Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market is thriving worldwide by 2029 | Top Key Players like Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH.,…

California (United States) Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Marketreport focused on the comprehensive analysis of current and future prospects of the Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing industry. It includes the primary investigations to cover historical progress, ongoing market scenarios, and future prospects defined with accurate data of the products, strategies and market shares of leading companies to help manufacturers locate the market position. The report presents a 360-degree overview of the competitive scenario of the overall market to project the size and valuation of the global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market during the forecast period.

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Some of the Top companies Influencing this Market include:

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH., Elanco, Zoetis, Merck & Co. Inc, Virbac, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Vetoquinol, Ceva, HIPRA, Dechra, CHINA ANIMAL HUSBANDRY GROUP, Kyoritsuseiyaku Corporation, Endovac Animal Health, Indian Immunologicals Pvt. Ltd., Zydus Group, UCBVET Sade e Bem Estar Animal, Neogen Corporation, American Reagent Inc, Huvepharma, Ashish Life Science, Ayurvet, Inovet Group, ECO Animal Health Ltd , Lutim Pharma Private Limited, .

Various factors are responsible for the markets growth trajectory, which are studied at length in the report. In addition, the report lists down the restraints that are posing threat to the global

Global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market Segmentation:

Market Segmentation: By Type

Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy

Market Segmentation: By Application

Hospitals, Wound Care Centres, Cancer Care Centres, Ambulatory Surgical Centres and Others)

Global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing market Research Study Offers:

Market Overview: It includes six chapters, research scope, major manufacturers covered, market segments by type, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing market segments by application, study objectives, and years considered.

Market Landscape: Here, the competition in the global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market is analyzed, by price, revenue, sales, and market share by company, market rate, competitive situations Landscape, and latest trends, merger, expansion, acquisition, and market shares of top companies.

Profiles of Manufacturers: Here, leading players of the global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing market are studied based on sales area, key products, gross margin, revenue, price, and production.

Market Status and Outlook by Region: In this section, the report discusses about gross margin, sales, revenue, production, market share, CAGR, and market size by region. Here, the global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market is deeply analyzed on the basis of regions and countries such as North America, Europe, China, India, Japan, and the MEA.

Application or End User: This section of the research study shows how different end-user/application segments contribute to the global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market.

Market Forecast: Production Side: In this part of the report, the authors have focused on production and production value forecast, key producers forecast, and production and production value forecast by type.

Research Findings and Conclusion: This is one of the last sections of the report where the findings of the analysts and the conclusion of the research study are provided.

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Global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing market Report Scope:

The cost analysis of the Global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market has been performed while keeping in view manufacturing expenses, labor cost, and raw materials and their market concentration rate, suppliers, and price trend. Other factors such as Supply chain, downstream buyers, and sourcing strategy have been assessed to provide a complete and in-depth view of the market. Buyers of the report will also be exposed to a study on market positioning with factors such as target client, brand strategy, and price strategy taken into consideration.

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Table of Contents

Global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market Research Report 2022 2029

Chapter 1 Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12 Global Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market Forecast

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Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Biological Testing Market is thriving worldwide by 2029 | Top Key Players like Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH.,...

University of So Paulo: In the future, cancer treatment should combine two types of immunotherapy, study suggests | India Education – India Education…

Cancer immunotherapy is currently one of the most effective approaches to treating patients. In it, cancer cells are fought by the bodys own immune system. Despite clinical success, not all people respond satisfactorily to this type of intervention or, if they do, they only have short-term responses, in addition to many side effects.

But a systematic review of the literature, carried out by Rafaela Rossetti, a doctoral student at the Clinical Oncology, Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Program at the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeiro Preto (FMRP) at USP, observed that the combination of two treatments (known as immunological checkpoint and adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells) may bring promising results.

The article Combination of genetically engineered T cells and immune checkpoint blockade for the treatment of cancer was published in January 2022 in the journal Immunotherapy Advances .

These studies provide lessons on possible approaches to enhance the performance of immune system cells against cancer, making them more resistant to the immunosuppressive mechanisms [ which reduce the activity of this system ] imposed by the tumor microenvironment , explains Rafaela Rossetti to Jornal da USP .

T-CARs are T cells genetically modified in the laboratory to produce a type of protein known as CAR (which stands for Chimeric Antigen Receptor) before being cultured and returned to the sick person. There are six products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the American drug regulatory agency for clinical use and available on the market.

The use of these cells has provided impressive results for the treatment of blood cancer. On the other hand, there are still limitations in its effectiveness against solid tumors, says Lucas Eduardo Botelho, coordinator of the Gene Transfer Laboratory at the Ribeiro Preto Blood Center and an associate researcher at the Cell Therapy Center (CTC), one of the Research, Innovation Centers and Diffusion (Cepids) funded by the So Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp).

The inefficiency is due, in part, to the immunosuppression mechanisms employed by tumors to escape the attack mediated by immune system cells, says Botelho.

