Java House, they make Kenyan coffee accessible to Kenyans, so to speak. Id say maybe middle-class Kenyans. Before that, we were getting high on instant coffee. You were paying a pretty penny for coffee. Then Java opened up and they had baristas there making coffee, good food as well, and youre like, Yeah, its not too bad.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: But we are a tea-drinking nation.

Thornburgh: So coffee is still the number two?

Mwachiro: Coffee is number two. You go anywhere, people will offer you tea first. And not just teabag tea, but brewed tea with milk and that is it. Coffee, a smaller proportion of people drink coffee, and especially black coffee.

Thornburgh: So, I have been internet stalking you in your various talks and interviews. You have a very entertaining and interesting media profile, I guess you would say.

Mwachiro: Yeah. Entertaining is an interesting word to use.

Thornburgh: A lot of it is the kind of stuff that would give me pause: Getting up on stage, single person, telling a story, trying to hold an audience, and you do it really well, and Im interested in how you got into that. How did you decide, or maybe it just sort of fell into place, that this is what you were going to do for a living?

Mwachiro: I recently took on that label of a storyteller. I think this comes from my time at the BBC, and Ive told people this, I consider myself a custodian of peoples stories, even as a journalist. People gave me their stories and I told them to the wider world. I love hearing peoples stories, so I think through everything as a journalist, as an activist, as a podcaster, as a cancer survivor, and telling my own story, I think life handed me what Id been avoiding for a very long time, and now find myself doing it and people actually say I tell stories pretty well.

Thornburgh: Why had you been avoiding it?

Mwachiro: I love and I dont love being on stage. I dont like the attention, but I know once Im on stage I become a whole new, confident person, and I feel comfortable. And people, every time Im up on stage, were like, You are comfortable there. I used to act once up on a time and yeah, the stage is also home and Im now doing this. I think over time, its a question of valuing yourself, its been a journey to actually get here, and valuing my own story and realizing that I have a story to tell. And was it two, three years ago I gave a talk on, its like a Ted version of Kenya called Engage, and I spoke about finding my voice and that, I think, was a turning point for me. I used to moderate quite a bit before that, professionally, but now being on stage and telling people my own story and actually saying, This is me finding my voice, and sharing it and not feeling ashamed about whatever I have gone through has landed me now here with you.

Thornburgh: Yeah. Lets not make than an end point. This is a humble detour.

Mwachiro: And I realized I like sitting in front of a mic. When I used to work at the BBC, one of the requirements of the work as a journalist was to perform in front of a microphone and on camera. And I realized this is cool stuff, man. I do like cams, I do like microphones, I love audio, I love sound.

I believe in the spoken word.

Thornburgh: Well, lets talk about that. Obviously this is a medium that weve jumped into with great enthusiasm in podcasting. What is the state of podcasting in Kenya? Is it a word that people recognize or is your audience both kind of local and international? How do you look at podcasting in particular?

Mwachiro: Its very interesting you should say that. As I was buying coffee, I met another podcaster, a guy called Armani, and he

Thornburgh: Thats a very Brooklyn scene right there.

Mwachiro: Yeah.

Thornburgh: Here we are at the coffee shop, just a couple podcasters. All right.

Mwachiro: And he recently got into podcasting as well. He wants to bring other podcasters together. I would say its a very Nairobi-centric thing, and very middle class.

I wanted to get back into radio at one time. Id missed audio. I wanted to come up with content, spoken word, and when I talked to people about it, they were like, You should go into podcasting. Im like, No, I want to go back into mainstream radio. And then after some time I figured this might be my avenue, going into mainstream radio. I believe in the spoken word Whats the term we used to use? Anyway, spoken word radio. Im a big fan of that, NPR, BBC.

And thats my background. And I just like storytelling. I figured this is a way of getting Kenyans to listen, but I want to go mainstream. But after some time I realized, speaking to other podcasters, that this just might be an avenue to explore.

Thornburgh: Right.

Mwachiro: I saw it as very niche. As you know, everyones podcasting in the States, in Europe, and its not quite herethe audiences still listen to radio.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: And commercial radio. And I love public service radio. I really do. And I wanted to go back into that, but that didnt quite happen. Then I started listening to podcasts, started meeting other Kenyan forerunners, forerunner podcasters, and liked what I was doing. I realized this is something that I could do. I started buying kits, good kits, listening to stuff on YouTube, tutorials, I rented quite a number of those, and came up with content. Hence, Nipe Story. Initially I wanted to have full podcasts, then after just trying I realized this is a lot of work, so I scaled down to Nipe Story, which is my podcast. But in general its a very urban thing here in Nairobi. People are beginning to recognize what it has and coming up with a lot of niche content.

Thornburgh: Yeah. Thats the thing about the promise of podcasting. You can find your audience and it doesnt have to be that big, but they can be with you deeply because they can find something thats just specific for their taste. I also, from my short time here in Nairobi, I see tremendous opportunity in podcasting because its all about cars and traffic

Mwachiro: Absolutely.

Thornburgh: and the commute.

Mwachiro: Yeah.

Thornburgh: So, you have so many human hours in the car.

Mwachiro: You have already an audience sitting in Nairobi traffic waiting to listen to stuff.

Thornburgh: Waiting for Nipe Story. So tell me about that show, what is it trying to do and how are you getting that done?

Mwachiro: Nipe Story is just trying to get people into listening to stories, Kenyan stories, African short story fiction. I love stories. I love reading fiction and yet again, I love listening to spoken word and this was my way of just getting involved in that. It started in, I think, December or November 2017.

Mwachiro: So I said, This is amazing, and its a simple goal, mate. Just to make people love listening to stories. And theres a lot of African creative writing going out there and Im hoping to provide a platform for that, and also for a lot of queer writing that doesnt get a platform, especially in this form. So I just want to do that with Nipe Story. I would love Nipe Story to have a Pan-African feel.

Mwachiro: First of all.

Thornburgh: So they could go across the continent and not just be for Kenyans.

Mwachiro: Absolutely. And sometimes when I look at the stats you get people listening in South Africa. But the thing that surprised me, theres a huge North America audience and a British audience as well, that surprises me.

