Stem Cell Clinic

Bristol Myers Squibb exec on the companys growth in Seattle and beating cancer with immune cells – GeekWire

BMS inherited Junos headquarters in Seattles South Lake Union neighborhood. (BMS Photo)

Pharmaceutical giant Bristol Myers Squibb has been quietly growing in the Seattle area.

Since acquiring Celgene and its Seattle operations two years ago, BMS now has more than 1,240 employees in the region, hundreds more than when the deal was announced.

BMS brings big pharma clout and a chunk of its $9.2 billion annual R&D budget to Seattles prospering biotech ecosystem, where global drug anchor companies have been as rare as bigfoot since Amgen shut down its Seattle hub five years ago.

Only Bothell, Wash.-based Seagen, with more than 2,500 employees worldwide, may top BMS in size among biopharma companies in the Seattle area. BMS has more than 150 open positions in the region, jostling with Sana Biotechnology, Umoja Biopharma and other cell and gene therapy biotech companies for workers.

BMS Seattle-area outpost, devoted to cell therapy and immuno-oncology, is one of about a dozen BMS R&D centers worldwide. Seattle BMS scientists are developing new ways to attack tumors by harnessing cells of the immune system and they are improving on two CAR T cellular therapies approved for certain blood cancers, Breyanzi and Abecma.

Breyanzi emerged from research at Seattles flagship cell therapy biotech company, Juno Therapeutics, which Celgene acquired in 2018 in a multi-billion dollar deal. BMS continues partnerships that Juno forged with Fred Hutch and Seattle Childrens Research Institute when Juno spun out of these institutions, and it is building new biotech collaborations to develop the next generation of therapies.

Leading BMS Seattle effort is Teresa Foy, who previously helmed Seattles Celgene operations and rose up through the ranks as an executive at two small Seattle biotech startups, VLST Corp and Oncofactor.

Our presence here is strong, Foy told GeekWire in an interview. Were hiring and were growing.

BMS footprint in the region includes a 266,000 square foot Seattle R&D facility built by Juno, and a manufacturing facility in Bothell, where the company manufactures Breyanzi.

The Seattle operation oversees clinical trials for Breyanzi and other cell therapies. BMS, for instance, aims to expand the eligible patient group for Breyanzi, which is currently approved for adults with certain types of lymphoma who have relapsed or do not respond after two front-line therapies. BMS recently released data in support of expanding the therapy to patients at an earlier stage of treatment.

BMS aims to reduce the steep cost of manufacturing CAR T cells, which involves engineering a patients own cells to attack their tumor. One option is to instead enable off-the-shelf therapies, derived from healthy donor cells or even stem cells.

The next generation of cellular therapies are also being built in Seattle. The company is engineering CAR T cells to overcome a hostile tumor environment and to recognize more than one molecular target. Such research aims to counteract the development of resistance to treatment and expand the therapy to solid tumors. BMS is also advancing TCR-engineered T cells which can target molecules inside tumor cells, not just on the cell surface as with CAR T cells.

Meanwhile, BMS is looking beyond cellular therapies at immune cell engagers. These are agents that interact with immune cells and direct them to recognize and attack cancer cells. BMS is testing such agents in phase 1 clinical trials for blood cancers and solid tumors.

Other cell and immune therapy companies pursue similar aims, but BMS brings multiple research strategies under one roof, bolstered by its strong clinical and manufacturing capabilities and web of academic and industry collaborations.

We talked with Foy about the companys growth and its vision for treating cancer with the immune system.

The interview with Foy below has been edited for clarity and brevity.

GeekWire: What do you think has kept BMS in the Seattle region?

Bristol Myers Squibb executive Teresa Foy: With the acquisition, BMS hired Celgene president Rupert Vessey as its president of research and early development. They really liked his research model, and BMS needed a kind of refresh on their research strategy. Vessey had helped build a distributed research model, with different innovation hubs, and each of those hubs has a different area of focus.