Blocking the immune checkpoint is based on a group of proteins present on the surface of T lymphocytes that need to be activated or inactivated to trigger an immune response. Previous studies, led by Americans and Japanese, have shown that cancer cells stimulate the expression of these proteins (called checkpoints ) and their ligands (triggers) in tumor tissue. As a result, tumors turn off the immune system, which favors cancer growth. The same scientists also demonstrated that the use of antibodies capable of inhibiting the interaction between checkpoints and their ligands restores the antitumor defense response, allowing the reactivation of T lymphocytes.

This review aimed to assess whether blocking immunological checkpoints would be a promising way to increase the therapeutic efficacy of genetically modified T cells against solid neoplasms, summarizes Botelho.

Preclinical and clinical trials Systematic review is a research method that seeks to bring together similar studies by critically evaluating them in their methodology and bringing them together in a statistical analysis. By synthesizing similar and good quality studies, it is considered the best level of evidence for decision-making on treatments, according to Cochrane , a global network of researchers specializing in systematic review works.

To carry out this review, Rafaela and Botelho defined the main points to be addressed and each of them contributed to the bibliographic search, contextualization and writing on the chosen topics. In this review, we sought to bring a compilation of studies that provided important insights, as well as pre-clinical and clinical studies published recently, explains Rafaela Rossetti .

The aim was to provide a more complete picture of the current scenario of using immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with the infusion of genetically modified T cells for cancer treatment. In the end, 112 articles were selected for the researchers work.

In her opinion, this work contributed to enriching the knowledge in the area and allowed to reflect on possible implementations in research that currently address mainly genetically modified T cells for the treatment of cancer, aiming at an improvement in the efficiency of these cells.

Butantan, USP and Hemocentro de Ribeiro develop innovative cancer therapy The Cell Therapy Center was the pioneer in Brazil to establish an infrastructure for the study and clinical application of stem cells and, a few years ago, there was the incorporation of the use of genetically modified T cells to recognize and destroy tumor cells in the areas of research and development.

As a result, a platform was established for the production and clinical use of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors against the CD-19 protein (expressed in B-cell leukemias and lymphomas). This study resulted in the first successful application of anti-CD-19 T-CAR cells for the compassionate treatment of lymphoma patients in Latin America, says Botelho.

The Gene Transfer Laboratory of the Blood Center in Ribeiro Preto is making efforts to contribute to the expansion of the platform for the production and clinical use of CAR-T cells through the creation of molecular tools for quality control and pre-clinical tests, in addition to to develop new genetic constructs and strategies to improve the effectiveness and access of patients to this type of therapy.

Botelho says that, currently, there are projects underway to evaluate genetic constructs against three new targets expressed by tumor cells, including solid tumors. In addition, a gene editing platform for the generation of allogeneic T cells is under implementation.

This strategy can drastically reduce the costs of this technology, and allows cellular modifications capable of increasing its effectiveness through the deletion of genes that limit its antitumor activity, for example.

The survey we carried out reinforces the idea that using gene editing tools to delete the molecular circuits involved in this interaction can result in a more effective product, as it no longer suffers the suppressive action of the tumor microenvironment, emphasizes the last author of the study. Certainly this information will be incorporated into our effort to develop the next generation of anticancer cellular immunotherapies, he concludes.

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University of So Paulo: In the future, cancer treatment should combine two types of immunotherapy, study suggests | India Education - India Education...

Triplet Therapy Plus Transplantation Prolongs PFS in Multiple Myeloma – Targeted Oncology

Induction treatment with the triplet of lenalidomide (Revlimid), bortezomib (Velcade), and dexamethasone (RVD) plus autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) compared with RVD alone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Findings showed that the median PFS was 46.2 months in the RVD-alone group and 67.5 months in the transplantation and RVD group. With a median follow-up of 76.0 months, 328 events of disease progression or death occurred with the risk 53% higher in the RVD-alone group than in the transplantation group (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.23-1.91; P < .001).

Additionally, data published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that the percentage of patients with a partial response (PR) or better was 95.0% in the RVD-alone group vs 97.5% in the transplantation group (P = .55). A total of 42.0% of patients in the RVD-alone group and 46.8% in the transplantation group had a complete response (CR) or better (P = .99).

The phase 3 DETERMINATION trial [NCT01208662] showed the superiority of ASCT-based first-line therapy with respect to progression-free survival among eligible patients with newly diagnosed myeloma, findings that confirm those of the IFM 2009 trial.We found a significant 21.3-month benefit in median progression-free survival and a 35% lower risk of disease progression or death with RVD plus ASCT than with RVD alone, wrote the study authors.

In this randomized, open-label phase 3 trial, adults aged 18 to 65 years of age with symptomatic myeloma received 1 cycle of RVD to examine it as the initial management strategy in this patient population.

Initially all patients received 1 cycle of RVD. Then, patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive 2 additional RVD cycles plus stem cell mobilization. Randomization was stratified according to the International Staging System (ISS) disease stage and cytogenetic risk profile.

