Stem Cell Clinic

Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Alternatives – GlobeNewswire

By Stell Cell Research

December 21, 2020 04:14 ET | Source: ReportLinker

New York, Dec. 21, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Alternatives" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p096592/?utm_source=GNW g., kidneys, liver, heart-lung, pancreas, intestines) and the tissue transplantation (e.g., bone, skin, cornea, heart valve) markets, along with the pharmaceuticals that accompany each market.

Also included are experimental xenografts and artificial organs; tissue transplants; and cell transplants (e.g., bone marrow, cord blood, peripheral blood, islet cell). The report touches on the use of fetal cells, stem cells and altered cancer cells.

The arrangement of this report offers an overview of the key elements in the transplantation process: tissue typing, procurement and preservation, immunosuppressants for solid organ and tissue transplants, and postoperative monitoring. International markets are discussed, and information is provided on industry structure and the regulatory environment.

Within each section are discussions of commercialization opportunities for each segment of the market. New or emerging devices, techniques and pharmaceuticals are highlighted.

Profiles of leading companies involved with solid organ transplantation, tissue transplantation, and alternative technologies are included. The report provides information on company placement within the market and strategic analyses of the companies available and emerging products.

An appendix featuring various terms and processes used in transplantation is provided at the end of the report.

This report cites autologous products only in relation to their impact on the market for allografts. It does not include blood products, except for peripheral and umbilical cord blood as a source of stem cells.

By geography, the market has been segmented into the North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World regions. Detailed analysis of the market in major countries such as the U.S., Germany, the U.K., Italy, France, Spain, Japan, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, GCC countries and South Africa will be covered in the regional segment. For market estimates, data will be provided for 2019 as the base year, with estimates for 2020 and forecast value for 2024.

Report Includes: - 26 data tables and 37 additional tables - An overview of the global organ and tissue transplantation and alternatives market - Estimation of the market size and analyses of market trends, with data from 2018 to 2019, estimates for 2020 and projection of CAGR through 2024 - Details about organ and tissue transplantation and alternatives, their pathophysiology and affects, and major advancement and latest trends - A look at the regulatory scenarios and initiatives by government organization - Analysis of current and future market dynamics and identification of key drivers, restraints and opportunities such as increasing incidence of organ donations, improved awareness about organ donations, side effects of organ and tissue transplantation and antibiotic resistance infections - Coverage of emerging procedures and products in development and discussion on prevalence of major chronic diseases which initiates organ damage or donation - Discussion on the role of the organ procurement organization and information on transplantation process and preparation and coverage of issues like black market donors - Impact analysis of COVID-19 on organ and tissue transplantation and alternatives market - Market share analysis of the key companies of the industry and coverage of events like mergers & acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborations or partnerships, and other key market strategies - Company profiles of major players of the industry, including Abiomed Inc., Bayer AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co., Johnson & Johnson, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc. and XVIVO Perfusion

Summary: The global organ and tissue transplantation and alternatives market was valued at REDACTED in 2019.The market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of REDACTED to reach approximately REDACTED by 2024.

Growth of the global market is attributed to factors such as the growing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, cancer, and other chronic diseases which leads to organ damage, a strong product regulatory scenario, and strong investment in research and development activities by key market players including Abbott Laboratories, Cryolife Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis Ag, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Medtronic, Arthrex Inc., Depuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson), and Allosource.

Although various factors facilitate the global market for organ and tissue transplantation and alternatives, certain parameters such as challenges in HLA sequencing and gaps in supply and demand can constrain market growth.For instance, although there is an increasing need for organ transplants, the shortage of organs worldwide limits the number of transplant procedures performed, and in turn creates an impact on transplant diagnostics procedures.

An increasing number of candidates on the waiting list for organ transplant procedures worldwide further widens this gap of availability and requirement of organs for transplant purposes.

Successful organ and tissue transplantation began to arrive in the mid-1970s when tissue typing coupled with the use of cyclosporine provided more successful graft and patient survival. Today, patient and graft survival for kidney transplants is higher than 90% for the first year post-transplant, and often the success rate is 80% to 90% for five years post-transplant, with some recipients living more than 20 years after their transplant.