Part of what BMS recognized in the acquisition was that this was an important concept to keep intact, not just for Seattle, but for the other hubs as well. That was not traditionally how BMS operated their research. They were very centrally located in New Jersey, but now theyve sort of embraced this model. It leverages different locations for hiring and also allows you to tap into the ecosystems of local regions for academic expertise, other small companies to partner with, as well as the talent.

BMS wants to maintain the core expertise thats here and the critical mass of people to do cell therapy development. It takes a while to build that expertise and depth of experience. Being able to retain that and grow that here in Seattle is a real strength for us.

How does the cell therapy ecosystem in Seattle bolster your work, and do regional companies benefit as potential collaborators?

Foy: We certainly have a lot of academic history here in Seattle with Seattle Childrens, with Fred Hutch, and we still maintain those relationships. The talent pool has been shared across the region, and thats great for the ecosystem in Seattle.

We have partnerships and equity investments in some of the local companies [BMS investments include Presage Biosciences, Zymeworks, Silverback Therapeutics, and Lyell Immunopharma, which are based in the Seattle area or have operations there]. But we dont currently have any large collaborations with any current [local] companies. Part of the reason is some of our programs are competitive with each other. The technology and innovation cycle is continuing and we continue to have discussions with Sana, Lyell and other new companies.

We have partnerships with people all over the country and all over the world. But Seattle is a kind of center of excellence for cell therapies. Certainly, people around the country recognize that there was a strong foundation built here with Juno that expanded, and that has now seeded a bunch of new companies. I think thats an advantage for all of us because it brings talent here. It brings great scientific discussions and opportunity for collaboration.

Youre working in a field at the cutting edge of cancer research. What are you excited about for the future?

Foy: I do think that the progress will be exponential in the next five to 10 years because theres been so much innovation in technology and in bioinformatics, machine learning and artificial intelligence, which can help inform all the data that we gather from our patients. We can learn so much to feed back into improving the first generations of cell therapies. The technology is advancing things at kind of this frantic pace.

Im excited for us to be able to expand what weve learned in hematology, lymphoma and myeloma into solid tumors. And then well have to also apply what we learned in the immuno-oncology space with checkpoint inhibitors [immune modulating cancer drugs like BMS nivolumab]. What resistance mechanisms prevent checkpoint inhibitors from having longer effects or what prevents some patients from responding? Some of those same themes are holding true for cell therapies.

How are your research collaborations building the next generation of cellular therapies?

Foy: We have a partnership with Arsenal Bio, which is developing logic gates for solid tumors [enabling activation of therapeutic cells only within a tumor or under other conditions]. Obsidian therapeutics does regulated expression of proteins were adding particular proteins to our cell therapies that we can regulate to turn on just when we want them to, primarily for solid tumors to overcome tumor environment challenges. And then we have a partnership with Immatics, which has identified engineered T cell receptors to solid tumor targets, and were putting those in our in our cell therapies. So, theres lots going on with the next generation.

Were working on a couple of different approaches for off-the-shelf cell therapies. Allogeneic approaches [therapies from donor cells] are in the queue for both CD19 and BCMA [the targets of Breyanzi and Abecma]. And then a long ways off, were looking at other things like iPSC [stem-cell] derived therapies. We dont yet have a partnership there, but were working on exploring that.

Can you tell us about your other research efforts?

Foy: About 30% of our portfolio is focused on immune cell engagers. Those complement the cell therapy modality. They have some advantages in that they could be off the shelf, maybe give access to more patients. But obviously, you cant engineer as many things into those biologics as you can into a cell therapy. So its kind of a nice breadth for our portfolio to have optionality with both of them.

Any highlights from your clinical programs?

Foy: Both CD19 and BCMA CAR T cells [Breyanzi and Abecma] are in a next generation of manufacturing. And those essentially have a similar design but a different manufacturing process [that enables cells to persist longer in the body]. We entered a CAR T cell against a novel target, GPRC5D, for multiple myeloma, and that is in phase 1 now. Behind that we have an ROR1 CAR T cell well be enrolling patients early next year for that program, and that will be in chronic lymphocytic leukemia initially and then solid tumors subsequent to that.