In both groups, patients received 2 additional cycles of RVD before stem cell collection. For those in the RVD-alone group, they received 5 additional RVD cycles vs those in the transplantation group who received high-dose melphalan at a dose of 200 mg/m2plus ASCT. At approximately day 60, patients in the transplantation group received 2 additional RVD cycles.

The 21-day cycle of RVD therapy included oral lenalidomide at 25 mg on days 1 through 14; intravenous or subcutaneous bortezomib at 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11; and oral dexamethasone at 20 mg in cycles 1 to 3 and 10 mg starting in cycle 4 on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12. For both groups, maintenance therapy was made up of daily lenalidomide at 0 mg, with a possible increase to 15 mg thereafter until disease progression, unacceptable toxic effects, or withdrawal from treatment or the trial.

For patients in the RVD-alone group at relapse, off-trial salvage transplantation was recommended but not required after completion of the protocol-specified treatment. Patients in the transplantation group could undergo a second transplantation with the selection of subsequent therapies made by patient and physician decision.

Enrollment was open to patients with symptomatic, measurable, newly diagnosed myeloma, and an ECOG performance status of 0 to 2, myeloma measurable by serum or urine evaluation of the monoclonal component or by assay of serum-free light chains, and a negative HIV blood test. Patients who had previously used systemic therapy for myeloma, central nervous system involvement, primary amyloidosis, and inadequate hematologic, hepatic, renal, or cardiac function were ineligible to be enrolled.

The primary end point was PFS. Secondary end points included response rates, the duration of response (DOR), the time to disease progression, overall survival (OS), quality of life, and adverse events (AEs).

Out of the 873 recruited patients, 357 were randomly assigned to the RVD-alone group and 365 to the transplantation group. Baseline patient and disease characteristics were balanced between the 2 groups with the median age as 57 years (interquartile range, 25-66) in the RVD-alone group and 55 years (interquartile range, 30-65) in the transplantation group. There were 122 patients (34.2%) and 102 patients (27.9%) aged 60 years or older, the ISS disease stage was II or III in 179 patients in the RVD-alone group (50.1%) and in 181 patients in the transplantation group (49.6%), a high-risk cytogenetic profile was identified in 66 of 334 patients (19.8%) and 66 of 340 patients (19.4%), respectively, with data that could be evaluated by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Findings showed that in the RVD-alone group, the median duration of treatment was 28.2 months (95% CI, 21.1-36.3) vs 36.1 months (95% CI, 28.5-41.5) in the transplantation group. Of the 365 patients in the transplantation group, 310 (84.9%) underwent ASCT. There were 289 patients (81.5%) in the RVD-alone group and 289 patients (79.2%) in the transplantation group who received lenalidomide maintenance therapy with the median duration being 36.4 months (95% CI, 25.7-40.8) and 41.5 months (95% CI, 34.0-47.1). At the time of data cutoff, 78 (26.8%) and 89 patients (30.8%) were still receiving maintenance therapy, respectively.

Additionally, the median percentage of maintenance cycles was 87.0% in the RVD-alone group and 60.0% in the transplantation group when the average lenalidomide dose was at least 10 mg. Then, 259 patients (89.0%) in the RVD-alone group and 264 patients (91.3%) in the transplantation group who received lenalidomide maintenance therapy had at least 1 dose modification, with 9854 dose modifications reported during maintenance therapy after RVD alone and 13,695 dose modifications after RVD plus ASCT. Dose modifications were due to AEs or illness in 50.5% of the RVD-alone group and 51.6% in the transplantation group.

Of the 328 patients with events of disease progression or death, there were 189 in the RVD-alone group (52.9%) and 139 in the transplantation group (38.1%). The duration of PFS among patients with a high-risk cytogenetic profile was 17.1 months in the RVD-alone group vs 55.5 months in the transplantation group. For disease progression, a secondary end point of the trial, the percentage of patients who were alive without progression at 5 years was 41.6% and 58.4%, respectively (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.21-2.27).

Additionally, the median DOR was 38.9 months in the RVD-alone group vs 56.4 months in the transplantation group (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.09-1.93), and the percentage of patients with a CR or better at 5 years was 52.9% and 60.6%, respectively.

In regard to safety, hematologic treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) that occurred were neutropenia (42.6% with RVD alone vs 86.3% with transplantation), thrombocytopenia (19.9% vs 82.7%, respectively), leukopenia (19.6% vs 39.7%), anemia (18.2% vs 29.6%), lymphopenia (9.0% vs 10.1%), and febrile neutropenia (4.2% vs 9.0%). Other TRAEs included diarrhea (3.9% in the RVD-alone group vs 4.9% in the transplantation group), nausea (0.6% vs 6.6%, respectively), fatigue (2.8% vs 6.0%), fever (2.0% vs 5.2%), pneumonia (5.0% vs 9.0%), hypophosphatemia (9.5% vs 8.2%), hyperglycemia (2.5% vs 4.1%), hypokalemia (3.4% vs 1.9%), neuropathy (5.6% vs 7.1%) syncope (2.2% vs 1.9%), and maculopapular rash (2.8% vs 3.6%).