Continuing developments in organ procurement, organ preservation, tissue typing, and immunosuppressant use have bolstered successful transplantation surgical techniques. Evolving posttransplant drug and testing regimens have added to the success rate with close post-transplant monitoring and immunosuppressant dosage review. Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p096592/?utm_source=GNW

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Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Alternatives - GlobeNewswire

Report On Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market to 2026: (Industry Insights, Company Overview and Investment Analysis) – Farming Sector

By Stem Cell Treatment

Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market report shows the Industry Chain Structure as well as Macroeconomic Environment Analysis and Development Trend. The Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market report also provides the market impact and new opportunities created due to the COVID19/CORONA Virus catastrophe. The total market is further divided by company, by country, and by application/types for the competitive landscape analysis. The report then estimates 2020-2026 market development trends of Canine Stem Cell Therapy Industry.

TheCanine Stem Cell Therapy market report gives CAGR value, Industry Chains, Upstream, Geography, End-user, Application, Competitor analysis, SWOT Analysis, Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Market Share, Import-Export, Trends and Forecast. The report also gives insight on entry and exit barriers of the industry.

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The Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Report Covers Major Players:

Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Breakdown Data by its type

Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Breakdown Data by its Application

Canine Stem Cell Therapy Consumption Breakdown Data by Region: North America, United States, Canada, Mexico, Asia-Pacific, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Europe, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia, Rest of Europe, Central & South America, Brazil, Rest of South America, Middle East & Africa, GCC Countries, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Rest of Middle East & Africa.

The Study Objectives of Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Report are:

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Report On Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market to 2026: (Industry Insights, Company Overview and Investment Analysis) - Farming Sector

Six Benefits of All-on-4 Implants Compared to Regular Dentures – Magazine of Santa Clarita

By Stem Cell Treatment

1. Bone is preserved: Dental implants preserve the bone in your jaw so that it can stay strong thanks to the stimulation when chewing. Dentures actually accelerate any bone loss or weakening in your jaw because they simply sit on your gums and dont stimulate your jawbone, which leads to bone loss with time. 2. More Comfortable: Your teeth are supported by solid implants, not gum tissue, so you wont get contact sores or friction marks on your gums. 3. Diet Benefits: Dentures limit what you can eat because you cant have anything too hard or too crunchy as it could break your dentures. They also cover your palate, which means you wont taste things as much. Implants allow you to eat almost anything you want and taste everything as it is meant to be tasted. 4. Self-Confidence: Implants dont move around when you speak or when you eat, so you dont have to be worried about embarrassment. They also help with spitting problems and speech concerns. 5. Improved Aesthetics: Tooth and bone loss can actually influence the way your face looks because you dont have the bone to support it. All-on-4s help to replace the original height between your upper and lower jaws so that your lips and cheeks are fuller. Say goodbye to the gaunt look! 6. Application: Implants permanently fix your teeth in your mouth, so you dont have to worry about messy, expensive adhesives. Schedule a Complimentary Consultation at 661-290-2825.

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Six Benefits of All-on-4 Implants Compared to Regular Dentures - Magazine of Santa Clarita

Allogeneic SCT Benefits Children and Adolescents With Relapsed Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma – OncLive

By Stem Cell Treatment

Findings from the International, Prospective ALCL-Relapse trial [NCT00317408] showed that allogeneic SCT after reinduction chemotherapy can lead to survival improvements in children and adolescents with high-risk relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), provide more insight into how to treat this population.

For patients with early-relapsed ALCL, data showed that autologous SCT wasnt effective.

Current standard chemotherapy reaches an event-free survival (EFS) of 70% at 5 years in children with ALCL, the study authors wrote. Retrospective data on the outcome of pediatric relapsed ALCL show a survival after relapse of more than 50%. In addition, there is no consensus on the optimal treatment approach in relapse, they explained.

Designed by the European Inter-Group for Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, the prospective, stratified, multinational clinical trial was opened for patients at sites in 5 countriesthe United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic.

Patients were stratified according to the time of relapse, CD3 expression, and prior vinblastine therapy to 3 different consolidation approaches: allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), autologous SCT, or vinblastine monotherapy.

Those whose disease progressed during frontline therapy (very high risk) or with a CD3-positive relapse (high risk) received allogeneic SCT after reinduction chemotherapy. Patients with a CD3-negative relapse within 1 year after initial diagnosis or prior exposure to vinblastine (intermediate risk) received autologous SCT after carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM). However, this arm was terminated prematurely, and patients received vinblastine monotherapy instead. Patients with a CD3-negative relapse more than 1 year after initial diagnosis (low risk) received by weekly vinblastine monotherapy (6 mg/m2; maximum, 10 mg) for 24 months.