What has it been like for you moving from small biotech companies to Celgene and then BMS?

Foy: I grew up as a bench scientist and gradually became a leader and then a chief scientific officer. I thought, Im not sure Im going to like the big company, but I found that doing good science is doing good science, regardless of whether youre in a small company or a big company. But being able to have resources to do it really well, and to actually see patients benefit from it, that was a huge, rewarding part.

Any final words?

Foy: Were really excited about segueing into solid tumors in the next five to 10 years and also looking at ways to make these cell therapies more affordable and off-the-shelf donor-derived. I think thats really the next generation of where the cell therapies will go.

Were also really proud of the community outreach weve done and our STEM efforts in Washington state. They are a really important part of our mission here [BMS is involved in outreach programs at the Pacific Science Center and other efforts]. Our staff is really excited to help mentor and educate the next generation of young scientists and hopefully keep the Seattle and Washington state ecosystem thriving with scientists of the future.

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Bristol Myers Squibb exec on the companys growth in Seattle and beating cancer with immune cells - GeekWire

Upregulated expression of actin-like 6A is a risk factor | CMAR – Dove Medical Press

Introduction

Pancreatic cancer (PC) with high aggressiveness and malignancy has become an enormously common cancer of the digestive system during 10 years. Globally, the 5year overall survival (OS) rate of patients with PC is less than 9%, and the mortality rate is predicted to peak by 2030.1 Due to insidious symptoms, only less than 10% of PC is initially diagnosed with a local stage, and the prognosis of PC is extremely poor.2 Therefore, further investigation into novel cancer-related genes is required and meaningful for the improvement of prognosis.

SWI/SNF complexes are evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit molecular machines that mediate transcriptional regulation3 and are linked to a poor prognosis across several cancer types.46 Among them, Actin-like 6A (ACTL6A), encoded by Actl6a, acts as a chromatin-remodeling factor and regulates the function of progenitor and stem cell transcriptionally.7,8 In addition, ACTL6A expression is associated with prognosis in many types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma,9 colon cancer,10 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.11 Recently, research revealed that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was also regulated by ACTL6A.9,12 In addition, the study showed that ACTL6A overexpression could lead to increased repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts and cisplatin resistance.13 However, the role of ACTL6A in tumorigenicity and clinical prognosis of PC remains unclear so far.

In this connection, we analyzed the differences of ACTL6A expression in PC tissues and normal tissues, and we investigated the prognostic effect of ACTL6A on PC based on cases in public databases and confirmed it in our center.

Differential expression of Actl6a mRNA between pancreatic tumor and normal tissues was analyzed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis website (GEPIA; http://gepia.cancerpku.cn/). Data for 179 patients with PC and 171 normal tissue samples analyzed on the GEPIA website were obtained from TCGA and normal tissue samples from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx).1416 The gene expression, determined as transcripts per million (TPM), was calculated by log2 (TPM + 1) for comparison. Based on the expression levels of Actl6a mRNA, the overall survival (OS) of patients was also analyzed.

A total of 60 patients with PC confirmed by histopathology from January 2013 to June 2020 at Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University were selected for the study. Sixty paired pancreatic tumor and normal tissues from patients who did not receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy were obtained to detect ACTL6A expression. Any patients with incomplete epidemiological and clinical information or lack of follow-up information were excluded. The results of serum tumor markers were collected from 60 healthy individuals who were admitted to the hospital for physical examination at the same time. All patients provided informed consent. Patients were followed up by telephone or at office visits every 3 months from the end date of surgery. The latest follow-up ended in July 2021. According to the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual, pathological stages were validated. The study was conducted with approval from the ethics committee of Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University. The study protocol protected the private information of enrolled patients in accordance with the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration.

