Stem Cell Clinic

Cancer Therapy May Work in Unexpected Way – Technology Networks

By Uncategorized

An antibody to the cell receptor PD-1 may launch a two-pronged assault on cancer by initiating attacks by both T cells and macrophages, a Stanford study has found.

Antibodies to the proteins PD-1 and PD-L1 have been shown to fight cancer by unleashing the bodys T cells, a type of immune cell. Now, researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have shown that the therapy also fights cancer in a completely different way, by prompting immune cells called macrophages to engulf and devour cancer cells.

The finding may have important implications for improving and expanding the use of this cancer treatment, the researchers said.

A study describing the work, which was done in mice, was published online May 17 in Nature. The senior author is Irving Weissman, MD, professor of pathology and of developmental biology. The lead author is graduate student Sydney Gordon.

PD-1 is a cell receptor that plays an important role in protecting the body from an overactive immune system. T cells, which are immune cells that learn to detect and destroy damaged or diseased cells, can at times mistakenly attack healthy cells, producing autoimmune disorders like lupus or multiple sclerosis. PD-1 is whats called an immune checkpoint, a protein receptor that tamps down highly active T cells so that they are less likely to attack healthy tissue.

How cancer hijacks PD-1

About 10 years ago, researchers discovered that cancer cells learn to use this immune safeguard for their own purposes. Tumor cells crank up the production of PD-L1 proteins, which are detected by the PD-1 receptor, inhibiting T cells from attacking the tumors. In effect, the proteins are a dont kill me signal to the immune system, the Stanford researchers said. Cancer patients are now being treated with antibodies that block the PD-1 receptor or latch onto its binding partner, PD-L1, to turn off this dont kill me signal and enable the T cells attack.

Using antibodies to PD-1 or PD-L1 is one of the major advances in cancer immunotherapy, said Weissman, who is also the Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor for Clinical Investigation in Cancer Research, director of the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford. While most investigators accept the idea that anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies work by taking the brakes off of the T-cell attack on cancer cells, we have shown that there is a second mechanism that is also involved.

What Weissman and his colleagues discovered is that PD-1 activation also inhibits the anti-cancer activity of other immune cells called macrophages. Macrophages that infiltrate tumors are induced to create the PD-1 receptor on their surface, and when PD-1 or PD-L1 is blocked with antibodies, it prompts those macrophage cells to attack the cancer, Gordon said.

Similar to anti-CD47 antibody

This mechanism is similar to that of another antibody studied in the Weissman lab: the antibody that blocks the protein CD47. Weissman and his colleagues showed that using anti-CD47 antibodies prompted macrophages to destroy cancer cells. The approach is now the subject of a small clinical trial in human patients.

As it stands, its unclear to what degree macrophages are responsible for the therapeutic success of the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies.

The practical implications of the discovery could be important, the researchers said. This could lead to novel therapies that are aimed at promoting either the T-cell component of the attack on cancer or promoting the macrophage component, Gordon said.

Another implication is that antibodies to PD-1 or PD-L1 may be more potent and broadly effective than previously thought. In order for T cells to attack cancer when you take the brakes off with antibodies, you need to start with a population of T cells that have learned to recognize specific cancer cells in the first place, Weissman said. Macrophage cells are part of the innate immune system, which means they should be able to recognize every kind of cancer in every patient.

Other Stanford co-authors of the study are associate professor of pathology Andrew Connolly, MD, PhD; visiting scholar Gregor Hutter, MD, PhD; instructor Rahul Sinha, PhD; postdoctoral scholars Roy Maute, PhD, Daniel Corey, MD, and Melissa McCracken, PhD; graduate students Benjamin Dulken, Benson George and Jonathan Tsai; and former graduate student Aaron Ring, MD, PhD.

The research was supported by the D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, the Stanford Deans Fellowship, the National Institutes of Health (grant GM07365), the Swiss National Science Foundation and the National Center for Research Resources.

Weissman is a founder of the company Forty Seven Inc., which is sponsoring the clinical trial of the anti-CD47 antibody.