Investigators analyzed 105 patients; most were male and had ALK-positive tumors. The median age was 12.4 years and median time from initial diagnosis to relapsed/refractory disease was 8.5 months. Patients were recruited from April 2004 to February 2014 and the median follow-up time was 8.1 years.

At 5 years, overall survival (OS) in patients with central nervous systemnegative disease was 78% 4% and EFS, the primary endpoint, was 53% 5%.

Before termination of autologous SCT, EFS rates of patients in the very-high- (n = 17), high- (n = 26), intermediate- (n = 32), and low- (n = 21) risk groups were 41% 12%, 62% 10%, 44% 9%, and 81% 9%. The respective OS rates were 59% 12%, 73% 9%, 78% 7%, and 90% 6%.

Analyzing only the patients in the intermediate-risk group consolidated per protocol by autologous SCT, EFS and OS of 23 patients were 30% 10% and 78% 9%, respectively. The 5 patients with intermediate risk receiving vinblastine monotherapy experienced relapse again.

Compared with data from retrospective analyses, the survival of patients with refractory or relapsed ALCL reached 75% in our prospective trial, demonstrating that relapsed ALCL remains a curable disease, the study authors wrote.

The main limitation to the study was the implementation of the trial as treatment recommendation only in some countries, noted the authors. While recommendations were followed in approximately 90% of patients in the very high risk and high-risk groups, only 70% of patients in the intermediate risk group received autologous SCT, they explained.

Overall, investigators determined that patients with high-risk relapsed disease can benefit from allogeneic SCT and offer a chance for cure.

A long-term remission rate of 81% by outpatient vinblastine monotherapy, with low risk for late effects in patients with a late relapse was also observed by investigators. However, the monotherapy wasnt effective for early relapses.

Patients with early relapsed ALCL dont benefit from consolidation by autologous SCT or vinblastine monotherapy, the authors wrote. However, they may benefit from clinical trials testing a consolidation approach including new targeted therapies. Targeted agents should be tested as reinduction for all but late relapses. Given the efficacy of vinblastine in relapse, this shift-of-paradigm approach should be tested for low-risk patients front line.

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Allogeneic SCT Benefits Children and Adolescents With Relapsed Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma - OncLive

Stem cells in the brain remain active and divide over months – News Landed

By Stem Cell Treatment

Stem cells are the most advanced and promising method, which could appear as a boon for the future generation. It serves as a repair system for the body, especially in adults. In general, they have the ability to renew different types of cells and can promote growth.

Scientists from the University of Zurichs Brain Research Institute found a cue stating that the mouse brain stem cell can undergo division even after months. Since now, there is no approved therapy for Alzheimers disease that results in memory loss. Eventually, the lead of the study identified that the brain cells divide in the region of the hippocampus, which is essential for learning and memory.

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Read Also: Lockdowns are an Opportunity, Not a Punishment

This evident conclusion was made by the usage of art microscopy and single-cell RNA sequencing. Researches used such techniques and analyzed the specific population of stem cells was emerging even after months. Besides, only single-cell RNA sequencing can depict the stem cells differences with their daughter cells in the molecular characteristics and the level of expression of genes.

With this approach, they are trying to increase the division number of stem cells. Once it happened, we could develop a novel therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. The future endeavors have the ability to recreate several models that would help in the medical field enormously.

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Source: Medical Xpress

+ Doctors who perform surgery on their birthday are likely lethargic and kill more patients + First case of COVID-19 in a wild animal

+ New threatening skin disease in dolphins is tied with changing global climate + Sturgill Simpson Stops Struggling

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Stem cells in the brain remain active and divide over months - News Landed

Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market 2026 by Product Type, Applications, Manufacturers, Revenue, Price, Share and Growth Rate & Forecast -…

By Stem Cell Treatment

The report entitled Canine Stem Cell Therapy market also gives a detailed idea of various technologies used by the manufacturers and industry experts to enhance the technological intervention in this market. An in-depth study in terms of production, Canine Stem Cell Therapy market revenue share and price are also a major factor of focus in this report. The company profile section also focusses on companies planning expansions. This can be very well studied through regional segmentation as all the key market players play an important role in uplifting the region, they operate in.

Furthermore, the report also gives the factors that might hamper the market growth over the forecast period. The detailed report on Canine Stem Cell Therapy market gives its readers a summary of the market movements and helps them to analyze all the other factors that can affect the market.