The paraffin-embedded pathological specimens were cut into 4-m-thick sections. After being dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated in grade alcohol, the paraffin sections were submerged in a pH 6.0 citric acid solution and heated at 95C for approximately 15 minutes for antigen retrieval. Next, the sections were incubated with rabbit ACTL6A antibody (Abcam Corp, USA, diluted 1:200) overnight at 4C and washed 3 times with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The sections were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark. After stained with freshly prepared 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB), they were counterstained with hematoxylin and differentiated with 1% hydrochloric acid. PBS was used to substitute the primary antibody as negative control. Finally, the sections were dehydrated with alcohol and sealed with neutral gum, and pictures were taken by microscope for positive cell calculation. Immunohistochemical staining analysis was performed independently by two pathologists according to the staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells. The staining intensities were 0 (negative), 1 (positive 1+), 2 (positive 2+), and 3 (positive 3+), respectively. The percentages of cells were 0 (negative), 1 (125%), 2 (2650%), 3 (5175%), and 4 (76100%), respectively.17,18 Total scores were calculated by multiplying the scores of staining intensity and percentage.

Statistical analyses and mapping were performed using SPSS software (version 18.0, IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA), GraphPad Prism (Version 8.4.3, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), and R (version 3.4.1, http://www.r-project.org/) in the present study. Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate significant differences between pancreatic cancer and normal tissues, and the 2 test and continuity correction were used to explore the relationship between ACTL6A expression and clinicopathological features. The diagnostic efficiency of ACTL6A expression was analyzed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for PC. The sensitivity and specificity were evaluated at an optimal cutoff. The expression of ACTL6A was classified as high expression and low expression according to the cutoff. Survival analysis was analyzed using KaplanMeier curve, and difference among groups was assessed using Log rank test. Both univariable and multivariable analyses were used in survival analysis, respectively. The clinicopathological factors with significant associations (p < 0.1) in the aforementioned univariable analysis were subjected to multivariate analysis. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

To explore the potential role of ACTL6A in PC, the expression of Actl6a mRNA was analyzed with the publicly available GEPIA database. In clinical PC specimens (n = 178) and normal tissues (n = 171), Actl6a mRNA had significant differential expression between the two groups. What is more, Actl6a mRNA was upregulated in PC than normal tissues (p < 0.05, Figure 1A). Then, the protein expression of ACTL6A was validated and compared in PC samples (n = 60) and normal tissues (n = 60) with immunohistochemistry staining in our center. The typical immunohistochemical results of normal tissues and PC tissues are shown in Figure 1B, which demonstrated that ACTL6A was mainly observed in the nucleus of cells. By multiplying the staining intensity and percentage, the protein expression of ACTL6A was also overexpressed in pancreatic cancer (p < 0.001, Figure 1C). Table 1 shows the number of patients with different scores based on immunohistochemistry staining. The results above indicated that ACTL6A was upregulated in PC.

Table 1 The Number of Patients in Different Scores Based on Immunohistochemistry Staining

Figure 1 Expression of ACTL6A in PC and normal tissues. (A) Differential expression of Actl6a mRNA between pancreatic tumor and normal tissues. (B) Immunohistochemical results of typical normal tissues and PC tissues with different staining intensities. (C) Differential expression of ACTL6A between pancreatic tumor and normal tissues. (D) ACTL6A represented a moderate diagnostic value. The ROC of pancreatic cancer samples and normal tissues. (E) ROC for the diagnostic efficiency of ACTL6A, serum CEA, and serum CA199. *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: ACTL6A, actin like 6A; PC, pancreatic cancer; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curves; CA199, carbohydrate antigen 199; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

To investigate the diagnostic value of ACTL6A expression for PC, we performed ROC analysis on total scores of pancreatic cancer and normal pancreatic tissue, as shown in Figure 1D and E, and the AUC value was 0.724, which was higher than that of carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These results represented a moderate diagnostic value for PC. The specificity and sensitivity of ACTL6A expression for PC diagnosis were 0.867 and 0.567, respectively. The cut-off value established for ACTL6A expression for the diagnosis of PC was 5.