This article has been republished frommaterialsprovided by Stanford University Medical Center. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

Reference

Gordon, S. R., Maute, R. L., Dulken, B. W., Hutter, G., George, B. M., McCracken, M. N., ... & Ring, A. M. (2017). PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity. Nature.

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Cancer Therapy May Work in Unexpected Way - Technology Networks

Caution urged in using PRP or stem cells to treat young athletes’ injuries – Science Daily

By Stem Cell Treatment
Caution urged in using PRP or stem cells to treat young athletes' injuries
Science Daily
"Evidence from laboratory and veterinary research suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may provide an alternative treatment option for conditions that affect muscle, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage," said the authors. "This evidence, however ...

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Caution urged in using PRP or stem cells to treat young athletes' injuries - Science Daily

Patient uses fat stem cells to repair his wrist – CNN

By Stell Cell Research

He was tired of the daily pain that made even shaking someone's hand almost unbearable.

Marlette lost his arm in an accident when he was a teenager, but as an active kid, he didn't this slow him down. He continued to play football and golf, running track and even wrestling.

But over time, the strain on his remaining arm and wrist took a toll.

So to relieve his pain, he traveled from Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to Munich, Germany, with the hopes that a special procedure using stem cells could make a difference.

"There's no cartilage," Marlette said of his wrist. "I'm bone-on-bone. It is constantly inflamed and very sore."

As Marlette grew older, even the simplest things, like tucking in his shirt or putting on a jacket, became incredibly painful.

Marlette developed cysts and holes in the bones of his wrist. Doctors prescribed anti-inflammatory medications, but they only managed the pain, doing nothing to actually heal the problem. One day, his doctor, Dr. Bob Van Demark at Sanford Health in South Dakota, where Marlette works in finance, saw a presentation by Dr. Eckhard Alt.

It was about a new treatment using stem cells.

"Following an infection or wound or trauma," Alt said, "there comes a call to the stem cells in the blood vessels, which are silent, and nature activates those cells."

Stem cells are located throughout our bodies, like a reserve army offering regeneration and repair. When we're injured or sick, our stem cells divide and create new cells to replace those that are damaged or killed. Depending on where the cells are in the body, they adapt, becoming specialized as blood cells, muscle cells or brain cells, for example.

Alt was the first person to use adipose tissue, or fat, as a prime source of stem cells, according to Dr. David Pearce, executive vice president for research at Sanford health.

"He observed that the simplest place to get some stem cells is really from the fat," said Pearce. "Most of us could give some fat up, and those stem cells don't have to be programmed in any way, but if you put in the right environment, they will naturally turn into what the cell type around them is."

Fat tissue has a lot of blood vessels, making it a prime source of stem cells, and Alt recognized that stem cells derived from adipose tissue are also particularly good at becoming cartilage and bone.

Bone marrow is another source of stem cells, but these easily turn into blood and immune cells. Stem cells from fat have another fate.

"Fat-derived stem cells have a different lineage they can turn into, that is really cartilage and bone and other sort of connective tissues," said Pearce.

Van Demark traveled to Alt's Munich clinic along with some doctors from Sanford, which is now partnering with Alt on clinical trials in the United States. Marlette's doctor was impressed with what he saw and recommended the treatment to his patient.

Marlette paid his own way to Munich, where he would receive an injection of stem cells from his own fat tissue.

"I had one treatment, and my wrist felt better almost within the next couple weeks," Marlette said. "Through the course of the next seven months, it continued to feel better and better."

One injection was enough for this ongoing improvement.

"We see (from an MRI scan) that those cysts are gone, the bone has restructured, the inflammation is gone, and he formed ... new cartilage," said Alt.

MRIs confirmed what he was feeling: The cartilage had begun to regenerate in his wrist. Because the procedure uses autologous cells, which are cells from the patient's own body, there's little to no chance of rejection by the body's immune system.

Though the procedure worked for Marlette, the use of stem cells as a form of treatment is not without controversy or risk. In the US, they have been mired in controversy because much of the early research and discussion has been centered around embryonic and fetal stem cells.