Overall, grade 3 of higher TRAE occurred in 279 patients (78.2%) in the RVD-alone group and 344 patients (94.2%) in the transplantation group. Serious RVD-related AEs were observed in 144 patients in the RVD-alone group (40.3%) and 172 patients in the transplantation group (47.1%). Further, treatment-related serious infections were reported during maintenance therapy in 33 patients (11.3%) and 48 (16.6%), respectively.

Our results also highlight the value of long-term lenalidomide maintenance therapy until disease progression in both groups. In our trial, the median progression-free survival among patients who received RVD alone was 11.2 months longer than that in the IFM 2009 trial [46.2 vs. 35.0 months]; in the latter trial, patients received the same treatment as in the current trial except with only 1 year of maintenance therapy, wrote the study authors. The median progression-free survival among patients who received RVD plus ASCT was 20.2 months longer in our trial than in the IFM 2009 trial [67.5 vs 47.3 months]. These findings confirm previous observations of increased progression-free survival with a greater duration of lenalidomide maintenance therapy.

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Triplet Therapy Plus Transplantation Prolongs PFS in Multiple Myeloma - Targeted Oncology

Higher doses of CAR-T therapy bring survival advantage for young patients with hard-to-treat B-ALL – EurekAlert

First dosing study using real-world data offers valuable insights to inform treatment decisions

(WASHINGTON, August 8, 2022) Young people who received doses of tisagenlecleucel, a chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, at the higher end of the FDA-approved dosing range had significantly better survival rates at one year compared with those who received lower doses within this range, according to research published today in Blood Advances.

Since its approval as the first gene therapy available in the United States in 2017, tisagenlecleucel has offered a welcome treatment option for pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) whose cancer does not respond to chemotherapy or recurs after prior response. However, the wide dosing range approved for the therapy can pose a conundrum for doctors who sometimes must choose whether to use a higher or lower dose with little evidence to guide these decisions. This new study offers the first insights into optimal dosing based on real-world data.

In the past, we did not have data to guide clinical decisions around commercial CAR T-cell dosing and didnt know if higher doses would affect toxicity and compromise outcomes, or support enhanced anti-leukemia effect, said Liora Schultz, MD, pediatric oncologist at the Stanford Children's Health | Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, and the studys lead author. This data has direct clinical applicability, as it supports use of higher dosing, as available, within the approved tisagenlecleucel dose range.

ALL is the most common type of cancer in children, and B-ALL is its most common subtype. It is often treatable with chemotherapy, but about 20% of patients one out of five either do not respond to chemotherapy or subsequently relapse. CAR T-cell therapy is a type of immunotherapy in which a patients T cells, immune cells in the body that fight infection, are removed, genetically modified in a laboratory to help them identify cancer cells, and then infused back into the patients bloodstream where they find and destroy cancer cells. This therapy is becoming an integral part of standard care as an alternative or supplement to stem cell transplantation for pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory B-ALL.

Tisagenlecleucel is approved at a dosing range of 0.2 to 5 million CAR T cells/kg for patients weighing 50 kilograms or less, or 10 to 250 million CAR T cells for patients over 50 kilograms. In practice, the number of CAR T cells that are manufactured for each patient varies substantially based on the number of T cells that are obtained initially and the rate at which the modified cells grow in the laboratory.

Any amount of CAR T cells within the approved range is considered an acceptable dose, but if more than the minimum number of cells are available within the approved range, doctors can decide whether to use a higher amount or a lower amount. Clinical trials for tisagenlecleucel provided guidance on dosing leading to the therapys approval, but real-world data is useful to fine-tune dosing and inform decision making when there are multiple options available.

For the study, researchers analyzed rates of overall survival, event-free survival, and relapse-free survival at one year among 185 patients aged 26 or younger who received tisagenlecleucel for relapsed or refractory B-ALL. They found that patients who received a dose at the higher end of the approved range (between 2.4 and 5.1 million cells/kg) had significantly higher survival rates according to all three measures compared with patients who received a dose at the lower end (between zero and 1.3 million cells/kg). In the highest dose group, 86% of patients were alive at one year, compared to 59% in the lowest dose group. Researchers did not observe any signs of increased toxicity or safety concerns with higher doses.

The findings suggest that administering doses of tisagenlecleucel at the higher end of the approved range could help to achieve a more effective and long-term response without raising the toxicity risk. A lot of effort is focused on complex engineering and development of next-generation CAR-T therapies, said Dr. Schultz. This study aims to explore if clinical manipulations using our current approved construct, tisagenlecleucel, can achieve even incremental advances in the field.

The researchers plan to further examine the data to determine how additional clinical variables, might influence outcomes following CAR T cell therapy.

# # #

Blood Advances is a peer-reviewed, online only, open access journal of the American Society of Hematology (ASH), the worlds largest professional society concerned with the causes and treatment of blood disorders.

Blood Advances is a registered trademark of the American Society of Hematology.