Leading Players Covered in Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Report

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Market segmentation Canine Stem Cell Therapy market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

By Type

By Application

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Highlights of the report:

Table of Content: Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Chapter 1. Research Objective 1.1 Objective, Definition & Scope 1.2 Methodology 1.2.1 Primary Research 1.2.2 Secondary Research 1.2.3 Market Forecast Estimation & Approach 1.2.4 Assumptions & Assessments 1.3 Insights and Growth Relevancy Mapping 1.3.1 FABRIC Platform 1.4 Data mining & efficiency

Chapter 2. Executive Summary 2.1 Plastics Additives and Master Batches Market Overview 2.2 Interconnectivity & Related markets 2.3 Ecosystem Map 2.4 Plastics Additives and Master Batches Market Business Segmentation 2.5 Plastics Additives and Master Batches Market Geographic Segmentation 2.6 Competition Outlook 2.7 Key Statistics

Chapter 3. Strategic Analysis 3.1 Plastics Additives and Master Batches Market Revenue Opportunities 3.2 Cost Optimization 3.3 Covid19 aftermath Analyst view 3.4 Plastics Additives And Master Batches Market Digital Transformation

Chapter 4. Market Dynamics 4.1 DROC 4.1.1 Drivers 4.1.2 Restraints 4.1.3 Opportunities 4.1.4 Challenges 4.2 PEST Analysis 4.2.1 Political 4.2.2 Economic 4.2.3 Social 4.2.4 Technological 4.3 Market Impacting Trends 4.3.1 Positive Impact Trends 4.3.2 Adverse Impact Trends 4.4 Porters 5-force Analysis 4.5 Market News By Segments 4.5.1 Organic News 4.5.2 Inorganic New

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Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market 2026 by Product Type, Applications, Manufacturers, Revenue, Price, Share and Growth Rate & Forecast -...

Exclusive Research on Stem Cell Therapy Products Market 2020 Segments, Regions, Strategy Analysis: Mesoblast, TiGenix, Osiris – LionLowdown

By Stem Cell Treatment

A research report on Stem Cell Therapy Products Market compiled byWorldwide Market Reports features a succinct analysis of the latest market trends. The report also includes detailed abstracts about statistics, revenue forecasts, and market valuation, which additionally highlights its status in the competitive landscape and growth trends accepted by major industry players.

Stem Cell Therapy Products Market reports provide a comprehensive overview of the global market size and share. Stem Cell Therapy Products market data reports also provide a 5 year pre-historic and forecast for the sector and include data on socio-economic data of global. Key stakeholders can consider statistics, tables & figures mentioned in this report for strategic planning which leads to the success of the organization.

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The major players profiled in this report include

New business opportunities and rising demand for Stem Cell Therapy Products market activities are the primary factors expected to drive the growth of the Stem Cell Therapy Products market in the United States, EU, Japan, China, India, Africa, Southeast Asia are the major region leading the Stem Cell Therapy Products market.

Impact of COVID-19:

Stem Cell Therapy Products Market report analyses the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on the Stem Cell Therapy Products industry. Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 180+ countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Stem Cell Therapy Products market in 2020.

COVID-19 can affect the global economy in 3 main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disturbance, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.

Further in the Stem Cell Therapy Products Market research reports, following points are included along with in-depth study of each point:

Production Analysis: Production of the Stem Cell Therapy Products is analyzed with respect to different regions, types, and applications. Here, price analysis of various Stem Cell Therapy Products Market key players is also covered.

Supply and Consumption: In continuation with sales, this section studies supply and consumption for the Stem Cell Therapy Products Market. This part also sheds light on the gap between supply and consumption. Import and export figures are also given in this report.

Key Strategic Developments: The study also includes the key strategic developments of the Stem Cell Therapy Products market, comprising R&D, new product launch, M&A, agreements, collaborations, partnerships, joint ventures, Global and regional growth of the leading competitors operating in the market on a global and regional scale.

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In this report, the global Stem Cell Therapy Products market is valued at USD XX million in 2019 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2026, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2019 and 2026.

History Year: 2013-2019

Base Year:2020

Estimated Year:2021

Forecast Year 2020to2026

The report provides an in-detail list of drivers and restraints in the market, which are influencing the market growth. Additionally, provides expected opportunities and emerging trends in the market.

The report includes a detailed study of Porters Five Forces model to analyze the different factors affecting the growth of the market. Moreover, the study also covers a market attractiveness analysis, PESTLE analysis, Value Chain Analysis, and SWOT analysis.