Marlette traveled to Germany because approved treatments like this are not available in the United States. Clinics have popped up across the country, but they lack oversight from the Food and Drug Administration.

Dr. Robin Smith, founder of the Stem for Life Foundation, first began working in this field 10 years ago. According to Smith, there were 400 clinical trials for stem cells when she first started; now, there are 4,500. She partnered with the Vatican to hold a stem cell conference last year.

"We're moving toward a new era in medicine," said Smith, who was not involved in this research. "(We are) recognizing cells in our body and immune system can be used in some way -- manipulated, redirected or changed at the DNA level -- to impact health and cure disease. It is an exciting time."

Dr. Nick Boulis is a neurosurgeon with Emory University in Atlanta. His team ran the first FDA-approved clinical trials in the US to inject stem cells in the spinal cords of patients with ALS, better known as Lou Gehrig's disease, and he isn't surprised to see procedures like the one at Alt's clinic in Germany have success.

"Joints and bones heal," Boulis said. "The nervous system is very bad at healing. It doesn't surprise me that we're seeing successes in recapitulating cartilage before we're seeing successes in rebuilding the motherboard."

Smith also cautioned patients to do their research, especially about the types of cells being used. "When you have a health problem, and you need a solution, sometimes you don't have three five, seven years to get there," she said, referencing the slow progression of regulations in places like the United States.

"So really ,look for places that have the regulatory approval of the country they're in. Safety has to be number one," she said.

Alt's Munich clinic was approved by the European equivalent of the FDA, the European Medicines Agency. Through the partnership with Sanford, the health group is now launching clinical trials in America, focusing on rotator cuff injuries, a common shoulder injury. This is the first FDA-approved trial of its kind.

Further down the line, Alt hopes to see stem cells used for such issues as heart procedures and treating the pancreas to help diabetics. For him, the growth is limitless.

"I think it will be exponential," he said. "It will be the same thing (we saw) with deciphering the human genome. The knowledge will go up exponentially, and the cost will go exponentially down. For me, the most exciting thing is to see how you can help patients that have been desperate for which there was no other option, no hope, and how well they do."

For Marlette, it has meant a wrist free from pain and a life free from pain medication.

Since the procedure in August, he hasn't taken any of the anti-inflammatory drugs. "I have more range of motion with my wrist, shaking hands didn't hurt anymore," he said. "My wrist seems to continue to improve, and there's less and less pain all the time."

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Patient uses fat stem cells to repair his wrist - CNN

‘Stem cell therapy offers me a glimmer of hope, but my date with … – Herald Scotland

By Stem Cell Treatment

Well, unfortunately I am still alive.

Dying can become unexpectedly complicated.

The TV crew filming the story of my final journey to Switzerland completed the initial shoot this week in my home town of Inverness.

The producer, cameraman and lighting technician were accompanied by Alexander - he is a 63-year-old man diagnosed with dementia who is also considering voluntary assisted suicide in Switzerland.

Along with us enjoying liquid highland hospitality many thoughts on death were discussed.

I was asked what I expected would happen after I died. I said oblivion is my expectation although I respect that many believe in an afterlife. And whilst being greeted by more than twenty beautiful virgins is the expectation of some it is definitely not something I believe will happen to me..

Inevitably the opposers of voluntary assisted suicide continue to seek to deny a change in the law. Their argument is care not killing which from my experience is meaningless. I have been offered no support in obtaining ground floor accommodation - I am an MS suffer who lives in an upstairs flat. Similarly, outwith the hospital I have been offered no care. I recall my recent discharge from hospital at the height of the flu season. For that reason I was in a single room rather than a ward. The nurse tied on a face mask to me then helped me into a wheelchair which she pushed down to the taxi rank on the ground floor. There were no ambulances available so a nervous looking taxi driver would have to take me back to my flat.

The fact that I am in a second floor flat which is in a listed building without permission to instal a lift offered me the chance for some humorous scenarios with the film makers. Whilst the film makers were at the foot of the stairs I told them this was their base camp.