Thornburgh: Yeah. I dont know. I could see the appeal, especially because one, theres a huge diaspora and two, it is a different Ive gotten to listen to some of the episodes and its beautiful in the way that the concerns are just different, the dialect, the accents are different, its transporting in some way. If these were presented from a local perspective in the States, you could have the same mission, the same mandate, but its just very different in the way that it plays and sounds and listens, and you can lose yourself in it.

Mwachiro: Thank you.

Thornburgh: And its interesting, I remember you did an interview in Berlin where you were talking about the flip side of thatparticularly talking about the context of, I think, queer filmwhere you were saying there are some really great films that you saw at the Teddys, where you were a judge, but that they didnt necessarily speak to you. It was just a different experience, because these are European or American filmmakers. That was the sense that I got from that, and there is a way where your experience just does have a local identity to it, right? I mean, its a very Kenyan thing, even though you have common cause with people who are trying to do fiction podcasts, with queer activists, with people in different countries, but your experience is going to be your own, and fairly specific here. So, Im interested in getting a sense from you, taking your temperature on where Kenya is at right now in that particular realm, in queer activism. It seems like a tough game right now.

Mwachiro: People say it is. I dont consider it a really tough game, because weve been here a long time, so were used to this. I had drinks with a friend yesterday whos visiting also from the States and he said, It must be tough being gay, and its a question these days I dont know how to answer. Because Im just doing my thing.

Its waking up Kenya to the reality that queer people are here and theres nothing you can do about it and were as Kenyan as you are.

Thornburgh: Youve always been here.

Mwachiro: Yeah, Ive always been here. Some of my girlfriends are like, Who comes up with single guys? I look at my phone book and Im like, I dont know single guys and if theres any single guys here, theyre dicks and I dont want to introduce you to them. My phone book is full of queer men and women. And Ive normalized that existence here.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: But the fact that we lost the case in court that was trying to decriminalize gay sex. That was hurtful, that was painful.

Thornburgh: Yeah. I spoke with Wanuri about this too and I think especially for, its a three-year legal battle, but even longer than that, just an entire life of wishing this to be true.

Mwachiro: But the fact that we were actually in courtyou have to look at the positives. I remember some of the comments that I got on my page: Were not coming to Kenya. Were going to boycott. Im like, Why? Weve been in this space for quite a while and to find that 10, 12 years ago we never even thought that we would be in court.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: But the fact that on the 24th of May, people showed up in court from all over, didnt care about the media glare, didnt care what people thought, but we were in court, mate.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: That was powerful. And even before that, the first time they postponed it, we had activists come in from Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Such was the magnitude of what we were doing. And I dont think it will stop us. The fact that now people know that queer people do exist in Kenya. Theyve always known, but the fact that we are coming out strong, were waving the flag next to the Kenyan flag, and we are your brothers, your sisters, your sons, your daughters, your fathers, your husbands, your wives. Its sort of waking up Kenya to the reality that queer people are here and theres nothing you can do about it and were as Kenyan as you are.

So I think the space now and being involved with the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya and talking to people, its now wanting to move now to dialogues and getting Kenyans to come out in support of us. I feel weve been preaching to the choir for quite a while and its now engaging other members of society and saying, Yeah, you know, this is who we are. What do you want to know about us? How can you help? So that when we do go back to court, wed have other people speaking for us as well and not just ourselves.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: That would be great. I mean if you look at the case, Botswana luckily won theirs and people were making direct comparisons and you cant look at it that way. This is the jealous coming up, its a very simplistic way of looking at life. That story is not that simple.

But the fact that I was in Botswana last year and the deputy mayor, whos a man living with albinism, came and opened the largest Pan-African LGBT conference that had happened on the continent. The fact that he was there was a huge thing. And I remember sitting there, like would we even get someone from the city coming to attend one of these?

Thornburgh: Yeah, you dont think Mike Sonkos showing up?

Mwachiro: No, I dont think so. I dont think so.

Thornburgh: Your entertaining rapper turned [governor] of Nairobi.

Mwachiro: No, lets not go there. He vexes my spirit, man.

Thornburgh: Mike Money.

Mwachiro: Thats how low we can go as a country.

Thornburgh: So yeah, that idea of building some sort of bridges to other parts of society, so youre not out here fighting alone.

Mwachiro: Absolutely. And then the fact that the President of Botswana gave out very positive statements about homophobia, saying that we cant be in this space and other people have spoken. We have a president who still describes us as non-issues.

Thornburgh: Right.

Mwachiro: So we need to get them to move from non-issues, but I keep on saying almost everything in Kenya is a non-issue. Thats why we are the way we are. So weve just been lumped with everything else. Fight corruption, not an issue. You know?

What do I have to lose now? My shit is out there. I think thats the way you take power from people.

Thornburgh: So many amazing, pressing issues that are actually non-issues.

Mwachiro: Exactly, so when that happened, and then I talked, and people were like, Oh, arent you annoyed? I said, No, Im not annoyed. The truth is, a lot of things that should be dealt with in the country that weve made non-issues, and we have been put into that category of non-issues with everything else.

Thornburgh: So you have joined the mainstream then by becoming a non-issue.

Mwachiro: We have, exactly that. So thats where the space is at. Im just hoping that the ruling has just made us as a movement stronger.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: Will make us be very introspective in how our strategy going forward will be. And for me personally, I know its made me bolder, totally unapologetic about what I feel and the gay shit Im putting out there on my face.

Thornburgh: The Supreme Court has unleashed the wave of gay shit from Kevin.

Mwachiro: I wrote an article thats going up on this platform called Yellephant. Theyve been very kind in giving us an opportunity to put queer stories out there, two of my articles there, and Im like, Yes, we need it. And as a journalist Im taking I used to be slightly apologetic about it and Im like, Im just going to put stuff, Im just going to put the good journalist I think I am into this area where my energies are and where my life is involved in.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: And come up with good journalism talking about queer Kenyans.

Thornburgh: Yeah.

Mwachiro: And what it is to be a queer Kenyan in Kenya.

Thornburgh: When you, I think it was a film festival or some sort of forum here that you were involved in that had the tag line Shame is a luxury we cant afford.

Mwachiro: Absolutely.