The report is a collection of first-hand information, qualitative assessment by industry analysts, and inputs from industry experts. Moreover, the report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies. The major factor driving the adoption of Stem Cell Therapy Products is the formation of the major industry changing factors for the market segments are explored in this report. This report also covers the growth factors of the global market based on end-users.

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This report includes the estimation of market size for value (million US$) and volume (K Units). Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been used to estimate and validate the market size of Stem Cell Therapy Products market, to estimate the size of various other dependent submarkets in the overall market. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares split, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified primary sources.

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Exclusive Research on Stem Cell Therapy Products Market 2020 Segments, Regions, Strategy Analysis: Mesoblast, TiGenix, Osiris - LionLowdown

Heterogenous Nature of MDS Warrants Further Research, Review Finds – AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

By Stem Cell Treatment

MDS is a complex disease with a fascinating origin. A plethora of molecular pathway disruptions have been postulated to explain the heterogeneity of the disease phenotype, but no exclusive genetic drivers are capable of recapitulating all its aspects, wrote the researchers, noting the heterogeneity of MDS introduces challenges when trying to fully understand the pathogenesis of the group of disorders.

They added, Seminal experimental studies have clarified the role of diverse gene mutations in the context of disease phenotypes, but the lack of faithful murine models and/or cell lines spontaneously carrying certain gene mutations have hampered the knowledge on how and why specific pathways are associated with MDS pathogenesis.

Recently, a gene expression-based classification was applied to RNA-sequencing data from CD34+ cells of 100 patients with MDS, resulting in the identification of 2 subcellular populations. The populations were associated and characterized by increased expression of genes related to erythroid/megakaryocytic lineages and those related to immature progenitor cells.

In addition, several genes in the iron pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MDS, including:

Other recent research involved identifying differences in downstream pathways, particularly for genes of the spliceosomal complex, with all studies showing convergent functions in the 3 splice site. Some studies have shown that splicing factor mutations could result in the build-up of R-loops, including one that showed an increase in R-loops in an induced pluripotent stem cell clone harboring a SF3B1 mutation compared with a clone lacking SF3B1 mutations from a patient with MDS.

For patients with an SF3B1 mutation, luspatercept has been shown to improve response in low-grade MDS through its ability to increase erythroid maturation and hemoglobin levels.

More recently, splicing factor mutations were found to lead to the activation of inflammation and innate immunity pathways (e.g., NF-kB) or indirectly by deregulating histone acetylase (e.g., sirtuins), detailed the researchers. In fact, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was found to be involved in HSPC maintenance. U2AF1 mutant patients had IRAK4, a serine/threonine that activates NF-kB in the Toll-like receptor and T-cell receptor signaling pathways, that is aberrantly spliced.

Treatments targeting splicing factor mutations have mainly included developing pan-splicing modulators, including bacterially derived products and analogs that have been shown to bind the SF3B complex and disrupt spliceosome assembly.

Research focused on novel treatments for mutant p53 has also found that PRIMA-1Met, an investigational small molecule, restores the conformation of p53 and rescues p53 function. Another treatment, APR-246, has shown promise either as monotherapy or in combination with 5-azacitidine in reactivating p53 and inducing apoptosis in MDS cases carrying TP53 mutations.

Reference: Awada H, Thapa B, and Visconte V. The genomics of myelodysplastic syndrome: origins of disease evolution, biological pathways, and prognostic implications. Cells.2020;9(11):2512. doi:10.3390/cells9112512

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Heterogenous Nature of MDS Warrants Further Research, Review Finds - AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

Research Assistant – Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology job with NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE | 239606 – Times Higher Education (THE)

By Stem Cell Medicine

Roles & Responsibilities

Job description: A Research Assistant (RA) position is available in a leading stem cell research team in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS, National University of Singapore. The job entails work in a laboratory and hospital setting. The successful candidate will work with a team undertaking laboratory research and clinical trials on human umbilical cord Whartons jelly stem cells for the treatment of surgical and diabetic wounds, keloids, bed-sores and blood cancers. The team is currently developing cGMP clinical-grade Whartons jelly stem cells for these applications.

Required skills

Job responsibilities:

Employment type: Medical research

Minimum qualifications: The applicant should possess at least a Bachelors degree in the biological, biomedical, biotechnology, pharmaceutical or allied sciences.