They would film me bravely making a solo and hazardous attempt to reach the summit - in imagined deteriorating weather conditions. They filmed my uncertain efforts to climb ahead until I vanished from sight into a snowstorm. Eventually they met me seated in a chair at the summit and we regretted we did not have a flag with us to mark the achievement.

Back to grim reality, and I remain very much the condemned man alone in his cell on death row.

Each day continues with the challenge of holding onto a zimmer frame as I try to get dressed without falling over. Then it is through to the bathroom for a quick shower before my legs time out.

Now seated safely in a chair I use my electric shaver as leg tremor makes razor blade shaves unsafe.

For the moment, I do not require assistance with toileting and I do not yet have any difficulties with swallowing liquids. I am, though, aware that eventually choking whilst trying to swallow liquids is a likely outcome.

As I do not have any carers I survive on microwave meals.

I try not to watch too much TV and when I do watch TV it is mostly news and documentaries and some comedies. And listening to all types of music is a great joy for me. I am attempting not to add any more songs to my iTunes purchased collection which is now at 502 songs.

And a peaceful conclusion to my day is 10 minutes of improvised melodic acoustic guitar.

Bed time for me is strictly at 10pm as it requires about 15 minutes preparation to safely get into bed. I then read for about 15 minutes before falling asleep.

As an former IT specialist, much of this week has been taken up emailing old IT colleagues to lament the failings of IT staff in having not been proactive in countering the WannaCry ransom ware computer virus that hit the NHS. Incredibly it seems that the failure of regular patching of now unsupported Microsoft operating systems has made things worse. Microsoft always give plenty advance notice of withdrawing support for its older operating systems. Ten years since release date is usually the end of support for older software.

The cyber attack inevitably inspired me to update my website hosted by the excellent Go Daddy.com where I talk and write about the things I love: friends, music, blues guitar, and beer. It is much more relevant to me than Facebook.

Unsurprisingly my website is named seekingoblivion.com ...

Towards the end of this week my landlord considerately persuaded me to seek stem cell treatment with Swiss Medica. They say they presently cannot cure multiple sclerosis but the stem cell treatment will improve mobility and halt progression. I have now chosen to defer but not cancel my plan for assisted suicide in Switzerland.

My treatment with Swiss Medica will probably involve several weeks at their Belgrade clinic.

Depending on the outcome of the treatment I will decide whether or not to complete my original intention of voluntary assisted suicide with Lifecircle in Switzerland on June 15.

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'Stem cell therapy offers me a glimmer of hope, but my date with ... - Herald Scotland

Stem-cell transplants show limited benefit for double-hit lymphoma patients in remission – Science Daily

By Stem Cell Medical Center

Patients with double hit lymphoma (DHL) who undergo autologous stem-cell transplantation (autoSCT) after achieving remission are not more likely to remain in remission or live longer than patients who do not undergo autoSCT, according to a new analysis from the Perelman School of Medicine and the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania. The study looked at long term outcomes for patients who achieved remission and, in most cases, found no clear benefit to the transplant, except potentially in patients who received standard front-line chemotherapy, who were less likely to remain in remission than those patients receiving intensive front-line chemotherapy. The findings are published this month in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

DHL is a form of aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by genetic alterations that drive the lymphoma's growth. This variant is associated with a poor prognosis as compared to other forms of aggressive B cell lymphomas, as patients with this disease survive only an average of two years after diagnosis. Relapses of this disease are almost always fatal, meaning that keeping patients in remission is crucial.

"A major dilemma for oncologists who treat this disease was whether or not to recommend the potentially harmful therapy of autoSCT to patients with this disease a strategy to help keep them in remission," said Daniel J. Landsburg, MD, an assistant professor of Hematology Oncology at Penn and the study's lead author.

Landsburg and his team looked at data on 159 patients from 19 different academic medical centers across the United States. Patients were diagnosed between 2006 and 2015, and all achieved remission following intensive front-line chemotherapy or the standard chemotherapy regimen containing rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Of the total patients, 62 underwent an autoSCT, while 97 did not. Landsburg noted that there were no significant differences between the patient groups at baseline.

"Our result is not explained by differences in patients' overall health or disease features," Landsburg said. "The transplant and non-transplant arms of this study were very well-matched."