Thornburgh: But thats that kind of thing. Because certain things are stacked against you, you actually have to be bolder and brighter and kind of more out there. That seems to be your perspective on it.

Mwachiro: I was telling someone, what do I have to lose now? My shit is out there. I think thats the way you take power from people. Ive hung up my dirty laundry. I dont think its there, I just use that expression. I hang it there. So you can see Ive taken the power away from you.

Thornburgh: Right. Right. This sort of constant, ongoing This is the experience I think that gay people have had for a long time in the States. Its like this daily blackmail.

Mwachiro: Exactly. Exactly. Ive gone through a process and a journey, Nathan, where I didnt like myself pretty much, I didnt think I was worth something to a point where I know what Im worth and Im happy about who I am in this space. Life has dealt me numbers, thrown lemons at me and Ive made lemonade and Im dealing with that and moving on. I was telling a friend yesterday, You only have one life.

Thornburgh: Right. How are you going to spend it, huh?

Mwachiro: How are you going to spend it? And if this life is going to be used trying to make it easier for other queer individuals in Kenya, so be it, mate. And not just that, but also just trying to make a world, the world a better place for other folk, man.

Thornburgh: Yeah. I mean this is the thing also that I feel people understand very little of. I mean, clearly by some of the conversations were having in the United States, rights for LGBT, justice or rights for minority groups, its not even about them. Its about you and what kind of country youre going to be. And Im sure Botswana is looking at it holistically as well as all these goals they have as a nation, which include development, increased tourism, equal standing on the world stage, all of these things are hurt when they diminish the rights of some large percentage of their population. We have that same conversation in the States. Its not about being nice to gay people. Its about your quality of country.

Mwachiro: Absolutely. I like that. And just being nice to all people. Being nice to women. I think we as a country could do a much better job in being nicer to our women. Slight digression here, we still havent fulfilled that constitutional quota that requires 25% representation of women.

Thornburgh: Wow. Which isnt a big number.

Mwachiro: Its not a number, but

Thornburgh: Its not totally proportionate, but yeah, even that is beyond reach.

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Kevin Mwachiro: Keeper of Stories - Roads and Kingdoms

Genome editing to be tested in kidney organoids – UW Medicine Newsroom

Gene editing will be tested in UW Medicine labs on kidney organoids tiny, kidney-like structures grown from stem cells as part of a federally funded effort to develop safe, effective genome editing technologies and therapies.

The National Institutes of Health today, Oct. 1, announced the next set of grant awards for the Somatic Cell Genome Editing consortium, created in 2018. Somatic cells make up the bodys tissues and organs, such as the lungs or blood, in contrast to reproductive cells, like fertilized eggs. Alterations made to somatic cell DNA are not passed down to the next generation.

In the latest round of SCGE funding, twenty-four grants, totaling about $89 million over four years, been awarded across the country. They will fund studies to address the promises and challenges of genome editing in the search for new treatment or cures for a number of genetic disorders.

The human genome contains thousands of genes responsible for making proteins. In many inherited disorders, a variation in the DNA code means that an important protein is not made, or is not made correctly. The missing or faulty protein could result in serious health problems. Genetic editing would aim to change the DNA to enable cells to make a sufficient amount of the proper protein.

For one of the new SCGE projects, collaborative research will take place between the University of Washington School of Medicine lab of kidney disease researcher Benjamin Beno Freedman, assistant professor of medicine, Division of Nephrology, and the University of California Berkeley lab of Jennifer Doudna, professor of molecular and cellular biology.

As a group, Freedman and his fellow researchers bring together expertise in kidney organoids, kidney cell biology, and kidney diseases. Their collaborators at UC Berkeley are leaders in the field of genome editing, including CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to cut and paste portions of DNA in living cells.

Freedmans lab at the UW Medicine Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine grow stem cell-derived organoids to study how kidney diseases begin and how they might be treated. Human kidney organoids and kidney-on-a-chip technologies (in which some functions of kidneys are simulated with living cells in tiny chambers) are providing useful medical information. For example, researchers have found new molecules that can reduce the signs of disease in these laboratory models.

Human kidney organoid showing podocytes (red) and proximal tubules (green) developed in the Freedman lab

Freedman explains the importance of exploring responsible gene-editing therapies for inherited kidney diseases: Genetic kidney diseases impact more than half a million people in the United States alone. If we can learn to safely repair the mutation that causes the disease, we can offer a way to treat patients that is much more effective than any current intervention.

Freedman emphasizes that dialysis and transplants two of the most common treatments for kidney diseases are expensive and hard on patients. Kidney transplants are in short supply; donor organs become available to less than 20 % of the patients who need them each year.

The shortcomings of dialysis and transplants make gene therapy an appealing area of research because it might get to the root of the problem.

One of the primary aims of the NIH-funded somatic cell genome editing explorations are to reduce the chances that gene editing produces unintended side effects that do more harm than good. In their collaborative project with UCBerkeley, the UW Medicine team will screen different gene therapies for their effects on normal kidney function and for risks of renal cancer or autoimmune disease.

Our hypothesis is that gene editing will cause adverse effects, but that these effects are predictable and controllable, says Freedman. Our goal is to prove this using laboratory models like organoids and kidneys on chips so we know the approach is safe before we ever involve a human patient.

Freedmans lab is in the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, at the UW School of Medicine, and his lab is also part of the Kidney Research Institute, a collaboration between Northwest Kidney Centers and UW Medicine.

Joining Freedman on the UW Medicine research team are Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine colleagues Hannele Ruohola-Baker, professor in biochemistry, and Julie Mathieu, assistant professor of comparative medicine, both at the UW School of Medicine.

Ruohola-Baker will investigate how genome-editing therapies affect cell metabolism. Mathieu adds CRISPR expertise to the UW research team. Several faculty members from other departments are also on the team.

How broad are the implications of developing responsible genome-editing methods?

This is a new paradigm for therapy development, says Freedman. Were looking at the kidney. But the liver, heart, and lungs all have similar challenges. Our hope is to create a model for doing this work in human organoids, which are faster and more humane than animal models, and can be more directly compared to human patients.