To further understand the role of ACTL6A in PC, we analyzed the relationship between ACTL6A expression and the clinicopathological characteristics. Patients with PC were divided into ACTL6A low-expression group (score 05; n = 34) and ACTL6A high-expression group (score 612; n = 26) with the cut-off value of score 5. The relationship between ACTL6A expression and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer is summarized in Table 2. Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) of PC was significantly associated with ACTL6A expression, which was more likely to occur in the ACTL6A high group. LVSI was present in 55.9% (19/34) of patients in the ACTL6A high group and 26.9% (7/26) in ACTL6A low group.

Table 2 Relationships Between the Expression Level of ACTL6A and the Clinicopathological Characteristics of PC Patients

The survival data of 178 PC patients was obtained from TCGA dataset. Patients are split into two groups according to the median value of Actl6a mRNA expression. One-half (89 patients) was defined as high Actl6a mRNA expression, and the other was defined as low Actl6a mRNA expression. Obviously, high Actl6a mRNA was associated with poor overall survival in patients with PC (p < 0.001, Figure 2A). Furthermore, based on data from our center, the KaplanMeier method was used to investigate the relationship between the expression of ACTL6A protein and OS of patients. The median OS in PC patients for the high and low expression of ACTL6A was 8.0 0.4 months and 13.0 1.6 months, respectively. Obviously, patients with low ACTL6A expression had significantly longer survival time than those with high ACTL6A expression (p < 0.001, Figure 2B).

Figure 2 (A) KaplanMeier curves of overall survival in PC patients with high and low Actl6a mRNA expression. (B) KaplanMeier curves of overall survival in PC patients with high and low ACTL6A expression.

Abbreviations: ACTL6A, actin like 6A; PC, pancreatic cancer.

Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to identify the prognostic factors on OS of patients with PC. The results demonstrated that ACTL6A overexpression (p = 0.032) and grade (p = 0.008) were risk factors for survival in patients with PC through univariate Cox analysis. Further multivariate Cox analysis showed that ACTL6A expression (p = 0.046) was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of PC (Table 3). As shown in Figure 3A and B, the forest plot visualizes the specific HR of risk factors.

Table 3 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Clinicopathological Characteristics Affecting Prognosis of Patients with PC

Figure 3 Forest plot of univariate (A) and multivariate (B) cox regression.

Abbreviations: ACTL6A, actin like 6A; PC, pancreatic cancer; LVSI, lymphovascular space invasion.

Worldwide, PC has become a malignancy with a dismal prognosis and high mortality, which has a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%.19 There are two clinical features that are involved with the poor prognosis of PC. First, initial symptoms of PC are insidious, which leads to many challenges for early diagnosis. Second, PC has a significant potential for invasion and metastasis.20 In detail, the distant spread may occur in the early stages of PC, and more than 50% of patients with PC have no possibility to be treated with surgical resection.21 Scientific problems covering early diagnosis, the mechanisms of metastasis, and the risk factors of prognosis are necessary to be solved to improve survival of PC. In this study, we clarified that ACTL6A is highly expressed in PC, and it is a reliable marker for predicting the prognosis of PC patients.

ACTL6A is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, spindle orientation, nuclear migration, and chromatin remodeling.7,22 Increasing evidence has suggested its involvement with tumorigenesis and development of cancer.7 ACTL6A has been reported to be overexpressed in a variety of malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma,9 ovarian cancer,18 cervical cancer,23 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,11 which is correlated with the prognosis of patients with malignancies. This evidence suggests that ACTL6A is a potential oncogene, and it is observed that ACTL6A expression is also upregulated in PC in our study, which is consistent with previous studies. Researchers have been constantly exploring diagnostic markers for PC. Jelski et al reported that the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) class III isoenzyme in pancreatic cancer was significantly higher than that in normal tissues.24 And the total activity of ADH and class III isoenzyme was increased in the serum of patients with PC, which can be due to the release of this isoenzyme from PC cells.25 Nevertheless, it was not observed that other types of ADH isoenzymes (I, II, IV) had a significant change in either pancreatic tissue or serum. Further exploration revealed that ADH III had the diagnostic value for PC.26 Also, our evidence demonstrated a potential role for ACTL6A as a marker of PC.