Working hours: 8.30 am to 6 pm on week days. A few additional hours on week-ends or after office hours if experiments require this.

Address of workplace: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research Laboratories, MD11 Clinical Research Centre, NUS Campus, Kent Ridge, Singapore. Only shortlisted applicants will be notified and interviewed.

Originally posted here:
Research Assistant - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology job with NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE | 239606 - Times Higher Education (THE)

Getting to the root of why hair goes gray – messenger-inquirer

By Stem Cell Medicine

Marco Kaltofen was 11 when he noticed his first white hairs. As his hair grew whiter, his middle-school friends started calling him the professor. By his mid-30s, it was completely white, as it had been for three of his grandparents. His parents went white in their 40s, so I had no chance of avoiding this, Kaltofen says.

Now 61, he is a civil engineer who lives in Boston. He wears his white hair in a ponytail. White hair is part of my identity, and I am completely at peace with it, he says.

Then there is Joe Rees, 75, a retired customs attache who lives in Washington. He is balding, but the hair that remains on the sides and in the back is the same dark brown it always has been. He jokingly attributes this to clean living and a pure heart, although, like Kaltofen, it probably is genetic. His mothers black hair didnt start to go gray until she was in her 70s, and was 50/50 when she died at 88, he says.

Still, Id rather be gray than bald, he says. That way, I wouldnt have to worry about wearing a hat all the time.

To be sure, Rees and Kaltofen are exceptions, since most people start graying in their 50s and 60s. Nevertheless, their experiences are among the many mysteries of gray, white or silver-looking hair that scientists are exploring to learn more about aging. They want to know why some people turn gray early and others late or not at all and what this might signal about their health. They also want to understand the factors that hasten graying, and even whether gray hair is reversible which could be a boon to those allergic to hair dye, or who hate spending money to keep the gray away.

Most important, studying gray hair could point to new approaches in promoting healthier aging, says Candace Kerr, health scientist administrator in the National Institute on Agings Division of Aging Biology.

While graying is one of the markers of aging aging is the ultimate risk factor for why hair goes gray it highlights the need for better understanding of the mechanisms that drive aging and age-related diseases, she says. To be able to target these pathways will be critically important for our aging population to live longer and happier lives.

Hair that looks gray, white or silver actually is colorless. Hair color comes from melanin, a pigment produced by cells in the hair follicles. Over time, these cells suffer damage and become depleted, losing their ability to make melanin. This results in new hair without pigment meaning, no color.

People use gray, white and silver interchangeably to describe hair that is turning or has turned. Its appearance whether it looks, gray, white or silver depends on how much natural color, or pigment, remains, experts say. Hair that has lost all its color typically appears white.

Studies have identified a number of factors that also may speed up gray hair, including smoking, diet, stress and genetics.

Our hair color depends on a set of specialized stem cells called melanocyte stem cells, and every time a new hair grows, these melanocyte stem cells have to divide in two and make a new melanocyte, [or] pigment cells, explains Melissa Harris, assistant professor of biology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. These pigment cells stay in the base of your hair and their job is to produce pigment. These melanocytes reach out skinny arms, called dendritic processes, that shuttle the pigment to the hair shaft as it grows. So if all your melanocyte stem cells disappear, so do your melanocytes and so does your hair pigment. Thus gray hair.

Because stem cells directly influence hair color, studying gray hair can provide insights about why stem cells age and ultimately fail, offering important clues about the workings of other stem cells in the body for example, those found in muscles, bones and organs. In turn, these ultimately could point to whether gray hair could be a marker for disease, or the opposite, a longer life. Previous studies have not shown a relationship between life span and gray hair, including whether late onset of gray hair predicts longevity. Some research, however, indicates that gray or white hair can be a sign of early heart disease, regardless of age.

In some people, gray hair could potentially serve as indication of their health for instance when caused by stress, or a signal for those who may be developing cardiovascular disease, Kerr says. We still need to learn more about whether and, if so, how late onset of gray hair can signal better health and longevity in some people under certain circumstances, as well as whether early graying means stem cells might be aging.

There are many different stem cells in our body which may or may not age by different means, she says. How stem cells mark aging overall and how they could interact to promote aging is an important question.

This is why scientists who study gray hair regard it as a valuable research tool.