Genome editing has extraordinary potential to alter the treatment landscape for common and rare diseases, said Christopher P. Austin, director of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and SCGE Program Working Group chair. The field is still in its infancy, and these newly funded projects promise to improve strategies to address a number of challenges, such as how best to deliver the right genes to the correct places in the genome efficiently and effectively. Together, the projects will help advance the translation of genome-editing technologies into patient care.

Nearly 40 million Americans have chronic kidney disease, a family of progressive conditions that can come with widespread health complications, including a higher risk for heart disease. When kidneys fail, the primary interventions, dialysis and kidney transplants, are not cures. These treatments come with significant side effects and a heavy economic burden. Medicare costs average $114 billion a year total for the care of the nations patients with kidney failure. Altogether, kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States.

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Thatcher Heldring of the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine contributed to this news report.

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Genome editing to be tested in kidney organoids - UW Medicine Newsroom

First Patient Enrolled in Novel Stem Cell Trial for Heart Failure Treatment – Newswise

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Newswise Washington, D.C., October 1, 2019 MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute has enrolled its first patient to a clinical trial to determine whether cardiac stem cells reduce inflammation enough to improve heart function in patients with heart failure severe enough to require a left ventricular assist device, or LVAD. STEMVAD is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study that will assess the effects of multiple intravenous administration of CardioCells proprietary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). It is expected to enroll 30 patients.

The STEMVAD trial is the next step in MedStar Heart & Vascular Institutes earlier research that discovered one of the major problems in heart failure is persistent inflammation," said Stephen Epstein, MD, director of Translational and Vascular Biology Research at MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute. "And these mesenchymal stem cells control inflammation, leading to improved heart function.

Approximately six and a half million adult Americans have heart failure, of whom 200,000 to 250,000 are estimated to have end-stage heart failure and need a heart transplant. However, with the very low supply of donor hearts, LVADs are increasingly used. An LVAD is a small pump that helps circulate the patients blood when their heart becomes too weak to pump effectively on its own. Although highly effective in alleviating symptoms and improving longevity, patients with LVAD support have a high incidence of serious complications.

Innovative therapies to improve heart function and outcomes of patients with advanced heart failure are sorely needed, added Selma Mohammed, MD, PhD, research director of the Advanced Heart Failure Research Program at MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute.

If we are successful in showing intravenously delivered stem cells improve outcomes in patients, the results would likely extend to the general population of heart failure patients, and in the process, fundamentally transform current paradigms for treating heart failure, concluded Ron Waksman, MD, director of Cardiovascular Research and Advanced Education at MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute. For more information on whether patients may qualify for the trial, call Michelle Deville, research coordinator, at 202-877-2713 or email michelle.deville@medstar.net.

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Conflict of Interest Statement: Dr. Stephen Epstein is an equity holder in CardioCell, serves on its Board, and consults for the company.

About MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute:MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute is a national leader in the research, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. A network of 10 hospitals and 170 cardiovascular physicians throughout Maryland, Northern Virginia and the Greater Washington, D.C., region, MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute also offers a clinical and research alliance with Cleveland Clinic Heart & Vascular Institute, the nations No. 1 heart program. Together, they have forged a relationship of shared expertise to enhance quality, improve safety and increase access to advanced services. MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute was founded at MedStar Washington Hospital Center, home to the Nancy and Harold Zirkin Heart & Vascular Hospital. Opened in July 2016, the hospital ushered in a new era of coordinated, centralized specialty care for patients with even the most complex heart and vascular diagnoses.

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First Patient Enrolled in Novel Stem Cell Trial for Heart Failure Treatment - Newswise

Vor Biopharma Hires Senior Cell and Gene Therapy Leaders as Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Research – Business Wire

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Vor Biopharma, an oncology company pioneering engineered hematopoietic stem cells (eHSCs) for the treatment of cancer, today announced senior appointments to its leadership team. Sadik Kassim, PhD, a cell and gene therapy bioprocessing and translational research expert, joins Vor from Kite Pharma as Chief Technology Officer. Tirtha Chakraborty, PhD, a hematological and gene engineering research specialist with experience at Sana Biotechnology and CRISPR Therapeutics, joins as Vice President of Research. These new positions follow Vors recent move into an integrated headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., the appointment of Robert Ang, MBBS, MBA, as President and Chief Executive Officer and a $42 million Series A financing directed at developing Vors platform technology and advancing its pipeline of eHSC-based candidates.

Vor is bringing a fundamentally novel approach to hematopoietic stem cells to empower targeted cancer therapies, and we are rapidly building an industry-leading team to realize the value in this scientific foundation, said Dr. Ang. Dr. Kassim brings his substantial experience with the complex methods and processes that are required for manufacturing genetically-manipulated cell therapies, and Dr. Chakraborty provides deep expertise in hematology and genetic engineering. Their complementary knowledge will aid Vors expansion, platform development and the move towards our first Investigational New Drug filing for VOR33.

I am impressed that compelling in vivo data already supports the potential of Vors cellular engineering platform to protect healthy cells from antigen-directed therapies via antigen removal, said Dr. Kassim. This is especially noteworthy when therapeutic effectiveness is so often highly limited by co-location of target antigens on healthy immune cells, creating a huge opportunity for Vor to significantly broaden the applicability of these and future therapies.

Its exciting to join the Vor team during this period of accelerated expansion, said Dr. Chakraborty. As a geneticist and cell biologist, I look forward to developing this new approach to treat a range of devastating cancers, beginning with VOR33 in acute myeloid leukemia.

Dr. Kassim is a former Executive Director at Kite Pharma where he led the development of manufacturing processes for autologous CAR- and TCR-based gene-modified cell therapies. Prior to Kite, he served as Chief Scientific Officer at Mustang Bio, where he was the first employee and oversaw the foundational build-out of the companys preclinical and manufacturing activities. Prior to Mustang, Dr. Kassim was Head of Early Analytical Development for Novartis Cell and Gene Therapies Unit, where he contributed to the BLA and MAA filings for Kymriah. Earlier in his career, Dr. Kassim was a research biologist at the National Cancer Institute, where he was involved in early research and CMC work that led to the development of several first-in-human TCR and CAR-T products, including Kites Yescarta. Dr. Kassim has also conducted preclinical immunology research at Janssen and was a research fellow in the University of Pennsylvania Gene Therapy Program, where he led the initial discovery and preclinical studies for an AAV8 gene therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia, a program that is now in the clinic. Dr. Kassim earned his BS in Cell and Molecular Biology from Tulane University and received his PhD in Microbiology and Immunology from Louisiana State University.