Contact:

Kira Sampson, American Society of Hematology

ksampson@hematology.org; 202-499-1796

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Higher doses of CAR-T therapy bring survival advantage for young patients with hard-to-treat B-ALL - EurekAlert

See-through zebrafish, new imaging method put blood stem cells in high-resolution spotlight – University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tracing features in a large 3D electron microscopy dataset reveals a zebrafish blood stem cell (in green) and its surrounding niche support cells, a group photo method that will help researchers understand factors that contribute to blood stem cell health which could in turn help develop therapies for blood diseases and cancers. Image by Keunyoung Kim.

MADISON For the first time, researchers can get a high-resolution view of single blood stem cells thanks to a little help from microscopy and zebrafish.

Researchers at the University of WisconsinMadison and the University of California San Diego have developed a method for scientists to track a single blood stem cell in a live organism and then describe the ultrastructure, or architecture, of that same cell using electron microscopy. This new technique will aid researchers as they develop therapies for blood diseases and cancers.

Currently, we look at stem cells in tissues with a limited number of markers and at low resolution, but we are missing so much information, says Owen Tamplin, an assistant professor in UWMadisons Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, a member of the Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Center, and a co-author on the new study, which was published Aug. 9 in eLife. Using our new techniques, we can now see not only the stem cell, but also all the surrounding niche cells that are in contact.

The niche is a microenvironment found within tissues like the bone marrow that contain the blood stem cells that support the blood system. The niche is where specialized interactions between blood stem cells and their neighboring cells occur every second, but these interactions are hard to track and not clearly understood.

As a part of the new study, Tamplin and his co-lead author, Mark Ellisman, a professor of neuroscience at UC San Diego, identified a way to integrate multiple types of microscopic imaging to investigate a cells niche. With the newly developed technique that uses confocal microscopy, X-ray microscopy, and serial block-face scanningelectron microscopy, researchers will now be able to track the once elusive cell-cell interactions occurring in this space.

This has allowed us to identify cell types in the microenvironment that we didnt even know interacted with stem cells, which is opening new research directions, Tamplin says.

As a part of this study, Tamplin, and his colleagues, including co-first authors Sobhika Agarwala and Keunyoung Kim, identified dopamine beta-hydroxylase positive ganglia cells, which were previously an uncharacterized cell type in the blood stem cell niche. This is crucial, as understanding the role of neurotransmitters like dopamine in regulating blood stem cells could lead to improved therapeutics.

Transplanted blood stem cells are used as a curative therapy for many blood diseases and cancers, but blood stem cells are very rare and difficult to locate in a living organism, Tamplin says. That makes it very challenging to characterize them and understand how they interact and connect with neighboring cells.

While blood stem cells are difficult to locate in most living organisms, the zebrafish larva, which is transparent, offers researchers a unique opportunity to view the inner workings of the blood stem cell niche more easily.

Thats the really nice thing about the zebrafish and being able to image the cells, Tamplin says of animals transparent quality. In mammals, blood stem cells develop in utero in the bone marrow, which makes it basically impossible to see those events happening in real time. But, with zebrafish you can actually watch the stem cell arrive through circulation, find the niche, attach to it, and then go in and lodge there.

While the zebrafish larva makes it easier to see blood stem cell development, specialized imaging is needed to find such small cells and then detail their ultrastructure. Tamplin and his colleagues spent over six years perfecting these imaging techniques. This allowed them to see and track the real-time development of a blood stem cell in the microenvironment of a live organism, then zoom in even further on the same cell using electron microscopy.

First, we identified single fluorescently labeledstem cells bylight sheet or confocal microscopy, Tamplin says. Next, we processed the same sample forserial block-face scanningelectron microscopy. We then aligned the 3D light and electron microscopy datasets. Byintersecting these different imaging techniques,we could see the ultrastructure of single rare cells deep inside a tissue. This also allowed us to find all the surrounding niche cellsthat contact a blood stem cell. We believe our approach will be broadly applicable for correlative light and electron microscopy in many systems.

Tamplin hopes that this approach can be used for many other types of stem cells, such as those in the gut, lung, and the tumor microenvironment, where rare cells need to be characterized at nanometer resolution. But, as a developmental biologist, Tamplin is especially excited to see how this work can improve researchers understanding of how the blood stem cell microenvironment forms.

I think this is really exciting because we generate all of our blood stem cells during embryonic development, and depending on what organism you are, a few hundred or maybe a few thousand of these stem cells will end up producing hundreds of billions of new blood cells every day throughout your life, Tamplin says. But we really dont know much about how stem cells first find their home in the niche where theyre going to be for the rest of the life of the organism. This research will really help us to understand how stem cells behave and function. A better understanding of stem cell behavior, and regulation by surrounding niche cells, could lead to improved stem cell-based therapies.

This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01HL142998, K01DK103908, 1U24NS120055-01, R24 GM137200) and the American Heart Association (19POST34380221).