As gray hair researchers, we often have to defend why we study a cosmetic characteristic, rather than a life-threatening disease, Harris says. But what is very cool about gray hair from a scientific point of view is that we can see it with our own eyes, meaning we dont have to take invasive biopsies, and it doesnt kill you. We have asked a lot of important and interesting questions about stem cells by studying gray hair in mice. And, we are constantly on the lookout for gray-haired mice so we can use our scientific skills to find out what makes them gray.

A 2018 mouse study by Team Hair-Us (Harris nickname for her lab colleagues) found a connection between MITF (microphthalmia), a transcription factor (a protein involved in gene expression) important in managing pigment production, and the innate immune system, suggesting that some peoples hair may turn gray in response to serious illness or chronic stress. They discovered a relationship between genes involved in hair color and those that trigger an immune response to a viral infection, suggesting this interaction could increase the chances of developing gray hair.

MITF, in a sense, shields melanocyte stem cells from our own immune system, she says. Normally our immune system protects our bodies from infection. But for melanocyte stem cells, too much immune response is bad for their health, and this leads to their loss and to gray hair. Why melanocyte stem cells are so sensitive to our own natural means for protection, we still dont know.

Im very curious to see whether we see an uptick in individuals with gray hair due to coronavirus infection, she says. Unfortunately, we probably wont know because gray hair is rarely documented clinically, unless it is very extreme.

Scientists still dont know why some people turn gray early, late, or not at all, although they suspect genes, nutrients and possibly the immune system play a role in depleting melanocyte stem cells.

There is still much to learn about what regulates these stem cells and what may contribute to their loss, says Ya-Chieh Hsu, associate professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard University and principal faculty member of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute.

Among other things, Hsu studies the effect of stress on graying. Most of us are familiar with those before-and-after photographs of U.S. presidents most recently Barack Obama showing a striking increase in gray hair during their terms, even in relatively young presidents. Its known as the Marie Antoinette Syndrome, after the 18th-century French queen whose hair allegedly turned white overnight before she went to the guillotine and her death at age 38 during the French Revolution.

With the aging process, we gradually lose melanocyte stem cells one-by-one over a very long period of time, Hsu says. What we found in our research was that the stress can accelerate that process.

Hsu and her colleagues found that stress stimulates the same nerves that trigger the fight-or-flight response, which in turn causes permanent damage to the pigment-producing cells in hair follicles. The fight or flight response is thought to be a good thing in stressful situations because it can drive us and other organisms to respond to danger rapidly, Hsu says. This activation causes a spike in the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises our heartbeat and allows us to react quickly to danger without having to think about it.

But norepinephrine also tells melanocyte stem cells to pump up their activity and proliferate, and too much norepinephrine, in this case triggered by stress, causes the melanocyte stem cells to burst into so much activity it leads to rapid depletion of the stem cell reservoir, she says. If all the stem cells are depleted, no more pigment-producing cells can be produced anymore, and the hair turns gray.

Other stress hormones, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) for example, can cause melanocyte stem cells to migrate away from the hair follicle before they can produce the melanocytes needed for hair and skin color, according to research. Such hormones are known to increase in the body after stress, and may have the potential to promote the loss of these cells, regardless of age, says study author Mayumi Ito, associate professor in the departments of cell biology and dermatology at the New York University Grossman School of Medicine.

Hsu believes the connection between stress and hair color could reveal additional information about how stress affects other biological processes. How stress affects our tissues is still poorly understood, and one of the powerful aspects about the melanocyte is that it provides a visible and highly trackable system to study stress, she says.

Ito also found that certain cell signaling proteins called endothelins (substances known to constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure) bind to melanocyte stem cells and, in doing so, keep them healthy. Interrupting the process causes cell loss and early graying in mice. They are studying whether the same happens in human hair follicles, hoping to find ways to preserve or regenerate the key stem cells that give hair its color.

All of this raises the intriguing possibility that scientists could discover ways to prevent or reverse gray hair.

Team Hair-Us recently published a paper describing a topical drug combination that increased melanocyte stem cells in gray mice, ridding them of their gray and restoring their original fur color perhaps for good. Because the treatment originally developed to regrow hair replenished pigment-producing stem cells, the effects could be long-lasting, Harris says.

We didnt keep the mice forever so we dont know, says Harris, who plans more studies. This has made us very interested in whether gray hair really is permanent, and if we can do something about it. We really want to know and so does everyone else we talk to is whether and when we can bring this to humans.

Excerpt from:
Getting to the root of why hair goes gray - messenger-inquirer

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