Dr. Chakraborty joins Vor from Sana Biotechnology, where he served as the Vice President of Cell Therapy Research. Prior to Sana, Dr. Chakraborty was the Head of Hematology at CRISPR Therapeutics, where his teams work on hemoglobin disorders paved the way for the first clinical trial for the CRISPR industry. Before that, at Moderna Therapeutics, Dr. Chakraborty led synthetic mRNA platform technology research. He was trained as an RNA biologist and an immunologist during his postdoctoral research at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Chakraborty received his PhD from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai, India.

About VOR33Vors lead engineered hematopoietic stem cell (eHSC) product candidate, VOR33, is in development for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). VOR33 is designed to produce healthy cells that lack the receptor CD33, thus enabling the targeting of AML cells through the CD33 antigen, while avoiding toxicity to the bone marrow. Currently, targeted therapies for AML and other liquid tumors can be limited by on-target toxicity. By rendering healthy cells invisible to CD33-targeted therapies, VOR33 aims to significantly improve the therapeutic window, utility and effectiveness of these AML therapies, with the potential to broaden clinical benefit to different patient populations.

About Vor BiopharmaVor Biopharma aims to transform the lives of cancer patients by pioneering engineered hematopoietic stem cell (eHSC) therapies. Vors eHSCs are designed to generate healthy, fully functional cells with specific advantageous modifications, protecting healthy cells from the toxic effects of antigen-targeted therapies, while leaving tumor cells vulnerable.

Vors platform could potentially be used to change the treatment paradigm of both hematopoietic stem cell transplants and antigen-targeted therapies, such as antibody drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cell treatments. A proof-of-concept study for Vors lead program has been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Vor is based in Cambridge, Mass. and has a broad intellectual property base, including in-licenses from Columbia University, where foundational work was conducted by inventor and Vor Scientific Board Chair Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil. Vor was founded by Dr. Mukherjee and PureTech Health and is supported by leading investors including 5AM Ventures and RA Capital Management, Johnson & Johnson Innovation JJDC, Inc. (JJDC), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research and Osage University Partners.

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Vor Biopharma Hires Senior Cell and Gene Therapy Leaders as Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Research - Business Wire

What’s in the cards for this year’s Nobel Prizes? – STAT

Were not saying that discovering molecular drivers of cancer or cancer-causing genes doesnt deserve the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. But for Dr. Brian Druker (whose work led to the targeted leukemia drug Gleevec), Dr. Dennis Slamon (Herceptin), and Mary-Claire King (the BRCA breast- and ovarian-cancer gene), 2019 is probably not their year to be summoned to Stockholm: The 2018 medicine Nobel honored immuno-oncology, and according to STATs Nobel crystal ball, cancer wont win two years in a row.

With the naming of the science Nobels fast approaching the medicine prize will be announced on Oct. 7, physics on Oct. 8, chemistry on Oct. 9 polls, betting pools, and number crunching are in full swing, using approaches from toting up how many predictor prizes a scientist has won to calculating the periodicity of awards, meaning how many years pass before a specific subfield is honored again.

Past laureates, who get to submit nominations every year after their own anointing, have their favorites and, sometimes, their hunches, wrong though they usually are. As 2018 chemistry winner Frances Arnold of the California Institute of Technology said, Its not helpful to second-guess these things!

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Indeed, the Nobels are known for some head-scratching choices over the decades, though less in the science prizes than in peace and literature. Nevertheless, some experts have developed systems that do pretty well. Since 2002, David Pendlebury of Clarivate Analytics has made 50 correct predictions (though usually not in the right year) by analyzing how often a scientists key papers are cited by peers.

Using that strategy, Pendlebury thinks the chemistry Nobel could go toinventors of DNA sequencing techniques: Marvin Caruthers of the University of Colorado, Leroy Hood of the Institute for Systems Biology, and Michael Hunkapiller, CEO of DNA sequencing goliath Pacific Biosciences.Without their [1980s] inventions, Pendlebury said, there would be no map of the human genome.More on that below.

In medicine, Pendlebury likes the chances of Hans Clevers of the Netherlands Utrecht University for research on the Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt controls how stem cells differentiate and how some cancers develop. If Wnt wins, then the private biotech Samumed (valuation: $12 billion) can say its investigational Wnt-targeting drugs are based on Nobel-winning research.

Pendlebury also has his eyes on John Kappler and Philippa Marrack of National Jewish Health in Denver for discovering T-cell tolerance, a mechanism by which the thymus eliminates T cells that would attack the self. That advanced understanding of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, and is so basic and important one wonders, Why no Nobel yet?

In 2019, the answer might be, because the 2018 prize honored the hybrid of immunology and cancer, so immunology might have to wait another decade for its next turn. Thats sad news for Jacques Miller, who has never received a Nobel for discovering the function of the thymus and the fact that immune cells include T and B cells in the 1960s. Look how many Nobels were given for immunology based on Millers work, said MITs Phillip Sharp, who shared the 1993 medicine Nobel. There is just a lot of good science that will never get recognized.

If immunology and cancer are off the table, it opens a lane for optogenetics, the revolutionary mashup of genetic engineering and neuroscience. Here, Pendlebury likes Ernst Bamberg of the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Germany, Karl Deisseroth of Stanford University, and Gero Miesenbck of the University of Oxford in the U.K. Honoring optogenetics would be wonderful on many levels, starting with the power of the technique to identify neural circuits involved in virtually any function and disease. (The Nobel committees like techniques that enable others to make cool discoveries, Sharp said.)

Even more fun, a prize for optogenetics could open the floodgates of controversy. The key discoveries have so many fathers (alas, optogenetics has no mothers) that picking any three, the maximum for a Nobel, would likely trigger weeks (maybe years!) of carping about who got left out. As it happens, on Thursday the $500,000 Warren Alpert Prize will honor optogenetics, but the winners are Deisseroth, Miesenbck, MITs Edward Boyden (Deisseroths former postdoc), and Peter Hegemann of Germanys Humboldt University. If science had cage matches, we could root for one between Bamberg, Boyden, and Hegemann for the third slot in an optogenetics Nobel.