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See-through zebrafish, new imaging method put blood stem cells in high-resolution spotlight - University of Wisconsin-Madison

First-Ever Embryos With Monkey And Human Cells; Scientists Divided Over The Creation – Boldsky

Wellness

oi-Amritha K

For the first time, scientists have successfully grown monkey embryos containing human cells, marking a milestone in a rapidly advancing field that has raised ethical concerns.

Human stem cells may one day be used to grow new organs for people with failing hearts or kidneys by slipping them into the embryos of other animals. To achieve this goal, researchers have created the first embryos that contain human and monkey cells.

Researchers may be able to refine techniques for growing human tissue in species better suited for transplantation, such as pigs, by studying these chimaeras [1].

In genetics, a chimaera is an organism or tissue that contains at least two sets of DNA, most commonly resulting from the fusion of several zygotes (fertilized eggs). In Greek mythology, the term Chimera refers to a fire-breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part dragon [2].

According to the study published in the journal Cell, researchers in the United States and China injected 25 pluripotent stem cells (pluripotent stem cells of the body are capable of self-renewal and give rise to all cells of the body's tissues) from humans into monkey embryos.

After one day, researchers detected the development of human cells in 132 embryos, and the embryos ultimately survived for 19 days.

"The paper is a landmark in the stem cell and interspecies chimaera fields. The findings hint at mechanisms by which cells of one species can adjust to survive in the embryo of another", added experts [3].

According to the researchers, a third of the chimaeras had human cells present after 13 days. There appears to be an integration of human cells with monkey cells, and the human cells have begun to specialize into different types of cells that will develop into different organ types. A few previous studies by researchers in the same study group had explored embryo development along the same lines:

Researchers identified molecular pathways that were turned on or up in the chimaeras, possibly promoting the integration of human and monkey cells. Researchers believe that manipulating some of these pathways may allow human cells to survive in embryos of species more suitable for regenerative medicine for health problems.

However, the findings also stated that the human and monkey cells did not mesh perfectly. Human cells often stuck together, leading researchers to wonder if there is another barrier they are unaware of that would prevent human cells from thriving if the embryos mature further.

Chimaeras consisting of humans and monkeys do raise some concerns.

Last week, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released a report suggesting that human nerve cells may enter the brains of animals and alter their mental capabilities [7].

In this study, however, there are no nervous systems in the chimaeras. Therefore, it is impossible for them to experience pain and not be conscious. However, experts believe the story would be very different if human-monkey chimaeras were permitted to develop further - suggesting that it could go out of their hands.

"My first question is: Why?" Kirstin Matthews, a science and technology fellow at Rice University's Baker Institute, said, "I think the public is going to be concerned, and I am as well, that we're just kind of pushing forward with science without having a proper conversation about what we should or should not do" [8].

According to the researchers, they do not intend to implant any hybrid embryos into monkeys. Instead, the goal is to better understand how different cells communicate with one another during the early stages of embryonic development.

Several scientists question the need for such experiments using closely related primates - these animals are unlikely to be used as model animals in the same way as mice and rodents. Researchers are concerned that such work may stoke public opposition as non-human primates are protected by stricter research ethics rules than rodents [9][10].

Although there are concerns, scientists hope that these human-animal hybrids, known as chimaeras, can provide better models for testing drugs and growing human organs for transplantation.

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Story first published: Tuesday, August 9, 2022, 16:35 [IST]

Original post:
First-Ever Embryos With Monkey And Human Cells; Scientists Divided Over The Creation - Boldsky

Researchers make progress toward a stem cellbased therapy for blindness – Ophthalmology Times

What if, in people with blinding retinal disorders, one could simply introduce into the retina healthy photoreceptor cells derived in a dish from stem cells, and restore sight?

According to a news release form the University of Pennsylvania, it is a straightforward strategy to curing blindness, yet the approach has been met with a number of scientific roadblocks, including introduced cells dying rapidly or failing to integrate with the retina.

A new study, published in Stem Cell Reports, overcomes these challenges and marks significant progress toward a cell-based therapy. The work, led by a team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, and the National Institutes of Healths National Eye Institute (NEI), introduced precursors of human photoreceptor cells into the retinas of dogs. A cocktail of immunosuppressive drugs enabled the cells to survive in the recipients retinas for months, where they began forming connections with existing retinal cells.

In this study, we wanted to know if we could, one, improve the surgical delivery of these cells to the subretinal space; two, image the cells in vivo; three, improve their survival; and four, see them migrate to the layer of the retina where they should be and start integrating, said William Beltran, a professor of ophthalmology at Penn Vet and senior author on the study. The answer to all those questions was yes.

Beltran and Gustavo Aguirre at Penn Vet have long been interested in addressing retinal blinding disorders and they have had great successes to date at producing corrective gene therapies for conditions with known causative genes. But for many cases of inherited retinal degeneration, a gene has not been identified. In other patients, the disease has progressed so far that no photoreceptor cells remain intact enough for gene therapy. In either scenario, a regenerative medicine approach, in which photoreceptors could be regrown outright, would be extremely valuable.