ACTL6A plays a vital role in the invasion and metastasis of tumors by promoting EMT, leading to poor prognosis. ACTL6A expression is higher in fibroblasts and progenitor cells and inhibits the epithelial properties of epidermal tissues.27,28 Moreover, the functions of ACTL6A are similar to features of stem cells, including the inhibition of cell differentiation and the ability of self-renewal, which is closely related to the biological functions of EMT.28 In hepatocellular carcinoma, ACTL6A activated Notch1 signaling via SOX2, which regulated EMT to affect the biological function and clinical prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Other studies also revealed ACTL6A as an EMT activator to promote metastasis in osteosarcoma29 and colon cancer,10 respectively. Some studies mentioned the potential role of ACTL6A involvement with tumors. Zhang et al found that ACTL6A was a glycolytic regulator by phosphoglycerate kinase 1(PGK1) in ovarian cancer and participated in FSH-induced tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer.18 And in triple negative breast cancer, ACTL6A promoted tumor cell proliferation by enhancing the stability of MYC oncogene.30 Additional evidence suggested that ACTL6A promoted the progression of cervical cancer and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through activation of yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling.23,31 Besides, ACTL6A could stabilize transcriptional regulators YAP and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) to regulate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma.32 Further studies revealed that the knockdown of ACTL6A gene resulted in the inhibition of protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway to suppress cell migration and increased sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide.33 Moreover, in vivo and in vitro, Shrestha et al revealed that p21Cip1, a tumor suppressor, was suppressed by ACTL6A in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma, leading to epidermal squamous cell carcinoma progression.34 More importantly, overexpressed ACTL6A was related to cisplatin-induced DNA damage and led to resistance to cisplatin.13 These studies have further confirmed the contribution of ACTL6A in the invasion, metastasis, and clinical prognosis of tumors.

In this research, we reveal a correlation between the expression of ACTL6A and the invasion and prognosis of PC. It was found that LVSI was more likely to occur in PC patients with high ACTL6A expression, which might be related to the high aggressiveness caused by ACTL6A. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis suggested that ACTL6A expression and grade were independent risk factors for poor prognosis of PC. This study also confirmed ACTL6A as a valid prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in PC. Given a follow-up and survival analysis of survival data of PC patients, patients with high ACTL6A expression had significantly poorer prognosis. It was suggested that ACTL6A expression in PC was a risk factor, which was consistent with the existing studies. And ACTL6A overexpression was associated with tumor progression. However, whether ACTL6A could induce PC cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in vitro, as well as the specific regulatory mechanisms, deserved further investigation.

In conclusion, it was found that levels of ACTL6A expression were elevated in PC tissues, which was associated with LVSI. Moreover, it was demonstrated that ACTL6A was an independent risk prognostic indicator for PC. ACTL6A could be used as a valuable biomarker to predict the prognosis of PC, assisting clinicians to develop preventative measures and better treatment strategies to improve mortality in patients with PC.

The authors are grateful to all the patients, researchers and institutions that participated in the TCGA and GTEx database.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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2. Zhang L, Sanagapalli S, Stoita A. Challenges in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(19):20472060.

3. Mittal P, Roberts CWM. The SWI/SNF complex in cancer - biology, biomarkers and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17(7):435448.

4. Naito T, Udagawa H, Umemura S, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer with loss of expression of the SWI/SNF complex is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features, PD-L1-positive status, and high tumor mutation burden. Lung Cancer. 2019;138:3542.

5. Cyrta J, Augspach A, De Filippo MR, et al. Role of specialized composition of SWI/SNF complexes in prostate cancer lineage plasticity. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5549.

6. Fukumoto T, Magno E, Zhang R. SWI/SNF complexes in ovarian cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Mol Cancer Res. 2018;16(12):18191825.