Records of Nobel committee deliberations remain secret for 50 years, so its anyones guess if theyre influenced by other big prizes. But the latter do seem to have predictive value. Thats one reason David Allis of Rockefeller University and Michael Grunstein of Hebrew University, who in the 1990s discovered one way genes are activated and quieted (through proteins called histones), are favorites (again) for a medicine Nobel. Theyve shared a slew of awards, including a 2018 Lasker and a 2016 Gruber Prize in Genetics, so 2019 could (finally) be their year, especially since there hasnt been a Nobel for gene expression since 2006, and the Allis/Grunstein discovery basically launched the hot field of epigenetics.

Sharp points to another scientist who made seminal contributions to the understanding of genes off/on switches: Yale Universitys Joan Steitz, who in 1979 discovered small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression.

For his crystal ball, biologist Jason Sheltzer of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory looks at periodicity, a strategy that helped him correctly predict last years medicine win for immune-oncology pioneer James Allison. Fields like infectious disease, immunology, and cancer win every 10 to 20 years, and so are probably off the table for 2019. But the last Nobel for DNA sequencing was way back in 1980, Sheltzer points out, and since then we have seen the complete sequencing of the human genome, one of humanitys towering achievements.

The problem is, hundreds of scientists worked on the Human Genome Project. Last year the Nobels honored the organizers of the project that discovered gravitational waves, so with similar reasoning the medicine or chemistry prize might go to Dr. Francis Collins, now director of the National Institutes of Health and the guy who herded all those cats to get the genome project done, and/or to the Broad Institutes Eric Lander, whose lab churned out much of the sequence. A third might be Craig Venter, the outsider whose private sequencing efforts raced the Collins/Lander government project to a bitter draw.

But if this trio wins, Pendleburys DNA-sequencing three (Caruthers, Hood, and Hunkapiller) wont. To complicate things even further, among the leading vote getters in an online poll for the chemistry Nobel is Shankar Balasubramanian of Cambridge University, who helped developed next-generation DNA sequencing. The Nobel committees grapple with questions of credit all the time: who did it, who did it first, who had the greatest impact, said chemist Peter Dorhout, past president of the American Chemical Society. I wouldnt want to be them.

For that and other messy reasons, when asked if sequencing has a shot at a Nobel, Sharp didnt hesitate: No, he told STAT.

Gene editing, on the other hand, last won in 1993, so it could be time for a new editing prize, Sheltzer tweeted. CRISPR in particular, [Jennifer] Doudna [of the University of California, Berkeley] will win for either chemistry or medicine.

The wisdom of the crowd agrees with him. Sigma Xi, the scientific research honor society, has been asking members to vote for most likely laureates in bracketology-style matchups. Doudna made the final four in chemistry. (Sigma Xi will announce the winner of its contest Thursday.) The other three finalists: Harvards Stuart Schreiber for research on signal transduction and master regulators of cell function such as the gene mTOR, now a hot target for cancer and other drugs; John Goodenough of the University of Texas for inventing lithium-ion batteries, and Stanfords Carolyn Bertozzi for basically developing bio-orthogonal chemistry, in which reporter molecules label biomolecules within cells.

Since STAT covers only life sciences, we have nothing to say about Goodenoughs chances (but thank you for making smartphones, digital cameras, and Teslas possible!), and agree that Schreiber and Bertozzi are stars. But the Doudna pick is a minefield. If she wins it alone, there will be hurt egos galore, starting with her collaborator Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology and including Virginijus iknys of Vilnius University. iknys is often called the forgotten man of CRISPR because Doudna and Charpentier had been running the table of prizes for their work turning a bacterial immune system into a DNA editor until he shared last years $1 million Kavli Prize in nanoscience.

If the Nobel committees prefer to keep firestorms of controversy for the peace prize (Greta Thunberg or Donald Trump?), they have many safe but stellar choices. Pierre Chambon and Ronald Evans have never won for discovering nuclear hormone receptors, where molecules as different as steroids and vitamins dock to make a whole suite of physiological reactions happen, Sharp points out. He also thinks Victor Ambros of the University of Massachusetts and Harvards Gary Ruvkun could bounce up this year for discovering microRNAs DNA-regulating molecules that turn out to control embryonic development, cancer, cell differentiation, and more. The pair has also snared a pile of predictor awards, including a Lasker, a Gairdner, a Breakthrough, and a Gruber Genetics Prize.

To all the many scientists whose work deserves a Nobel but who will not get an early-morning call from Stockholm next week, Sharp offers this quasi-consolation: Life is not fair.

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What's in the cards for this year's Nobel Prizes? - STAT

Skin-Cells-Turned-to-Heart-Cells Help Unravel Genetic Underpinnings of Cardiac Function – UC San Diego Health

Genome-wide association studies have uncovered more than 500 genetic variants linked to heart function, everything from heart rate to irregular rhythms that can lead to stroke, heart failure or other complications. But since most of these variations fall into areas of the genome that dont encode proteins, exactly how they influence heart function has remained unclear.

By examining heart cells derived from the skin samples of seven family members, researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine have now discovered that many of these genetic variations influence heart function because they affect the binding of a protein called NKX2-5.

The study is published September 30, 2019 in Nature Genetics.

By examining heart cells derived from the skin samples of seven family members, researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine discovered that many genetic variations known to influence heart function do so because they affect the binding of a protein called NKX2-5.

NKX2-5 is a transcription factor, meaning it helps turn on and off genes in this case, genes involved in heart development. To do this, NKX2-5 must bind to non-coding regions of the genome. Thats where genetic variation comes in.

NKX2-5 binds to many different places in the genome near heart genes, so it makes sense that variation in the factor itself or the DNA to which it binds would affect that function, said senior author Kelly A. Frazer, PhD, professor of pediatrics and director of the Institute for Genomic Medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine. As a result, we are finding that multiple heart-related traits can share a common mechanism in this case, differential binding of NKX2-5 due to DNA variants.