To develop a cell therapy, Beltrans team joined with groups led by John Wolfe of CHOP and Penn Vet; David Gamm at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Kapil Bharti at the NEI, in a consortium supported by the NEIs Audacious Goals Initiative for Regenerative Medicine. The partnership combined Beltrans teams expertise in canine models of retinal degeneration and vast experience in cell-based therapy approaches from the Wolfe, Gamm, and Bharti labs.

According to the news release, photoreceptor cells, which are made up of rods and cones, constitute a layer of the outer retina critical to initiating the process of vision, whereby the energy of light transforms into an electrical signal. To function properly, they must form a connection, or synapse, with cells of the inner retina to pass along the visual information. Thus, the goal of this cell therapy is to recreate this layer and enable it to integrate with the retinas other cell types in order to relay signals from one layer to the next.

In the current work, the team used stem cellderived precursors of human photoreceptor cells developed in the Gamm lab to serve as the basis of the cell therapy. In collaboration with the Bharti lab, they developed a new surgical approach to inject the cells, which were labeled with fluorescent markers, into the retinas of seven dogs with normal vision and three with a form of inherited retinal degeneration, then used a variety of non-invasive imaging techniques to track the cells over time.

The use of a large animal model that undergoes a naturally occurring form of retinal degeneration and has a human-size eye was instrumental to optimize a safe and efficient surgical procedure to deliver doses of cells that could be used in patients, Gamm said in the news release.

The researchers observed that cell uptake was significantly better in the animals with retinal degeneration compared to those with normal retinas.

What we showed was that, if you inject the cells into a normal retina that has its own photoreceptor cells, the retina is pretty much intact and serves as a physical barrier, so the introduced cells dont connect with the second-order neurons in the retina, the bipolar cells, Beltran noted in the news release. But in three dogs that were at an advanced stage of retinal degeneration, the retinal barrier was more permeable. In that environment, cells had a better ability to start moving into the correct layer of the retina.

Because the transplanted human cells could be interpreted by the dogs immune system as foreign entities, the researchers did what would be done in other tissue transplant procedures: They gave the dogs immunosuppressive drugs. The trio of medications had been tested previously by Oliver Garden, a veterinary immunologist with Penn Vet at the time of the study, who is now dean of Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine.

Indeed, while the injected cell populations declined substantially in dogs that did not receive the immune-suppressing drugs, the cell numbers dipped but then sustained in the dogs that received the cocktail.

The university noted that further characterization of the introduced cells revealed evidence of potential synapses.

We saw that yes, some are appearing to shake hands with those second-order neurons, Beltran added in the release. There appeared to be contact.

The next stage for this project will be to continue optimizing the therapy, and then test whether there is a functional responsein other words, improved visionin its recipients.

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Researchers make progress toward a stem cellbased therapy for blindness - Ophthalmology Times

New milestone organoid synthesis will boost disease and drug development research – RegMedNet

The concept of synthesizing small-scale human organs in lab dishes has matured from pure science fiction to legitimate bioscientific reality in recent years. However, the usefulness of organoids as a research tool for studying the digestive system quickly ran into a roadblock, due to the fact that these in-demand tissues remain difficult to create.

Organoids are stem cell-derived three-dimensional tissue cultures that are designed to exhibit detailed characteristics of organs or act as model organs to produce a specific cell type in laboratory conditions. However, when growing organoids, the yield from each batch of starting material can vary massively and can even fail to produce any viable organoids at all. This of course results in severe delays in their production and utilization in pre-clinical experiments that test the efficacy and safety of drugs.

In a recently published paper from Stem Cell Reports, researchers from Cincinnati childrens (OH, USA) have developed a new practice that overcomes the organoid production hurdle. This novel procedure is already being utilized within the medical facility to boost organoid studies. However, because the materials utilized can be frozen and thawed while still producing high-quality organoids, this discovery allows for the shipment of starter materials to other labs anywhere in the world, foreseeably leading to a dramatic increase in the utilization of human gastrointestinal organoids in medical research.

This method can make organoids a more accessible tool, explains the first author Amy Pitstick, manager of the Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility at Cincinnati Childrens. We show that the aggregation approach consistently produces high yields and we have proven that precursor cells can be thawed from cryogenic storage to produce organoids of the small intestine.

Using this approach will make it possible for many research labs to use organoids in their experiments without the time and expense of learning how to grow induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), states corresponding author Chris Mayhew, director of the Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility. The ability to freeze the precursor cells also will allow labs to easily make organoids without having to start each new experiment with complicated and highly variable iPSC differentiation.

Generally, organoid creation begins with the collection of skin or blood cells, which are then transformed in the lab to become induced pluripotent stem cells. To create intestinal organoids, highly skilled lab professionals produce a flat layer of organ precursor cells known as the mid-hindgut endoderm.

Under the correct conditions, early-stage organoids, termed spheroids, autonomously develop into a three-dimensional ball of cells. These are then collected and placed into a growth medium, which supplies the required signals for the cells to develop into the specialized cell types of a human organ.