Overall, 80 percent of the patients were still in remission three years later, and 87 percent were still alive. When researchers broke the patients into two groups, autoSCT and no autoSCT, they found 89 percent of autoSCT patients were still in remission at three years, as were 75 percent of patients who did not receive an autoSCT. Also at three years, 91 percent of autoSCT patients were still alive, compared to 85 percent of non-autoSCT patients. None of these differences were found to be statistically significant.

"Once these patients achieve remission, the data show they are likely to stay in remission," Landsburg said. "In the absence of a large randomized controlled trial, which would be very challenging to carry out in this case, this is the best evidence we have, and it shows there's no clear benefit to these patients undergoing autoSCT."

Landsburg did point to one exception in the data, and that was in patients who underwent RCHOP, the standard front-line chemotherapy regimen. Just 56 percent of them were still in remission at three years, far lower than patients who received the more intensive front-line therapies.

"Even if patients do go into remission with RCHOP, it appears to be less durable, so in these cases, going forward with autoSCT may still make sense," Landsburg said.

Landsburg says the next step will be to study features of patients who don't go into remission in order to understand why their disease is resistant to therapy and if that can be overcome with different treatment strategies. He says it's also important to try to find more effective therapies for DHL patients who relapse.

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Stem-cell transplants show limited benefit for double-hit lymphoma patients in remission - Science Daily

Rosario: Once a migrant worker, he’s revolutionizing brain surgery, cancer fight – TwinCities.com-Pioneer Press

By Stem Cell Clinic

Dr. Qs eyes widen and the hands that once picked grapes and now perform surgeries spring into action. He explains in laymans terms how he and a plastic surgeon teamed up to perform anterior brain tumor removals through an incision on the eyelid.

The way traditional surgery has been done is to remove the scalp forward, and then you do the removal of the bone, and then you take the tumor out, Dr. Alfredo Quiones-Hinojosa explained during a chat Thursday at a hotel in downtown Rochester, Minn.

Now, he explained, the plastic surgeon teammate makes the same incision used for movie stars when their eyelids get droopy. And tumors as large as three centimeters have been excised through this eyebrow-raising technique.

The method reduces, if not eliminates, cranial trauma and retraction of the brain. He has done 60 to 70 such operations in the past five years.

Supremely impressive. The same could be said of Quiones-Hinojosa, who now serves as chair of Neurologic Surgery at the Mayo Clinic complex in Jacksonville, Fla. Colleagues tagged him with that catchy Dr. Q monikeryears ago.

On New Years Day 1987, Quiones-Hinojosa, in pursuit of a dream he felt he could not realize in his native Mexico, scaled an 18-foot barbed wire fence at the U.S.-Mexico border.He was 19.

He began work picking grapes, cotton, cantaloupe, tomatoes and other crops. Twelve years later, he graduated with honors from Harvard Medical School.

Hard work, resiliency, perseverance, never giving up on your dreams are the same principles then that keep me going today as a brain surgeon, scientist, professor, philanthropist and entrepreneur, he said.

As a migrant worker, I worked with my hands and brains, he added. The difference is that the stakes are much higher, because back then I only had my life in my hands. I now have the lives of patients in my hands

The oldest of six children, the 49-year old father of three grew up dirt poor in a small village outside Mexicali in Baja California. The family plunged into further poverty after his father lost his gas station.

Alfredo went to school barefoot at times.

Wanting to help his family, Quiones-Hinojosa was barely 15 when he went to work for an uncle at a migrant farm in Mendota, Calif. He spent the summer months weeding fields and picking cotton and produce. He would return home to Mexico with $1,000, most of which he gave to his parents to make ends meet.

He obtained a teaching license when he was 19 years old. But he had a dream of becoming a doctor a goal inspired by his maternal grandmother, a curandera, Spanish for village healer. He realized America gave him the better shot to achieve it.

Border agents had confiscated his Mexican passport at a checkpoint after learning that he had illegally worked in the U.S. with only a tourist visa.