The study started with skin samples from seven people from three generations of a single family. The researchers converted the skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as an intermediary. Like all stem cells, iPSCs can both self-renew, making more iPSCs, and differentiate into a specialized cell type. With the right cocktail of molecules and growth factors, the researchers directed iPSCs into becoming heart cells.

These heart cells actually beat in the laboratory dish, and still bear the genetic and molecular features of the individuals from which they were derived.

Frazer and team conducted a genome-wide analysis of these patient-derived heart cells. They determined that NKX2-5 can bind approximately 38,000 sites in the genome. Of those, 1,941 genetic variants affected NKX2-5 binding. The researchers investigated the role of those variants in heart gene function and heart-related traits. One of the genetic variants was associated with the SCN5A gene, which encodes the main channel through which sodium is transported in heart cells.

Since related individuals tend to share similar genetic variants, the team was able to validate their findings by analyzing the same variants in multiple samples.

People typically need a large number of samples to detect the effects of common DNA variants, so we were surprised that we were able to identify with high confidence these effects on NKX2-5 binding at so many sites across the genome with just few people, said first author Paola Benaglio, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in Frazers lab.

Yet, she said, this finding may just be the tip of the iceberg.

There are probably a lot more genetic variants in the genome involved with NKX2-5 as well as with other important cardiac transcription factors, Frazer said. We identified almost 2,000 in this study, but thats probably only a fraction of what really exists because we were only looking at seven people in a single family and only at one transcription factor. There are probably many more variants in gene regulation sites across the entire population.

Not only does the team plan to further investigate cardiovascular genetics, they also have their sights set on other organ systems.

We are now expanding this same model system to look at many different transcription factors, across different tissue types, such as pancreas and retina epithelia, and scaling it up to include more families, Benaglio said.

Co-authors include: Agnieszka DAntonio-Chronowska, William W. Young Greenwald, Margaret K. R. Donovan, Christopher DeBoever, He Li, Frauke Drees, Sanghamitra Singhal, Hiroko Matsui, Kyle J. Gaulton, Erin N. Smith, Matteo DAntonio, Michael G. Rosenfeld, UC San Diego; Wubin Ma, Feng Yang, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and UC San Diego; Jessica van Setten, University Medical Center Utrecht; and Nona Sotoodehnia, University of Washington.

This research was funded, in part, by the National Institutes of Health (grants HG008118, HL107442, F31HL142151, T32GM008666, P30CA023100, HL116747, HL141989, R01DK114650, DK018477, DK039949), National Science Foundation (grant 1728497), California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (grants GC1R-06673-B, TG2-01154), Swiss National Science Foundation (postdoc mobility fellowships P2LAP3-155105,P300PA-167612), ADA (grant 1-17-JDF-027) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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Skin-Cells-Turned-to-Heart-Cells Help Unravel Genetic Underpinnings of Cardiac Function - UC San Diego Health

AIVITA Biomedical to Present at Meeting on the Mesa and Other Investor, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Conferences in October – PRNewswire

IRVINE, Calif., Oct. 1, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., a biotech company specializing in innovative stem cell applications, today announced that it will be presenting at the following investor, oncology and regenerative medicine conferences in October:

Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa Company Presentation Time: October 2, 11:00 AM PST Location: Park Hyatt Aviara Resort Golf Club & Spa, Cognate in the Bioservices Ballroom, Carlsbad, CA

World Immunotherapy Congress Keynote Title: Enhancing patient responses with autologous cancer stem cell vaccine in combination with checkpoint inhibitors Time: October 16, 9:25 AM CET Location: Congress Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland

BIO Investor Forum Company Presentation Time: October 23, 10:15 AM PST Location: Elizabethan A, The Westin St. Francis,San Francisco, CA

World Vaccine Congress Talk Title:Autologous Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines for Solid Tumor Cancers When: October 29, 3:45 PM CET Location: Palau de Congressos de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

About AIVITA Biomedical AIVITA Biomedical is a privately held company engaged in the advancement of commercial and clinical-stage programs utilizing curative and regenerative medicines. Founded in 2016 by pioneers in the stem cell industry, AIVITA Biomedical utilizes its expertise in stem cell growth and directed, high-purity differentiation to enable safe, efficient and economical manufacturing systems which support its therapeutic pipeline and commercial line of skin care products. All proceeds from the sale of AIVITA's skin care products support the treatment of women with ovarian cancer.

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3 Houston innovators to know this week – InnovationMap

A new Houston-based startup accelerator is planning to advance companies focusing on regenerative medicine and stem cell treatment.

Houston Healthspan Innovation Group was created by founder and CEO Ed Bosarge, a local entrepreneur who's made millions of developing health care and finance technology.

"From day one, Houston Healthspan will play a significant role in shaping Houston's vibrant life sciences scene with its seasoned leadership and state-of-the-art facilities," Bosarge says in a news release. "Houston Healthspan may be a tipping point for the region's life sciences community."

The program will provide its participating startups and joint venture partners with expertise and resources in biology, clinical disease, therapeutic delivery systems, finance, and marketing, per the release.

The accelerator will be housed out of the Houston Healthspan Bio Labs 10,000 square feet of lab space just south of the Texas Medical Center. The labs will provide the scientists and researchers with cutting-edge technologies, large cleanrooms, and cGMP cell culture workstations will be used for cell manufacturing, bioprocessing, and therapeutic protocol development. The lab can even handle small-scale biologics manufacturing.

"Gaining access to lab space is a significant hurdle many start-up life sciences companies must overcome," says Dr. Steven Greco, chief science officer at Houston Healthspan. "Our Bio Labs address this need and offer a compelling and ideal setting for start-ups and joint-venture partners to conduct pre-clinical studies and obtain valuable research services."

Houston Healthspan has already started working with two regenerative medicine companies that have both relocated their operations to Houston. Rejenevie Therapeutics, which moved from New Jersey, develops therapies for immune system restoration as well as age-related illnesses. Formerly based in Hawaii, Tissue Genesis created the Icellator X, a technology that focuses on stem cell isolation.

"With two collaborator companies like Rejenevie and Tissue Genesis working out of our Houston Healthspan Bio Labs, we can offer significant resources and expertise for start-up and joint-venture partners to thrive and succeed," says Eric Schaeffer, chief strategy officer, in the release.