However, the quantity of spheroids produced in this manner has been unpredictable. The Cincinnati Childrens researchers discovered that they could harvest the unused precursor cell layer and employ a centrifuge to transport cells into hundreds of tiny wells housed on small plastic plates. This causes the creation of 3D cell aggregates, which may then be collected and utilized to produce organoids.

The experiment described in the research paper demonstrates that the spheroids created in this manner had no discernible differences from those that formed naturally. The scientists then stored samples of the progenitor cells in freezers. These cells generated viable spheroids after being frozen and aggregated.

The paper goes on to verify that these spheroids can be consistently grown into mature organoids, which can simulate organ function. In the case of this research, the mature organoids went on to mimic the function of the small intestine, large intestine and the antrum, the portion of the stomach that links to the intestine.

Although this development is a welcome and promising advance in organoid fabrication, years of research will be required to create organoids large enough and complex enough to be utilized as replacement tissue in transplant surgery. However, having access to a large number of readily manufactured organoids offers up numerous possibilities for medical study.

More labs will be able to create patient-specific organoids in order to evaluate drugcombination therapiesfor precision treatment of complex or rare disease states that necessitate personalized care. Scientists also conducting basic research to understand more about the genetic factors and molecular pathways at play in digestive tract diseases will be able to incorporate organoids in their experiments by procuring frozen spheroid precursors.

In his current effort to generate transplantable intestinal tissues, Michael Helmrath, Director of Clinical Translation for the Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM) at Cincinnati Childrens, has already begun employing materials made from this new method.

This is a great step forward for the field on many fronts, Helmrath says. To be able to reduce the complexity of the process and provide higher yields is beneficial to our work. And to be able to translate the methods to other labs will help move regenerative medicine forward.

Source: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213671122003599

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New milestone organoid synthesis will boost disease and drug development research - RegMedNet

Research discovery may help diagnose and treat cancer and brain disorders – EurekAlert

Researchers at Queens University Belfast have revealed how the pathway of an identified protein could lead to early diagnosis and targeted treatment for several cancers and brain disorders.

The team of researchers discovered how the journey or molecular pathway of an identified protein is both essential for brain development and howan alteration to its pathway could result in the spread of cancer.

The study, published today inNature Cell Biology, has revealed the molecular mechanisms of a timely and spatially controlled movement of cells that is essential for the migration of newborn neurons during brain development and can also cause the spread of cancer, or cancer metastasis throughout the body.

It is expected this discovery will have a huge impact on the fundamental understanding of cancer metastasis and brain development and could lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatments, the research authors said.

During brain development, neural stem cells give birth to neurons, which then migrate to specific locations within the brain where they form connections and mature in function. A defect in this process is known to cause several neurodevelopmental disorders. A better understanding of these events is key to decoding fundamental mechanisms of brain development and revealing novel diagnostics and therapeutic avenues for such disorders.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. The majority of tumours are solid, except for a few cancer types of blood origin. Often by the time solid tumours are detected, some cells from the primary tumor have begun to spread to other parts of the body by a process called metastasis, giving rise to secondary tumors whose cells are often resistant to chemotherapy. While surgical removal, chemotherapy and other types of anti-tumour therapy can target the primary tumour, metastasis makes the outcome unpredictable and can lead to more aggressive relapse. It is crucial to understand the features of cancer in order to tackle it.

Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a particular molecular pathway that enables cell migration and is vital for early development processes including brain development as well as for wound healing later in life but is also used by cancer cells for metastasis. The research team identified a particular protein, ZNF827, which they identified as a critical regulator of EMT. The study shows how the journey or molecular pathway of the protein is both employed for migration of newborn neurons to proper places during brain development and also exploited by tumour cells to gain migration potential and thereby cause metastasize to different organs.

Lead Author, Dr Vijay Tiwari from the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine at Queens University, said: Our study not only sheds light on the development of one of the most important organs in our body the brain but it also shows how the same protein that is key for brain development can also be the cause or target for the spread of cancer in the body, a real Jekyll and Hyde protein.

The process for migrating newborn neurons to proper places during brain development is the same process exploited by tumour cells to gain migration potential, causing the movement of cancer throughout the body, or cancer metastasis.

By identifying key regulators of these pathways, we open new opportunities for a therapeutic intervention against cancer and a better understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders involving defects in brain development.

The international team includes researchers from Queens University Belfast, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Altos Labs, University of Montpellier, Karolinska Institutet, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH (TRON gGmbH).

This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Wilhelm Sander Stiftung and Innovation to Commercialisation of University Research programme.

Nature Cell Biology

Experimental study

Animals

'A complex epigenome-splicing crosstalk governs epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in metastasis and brain development'

9-Aug-2022

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Research discovery may help diagnose and treat cancer and brain disorders - EurekAlert

Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size, Scope, Revenue, Opportunities and Growth by 2028 Shanghaiist – Shanghaiist

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Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size, Scope, Revenue, Opportunities and Growth by 2028 Shanghaiist - Shanghaiist