As he described in his memoir, Becoming Dr. Q: My Journey from Migrant Farm Worker to Brain Surgeon (University of California Press, 2011), Quiones-Hinojosa scaled the fence separating Mexicali from Calexico, Calif. But he was caught by border agents and sent back.

He waited a few hours and climbed over the fence again. A cousin drove him to San Diego, where he bought an airline ticket to Los Angeles with no ID.

It was very different then, he recalled.

Broke and unable to speak a word of English, he slept inside the terminal and ate food travelers had left on tables until another cousin showed up two days later for the ride to the farms in Mendota.

Quiones-Hinojosa worked as a migrant for two years and then landed a job as a welder and cleaner with a railroad company. He nearly lost his life at age 21 when he fell 18 feet into a railroad tanker and was overcome by petroleum fumes. He was pulled up barely conscious and taken to a nearby hospital.

He juggled work and studies at a community college while homeless and living in a small camper trailer with a leaky roof. There were days he woke up drenched.

We are equipping (stem cells body fat), training them, arming them with special tools so we can put them back in humans and fight all kinds of cancer.

At the urging of a friend, Quiones-Hinojosa applied to the University of California at Berkeley. He was accepted. With the help of a scholarship, hemajored in psychology and took several calculus, physics and chemistry classes to boost his grade-point average.

He wrote an honors thesis on neuroscience and was accepted to Harvard Medical School. He married and became a U.S. citizen during his time there. He graduated with honors in 1999 and was the class valedictorian.

He had long resisted the naysayers, the ones who would say Youre not Mexican. You are too smart, or even friends who told him that schools like Harvard were only for the elite, not for Mexican migrant and manual laborers like him. His dream would not let him quit.

Following a residency in San Francisco, Quiones-Hinojosa joined the staff at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore in 2005 as a professor of neurological surgery and oncology. He has served as director of both the brain tumor surgery and pituitary surgery programs at the medical center. And he has authored several textbooks on stem-cell biology and neurosurgical techniques.

Quiones-Hinojosa joined the Mayo team eight months ago, where he teaches and also heads a team of scientists working on a potentially promising way fight to fight cancer: stem cells extracted from a persons fat.

We are equipping them, training them, arming them with special tools so we can put them back in humans and fight all kinds of cancer, said Quiones-Hinojosa, who came to Minnesota this past week to make a presentation on the research.

Lab results, in which human cancer cells have been injected into animals and then treated with the fat cells, have been unbelievably positive. We have cured cancer in animals, he said.

He believes it will take another two or three years before the procedure may be done on a human patient at the Mayo Clinic.

Quiones-Hinojosa acknowledges that individuals and groups have pressured him to speak out on the immigration debate.

I always tell people that these are complex issues, he said. I am not an expert on immigration. I know about cancer. I know about brain surgery. I know about cell migration. My responsibility is not so much to talk about immigration but to serve as a role model for all those people who have come to this country with a dream to make this world a better place.

A movie production company headed by Brad Pitt is working on a movie based on his life. The script is scheduled to be completed by this summer. Casting will follow.

I ask Quiones-Hinojosa if he would like Brad Pitt to play him.

No, he chuckled. Hes too good-looking.

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Rosario: Once a migrant worker, he's revolutionizing brain surgery, cancer fight - TwinCities.com-Pioneer Press

Pope Francis: Huntington Sufferers are ‘Respected’ and ‘Loved,’ Condemns Embryonic Stem Cell Research – Gospel Herald

By Embryonic Stem Cells

It is well known that the Catholic Church has opposed the utilization of embryos in scientific research; Pope Francis, in a gallant, gentle, but courageous way, however, reiterated the church's stance in a Vatican meeting Thursday evening.

Surrounded by families coping in various ways with Huntington's disease, Pope Francis urged his fellows in humanity to refrain from any temptation to destroy embryos---no matter how "noble" the cause:

Some branches of research, in fact, utilize human embryos, inevitably causing their destruction. But we know that no ends, even noble in themselves, such as a predicted utility for science, for other human beings or for society, can justify the destruction of human embryos.