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R3 Stem Cell Launches Master Class Series on Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine – PRNewswire

PHOENIX, Oct. 1, 2019 /PRNewswire/ --R3 Stem Cell, a national leader in stem cell therapy marketing and education, today announced that they are launching a new Master Class centered around the topic of stem cells and regenerative procedures. To commemorate their launch, they will be giving away one out of the eight episodes of their Master Class series for free and the rest will be available for only $49. Purchase the R3 Stem Cell Master Class series and receive Stem Cell Therapy with an R3 Center for $500 off. Register for the Master Class at https://stemcellmasterclass.org/.

The Master Class offers those considering regenerative procedures with stem cells vital information such as discovering how the process works, understanding the options that are given to them, learning the research behind it and gaining realistic expectations.

"Experiencing chronic pain is tiring and can lead to anxiety, depression, obesity, and addiction of medication," said David Greene, MD, MBA, Founder and CEO of R3 Stem Cell. "For those who are considering a stem cell procedure, our Master Class will provide them with the knowledge needed in order to make the decision. Questions regarding common misconceptions in the ever-growing field will be uncovered, giving the patient a realistic understanding of what a stem cell is, where they come from and what they can do."

The Master Class series explains what to expect with a regenerative procedure investment, what the different ways are to optimize stem cell therapy outcomes, what to look for in a stem cell clinic, and a patient's real-life experience with a stem cell procedure. The series is divided into eight different episodes, offering the patient a four-hour long learning opportunity with information on discovering a procedure that is right for them.

"It is important for patients to fully understand what type of stem cell therapies are being offered to them and know the full effect it can have on their everyday lives," continues Dr. Greene. "Regenerative therapies may give patients the opportunity to return to pain-free personal everyday activities. Our purpose is to make people educated consumers in a time when so much misinformation is being disseminated."

About R3 Stem Cell

R3 Stem Cell offers regenerative stem cell therapies to those who suffer from chronic pain. Their sole purpose is to repair, regenerate, and restore damaged tissue from the body. Giving hope and options for patients of relieving chronic pain and avoiding surgery. Stem cell procedures are done using bone marrow, adipose, amniotic, PRP or umbilical cord tissue containing platelets, cytokines, growth factors and exosomes that work to start a healing process within the body and repair damaged tissue. R3 Stem Cell has over 35 nationwide Centers and there is most likely a clinic near you. To learn more about R3 Stem Cell, visit their website at http://www.r3stemcell.comor call (844) GET-STEM.

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Michael Schumachers surgeon denies hes performing experiments on F1 legend with stem cell treatment and sl – The Sun

MICHAEL Schumacher's doctor has warned fans that he "does not work miracles" following stem cell therapy he performed on the F1 star.

Dr Philippe Menasch has also slammed claims he was carrying out "experiments" on the legendary racing driver when he treated him in Paris last month.

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Little was known about the stem-cell operation, but seven-time world champion Schumacher is believed to have received transfusions of inflammation-reducing stem cells.

Amongst the media flurry surrounding the top-secret op, local media reported on it as "experimental."

Menasche - known as a pioneer in stem-cell research - has slammed these claims, telling Italian newspaper La Republica: "I do not perform miracles.

"My team and I are not doing an experiment, an abominable term that is not in line with a serious medical view."

Schumacher's condition is not public knowledge, but after the procedure last month, a nurse toldLe Parisien: "Yes he is in my service ... And I can assure you that he is conscious."

The French paper also said Schumacher has been treated at least twice previously at the Georges-Pompidou hospital in Paris, admitted each time under a false name and treated by a small medical team.

It was also reported that the F1 driver was accompanied by security staff.

Schumacher's health has been shrouded in secrecy ever since a near-fatal brain injury he suffered in 2013.

The seven time F1 championsuffered severe head injuries on a family skiing holiday in the French Alps and has not been seen in public since.

What is stem cell therapy and how does it work?

STEM cell therapy is one of the most promising new medical treatments.

Stem cells are the body's raw materials - the cells from which all cells in the body are generated.

In the lab, scientists can take stem cells and help them divide to create daughter cells.

These daughter cells can either become new stem cells or turn into specialised cells - blood, brain, heart muscle, bone cells for example.

Scientists and doctors across the world hope stem cells could prove the breakthrough for treating a range of conditions, from heart disease to cancer.

How does it work?

One of the key ways stem cell treatment can work is to repair or regenerate damaged and diseased tissues.

By taking the cells and creating specialised heart muscle cells for example, doctors can help repair damaged heart muscle and use them to treat heart failure.

Who can benefit?

According to the Mayo Clinic in the US, patients with a wide range of illnesses and disease could benefit from the treatment.

They include those suffering:

Stem cells can also be used to grow new tissue that can then be used for transplants and regenerative medicine.

It means in future, stem cells could be used to grow new organs rather than relying on organ donation.

He was skiing with his son Mick when he fell and cracked his head on a boulder on the Combe de Saulire above Mribel.

The devastating injury left him paralysed and unable to speak.

Schumacher spent three months in a medically-induced coma after the accident and has had years of intensive care at his house in Gland, a Swiss town on the shore of Lake Geneva.

His condition now appears to have stabilised and in January this year he was taken by helicopter to the family's holiday home in Mallorca for his 50th birthday.

In a celebratory post on Instagram, his family wrote: "Please understand if we are following Michael's wishes and keeping such a sensitive subject as health, as it has always been, in privacy."

They confirmed that Schumacher was in "the very best of hands."

The wall of secrecy is reportedly enforced by his wife, Corinna.

Forumla One's head of motorsport, Ross Brawn has spoken publicly about Corinna's decision to keep her husband's health private.

He said: "I am constantly in touch with Corinna, and I totally agree with their decision."

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"Michael has always been a very private person and that's been a guiding principle in his career, his life and his family always agreed with that choice.

"It's completely understandable that Corinna has wanted to maintain the same approach, even after the tragic event, and it's a decision we must all respect.

"I'm sure the millions of people who are still Michael fans will understand it, too."

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Michael Schumachers surgeon denies hes performing experiments on F1 legend with stem cell treatment and sl - The Sun