7. Krasteva V, Buscarlet M, Diaz-Tellez A, Bernard MA, Crabtree GR, Lessard JA. The BAF53a subunit of SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes is essential for hemopoietic stem cell function. Blood. 2012;120(24):47204732.

8. Panwalkar P, Pratt D, Chung C, et al. SWI/SNF complex heterogeneity is related to polyphenotypic differentiation, prognosis, and immune response in rhabdoid tumors. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(6):785796.

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10. Zeng Z, Yang H, Xiao S. ACTL6A expression promotes invasion, metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition of colon cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1020.

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13. Xiao Y, Lin FT, Lin WC. ACTL6A promotes repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage, a new mechanism of platinum resistance in cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(3):e2015808118.

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17. Rao X, Wang J, Song HM, Deng B, Li JG. KRT15 overexpression predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Neoplasma. 2020;67(2):410414.

18. Zhang J, Zhang J, Wei Y, Li Q, Wang Q. ACTL6A regulates follicle-stimulating hormone-driven glycolysis in ovarian cancer cells via PGK1. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(11):811.

19. Zhu H, Li T, Du Y, Li M. Pancreatic cancer: challenges and opportunities. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):214.

20. Ansari D, Tingstedt B, Andersson B, et al. Pancreatic cancer: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Future Oncol. 2016;12(16):19291946.

21. Lamb YN, Scott LJ. Liposomal irinotecan: a review in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Drugs. 2017;77(7):785792.

22. Zhao K, Wang W, Rando OJ, et al. Rapid and phosphoinositol-dependent binding of the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex to chromatin after T lymphocyte receptor signaling. Cell. 1998;95(5):625636.

23. Zhao J, Li L, Yang T. MiR-216a-3p suppresses the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer through downregulation of ACTL6A-mediated YAP signaling. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(12):97189728.

24. Jelski W, Chrostek L, Szmitkowski M. The activity of class I, II, III, and IV of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes and aldehyde dehydrogenase in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2007;35(2):142146.

25. Jelski W, Zalewski B, Szmitkowski M. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in the sera of patients with pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(8):22762280.

26. Jelski W, Kutylowska E, Laniewska-Dunaj M, Szmitkowski M. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) as candidates for tumor markers in patients with pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011;20(3):255259.

27. Bao X, Tang J, Lopez-Pajares V, et al. ACTL6a enforces the epidermal progenitor state by suppressing SWI/SNF-dependent induction of KLF4. Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12(2):193203.

28. Lu W, Fang L, Ouyang B, et al. Actl6a protects embryonic stem cells from differentiating into primitive endoderm. Stem Cells. 2015;33(6):17821793.

29. Sun W, Wang W, Lei J, Li H, Wu Y. Actin-like protein 6A is a novel prognostic indicator promoting invasion and metastasis in osteosarcoma. Oncol Rep. 2017;37(4):24052417.

30. Jian Y, Huang X, Fang L, et al. Actin-like protein 6A/MYC/CDK2 axis confers high proliferative activity in triple-negative breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021;40(1):56.

31. Dang Y, Zhang L, Wang X. Actin-like 6A enhances the proliferative and invasive capacities of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by potentiating the activation of YAP signaling. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2020;52(6):453463.

32. Ji J, Xu R, Zhang X, et al. Actin like-6A promotes glioma progression through stabilization of transcriptional regulators YAP/TAZ. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(5):517.

33. Chen X, Xiang Z, Li D, Zhu X, Peng X. ACTL6A knockdown inhibits cell migration by suppressing the AKT signaling pathway and enhances the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide. Exp Ther Med. 2021;21(2):175.

34. Shrestha S, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kandasamy S, Eckert RL. ACTL6A suppresses p21(Cip1) expression to enhance the epidermal squamous cell carcinoma phenotype. Oncogene. 2020;39(36):58555866.

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Upregulated expression of actin-like 6A is a risk factor | CMAR - Dove Medical Press