The hereditary illness, which involves a gradual degeneration of brain cells, eventually overtaking the mental capacities entirely. The effects are emotional, physical, and psychological. A person's cognitive abilities are eventually dissolved, and sufferers become completely dependent on their caretakers. A medical journal describes it as follows:

"Nerve cells become damaged, causing various parts of the brain to deteriorate. The disease affects movement, behavior and cognition - the affected individuals' abilities to walk, think, reason and talk are gradually eroded to such a point that they eventually become entirely reliant on other people for their care."

Tragically, there is as of now no cure for the disease; current research, however, is making an attempt for a remedy which involves the use of embryonic stem cells. Pope Francis addressed the attitude of Christ in His ministry with the sick, assuring the affected that they are "loved by God" and are not forgotten:

"In many cases the sick and their families have experienced the tragedy of shame, isolation and abandonment. Today, however, we are here because we want to say to ourselves and all the world: HIDDEN NO MORE!

Nonetheless, Francis encourages Christians not to grow weary in doing good. In seeking a means of healing which necessitates the taking of a life only adds to our "throw away culture."

What can be cured, the spiritual leaders insists, is our attitude towards those suffering from the disease:

"The strength and conviction with which we pronounce these words derive precisely from what Jesus himself taught us; Jesus met many sick people; he took on their suffering; he tore down the walls of stigma and of marginalization that prevented so many of them from feeling respected and loved.

The Pope closed with a blessing on the physically unwell, as well as their caretakers:

May the life of each of you both those who are directly affected by Huntingtons disease and those who work hard every day to support the sick in their pain and difficulty be a living witness to the hope that Christ has given us, even through suffering there passes a path of abundant good, which we can travel together.

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Pope Francis: Huntington Sufferers are 'Respected' and 'Loved,' Condemns Embryonic Stem Cell Research - Gospel Herald

Scientists Are "Tantalisingly Close" to Producing a Limitless Blood Supply From Stem Cells – ScienceAlert

By Embryonic Stem Cells

Two papers published this week have revealed that scientists are "tantalisingly close" to being able to produce large quantities of blood cells from a patient's own stem cells.

This would revolutionise treatments for people who need frequent blood transfusions, as well as those with bone marrow disorders who struggle to find a match with a healthy donor.

"For many years, people have figured out parts of this recipe, but they've never quite gotten there," Mick Bhatia from McMaster University in Canada, who was not involved with either study,told Nature News.

"This is the first time researchers have checked all the boxes and made blood stem cells."

Stem cells are specially programmed cells whose job is to create all the other cells in the body.

There are two different types: embryonic, which are located in an embryo before the cells start to specialise; and adult stem cells, which are used to repair and replace old, worn-out cells.

Since 2006, whenadult mouse cells were converted back into a type of adult stem cell calledinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) for the first time, the field has been pushing towards producing new blood cells.

The goal is that a patient could have their own cells extracted, converted into iPS cells, and from those, a limitless supply of the patient's blood could be produced - no donor required.

"This step opens up an opportunity to take cells from patients with genetic blood disorders, use gene editing to correct their genetic defect and make functional blood cells," says Rio Sugimurafrom Boston Children's Hospital, one of the researchers behind the recent studies.

"This also gives us the potential to have a limitless supply of blood stem cells and blood by taking cells from universal donors. This could potentially augment the blood supply for patients who need transfusions."

In the first paper, the researchers used both iPS and embryonic stem cells and exposed them to chemical signals that direct stem cells to change into specialised cells, such as hemogenic endothelium (the precursor to blood cells).

Next, the team added transcription factors (genes that code for proteins that 'transcribe' DNA), which was able to force the cells into a blood-forming state.

The researchers discovered that five transcription factors (RUNX1, ERG, LCOR, HOXA5 and HOXA9) were required to force the cells into the correct form.

When they added these new cells to mice, they integrated and formed multiple types of blood cells, including both red blood cells and immune cells.

"We're tantalisingly close to generating bona fide human blood stem cells in a dish," says George Daleyfrom Boston Children's Hospital, head of the research lab for the new paper."This work is the culmination of over 20 years of striving."

The second paper is slightly different although equally important to the field. Instead of using iPS or embryonic cells, a team fromWeill Cornell Medicinein New York managed to use adult stem cells taken from the lung walls of mice.

The team identified four separate transcription factors (Fosb, Gfi1, Runx1, and Spi1), and were able to turn the cells into blood cells without first turning them into iPS cells.

Instead, the extracted cells had the four transcription factors added to their genomes, and kept in a petri dish designed to mimic the environment inside human blood vessels.

The cells morphed into blood cells, and began multiplying. They were also effectively added into mice, which lived with minimal issues, over 1.5 years in the lab.

The head researcher of this project, Shahin Rafii, says the difference between his and Daley's team's techniques is pretty significant.

"Because he bypassed the iPS-cell stage, Rafii compares his approach to a direct aeroplane flight, and Daley's procedure to a flight that takes a detour to the Moon before reaching its final destination," says Amy Maxmen at Nature News.

Although that analogy might make you think Rafii's method is the superior choice, right now, we still don't know which way will be more effective in humans, as the results have only been demonstrated in animal models to work effectively.

But being able to change human cells into proliferating blood cells is a fantastic achievement for both groups, and it's always exciting to see competing science in action.

The studies have both been published in Nature, and you can access Daley's here and Rafii's here.

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Scientists Are "Tantalisingly Close" to Producing a Limitless Blood Supply From Stem Cells - ScienceAlert

Access Denied: Stem Cell Therapy Shows Some Promise in Refractory Angina, but Patients Can’t Get It – TCTMD

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NEW ORLEANS, LADespite new data showing that stem cell therapy has the potential to improve exercise time and reduce mortality in patients with refractory angina, researchers said at the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) 2017 Scientific Sessions last week that the option is all but dead due to withdrawal of financial support, resulting in patients being denied access to a promising treatment.

Presenting a summation of all the data that have been collected over the last decade on the use of autologous CD34+ cells to treat patients with class III or IV angina despite optimal medical therapy, Thomas Povsic, MD, PhD (Duke Clinical Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC), said this group of patients is in dire need of new treatment options, and maintained that it is imperative to explore methods to bring this therapy to patients.

He and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis from the only three trials of CD34+ therapy in refractory angina patients: a phase I study (n = 24); ACT-34 CMI and its 24-month extension study (n = 168); and the RENEW study (n = 112). All three were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. However, RENEW was terminated early by the sponsor due to financial reasons.

Taken together, the trials showed that among the 187 patients who received the therapy, total exercise time improved by 90.5 seconds at 12 months compared with an improvement of just 39.5 seconds in those who received a placebo.

Additionally, patients who received CD34+ treatment had more than a fourfold lower rate of mortality by 24 months (2.6% vs 11.8%; P = 0.003) and fewer instances of MACE (29.8% vs 40.0%; P = 0.08).

A Cloudy Future

Povsic said the CD34+ trials are extremely expensive to run, resulting in the only sponsor, Baxter Healthcare, divesting itself of all further research in this area.

I personally believe that this therapy has more data associated with it for efficacy and safety than any other cell therapy thats been investigated in the cardiovascular disease space, he observed. The passage of the 21st Century Cures Act may hold some hope for the future, Povsic added, since it allows for a therapy that fulfills a specific medical need to undergo expedited approval.

Its challenging because this patient population has no options, Povsics co-author Timothy Henry, MD (Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA), said in a press briefing prior to the presentation. This is by far the strongest data for any therapy for refractory angina. Its also the . . . strongest data for cell therapy, and its a shame that its not available to patients.

Henry added that hes hopeful the data from the meta-analysis may be well received by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Povsic noted that although other companies have expressed interest in the therapy, its future is cloudy. Referencing the termination of RENEW for financial reasons, he added that it shows the ramifications that early cessation of a clinical trial can have, because its truly a disservice to the patients that were enrolled in the trial, the investigators that invested time, and the fact that this therapy . . . seemed so close to the finish line, but [now] the path forward is unclear.

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Access Denied: Stem Cell Therapy Shows Some Promise in Refractory Angina, but Patients Can't Get It - TCTMD

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