Stem Cell Clinic

Equipping the Immune System to Fight Against COVID-19 – BioSpace

The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 has one major advantage over us it is a new human virus. Most people have not encountered the virus before, meaning their immune system is not primed and ready to fight it. When someone gets sick with COVID-19, there is a lag in an efficient immune response, giving the virus time to do significant damage before the immune system can reign in the infection.

It essentially becomes a race between how fast your immune system can clear the virus and how quickly the virus can replicate and induce damage, Agustin Melian, MD, Chief Medical Officer and Head of Global Medical Sciences at AlloVir, told BioSpace.

To develop an effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, scientists must understand how the immune system is impacted during the disease. One type of immune cell that is particularly important in the bodys response to COVID-19 is T-cells. T-cells perform many functions, including recognizing invading viruses such as the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

Multiple studies from Wuhan, China reported that COVID-19 patients had very low T-cell counts; the sicker the patient, the lower their T-cell count. Lower T-cell counts were correlated with poorer outcomes (including higher risk of death) and T-cells isolated from COVID-19 patients also showed signs of exhaustion.

The elderly, patients with low T-cell numbers, and patients who express exhaustion markers on their T-cells are high risk groups in which nave cell responses (responses against a virus they have never seen before) may be deficient or delayed, thus allowing the virus to induce a large amount of damage, Dr. Melian explained. These patients may, therefore, benefit from AlloVirs approach which is designed to restore natural T-cell immunity in high risk patients.

Could giving high-risk COVID-19 patients functional T-cells against the coronavirus boost their immune system and help them recover? This is the question AlloVir aims to answer.

AlloVir creates allogeneic (off-the-shelf) virus-specific T-cells designed to treat common and devastating viral-associated diseases in vulnerable patients, such as those who are immunocompromised or patients who received an organ or stem cell transplant. Now, they are expanding their anti-viral T-cell arsenal and taking aim at COVID-19.

We believe AlloVirs technology is well positioned to treat patients with COVID-19 because our technology is designed to provide SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell immunity while leaving non-infected cells intact, Dr. Melian commented. Our virus-specific T-cell candidates have been used to treat more than 275 immunocompromised patients with life-threatening viral infections and diseases and we believe it our approach may also have promise in treating COVID-19.

Fighting viruses with T-cells in immunocompromised patients

When you get infected with a virus, your immune system responds to the foreign threat by making specific T-cells that can recognize the virus. These specific T-cells prompt your immune system to destroy any cells infected by the virus.

However, if you have a T-cell deficiency, your immune system cannot robustly protect you. This is a major problem because an otherwise innocuous virus can become a serious infection, causing complications, and possibly even be life-threatening.

That is where AlloVir comes in. They address the underlying problem the weakened immune system. A weakened immune system can be beefed up by giving patients with T-cell deficiencies off-the-shelf virus-specific T-cells (VSTs) originally taken from healthy people. This restores their natural T-cell immunity and helps their immune system fight off the viruses.

At AlloVir, we are a leading innovator in discovering and developing allogeneic, virus-specific T-cell immunotherapies, Dr. Melian said. We are now excited to be applying our capabilities in discovering and developing SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to join the fight in developing a COVID-19 program for patients at high risk of severe and devastating disease.

AlloVirs virus-specific T-cell platform

To create AlloVirs T-cell therapies, the target virus is first studied carefully to identify its specific antigens (unique molecules on the outside of each virus that are specific to the virus and alert the immune system). The best antigens those that induce a strong T-cell response are used to create the therapy.

Next, blood is taken from healthy donors who have been exposed to the virus of interest and T-cells are isolated from the blood. The T-cells are activated in the lab they are trained to recognize the identified viral antigens, enabling the T-cells to selectively recognize only the desired virus.

After the T-cells have learned to recognize the specific virus, they are expanded to generate multitudes of cells. Once the activated, specific T-cells are created, they can be cryopreserved and kept for a long time, making them readily available as soon as a patient needs them. The entire process, from antigen selection to donor to ready-to-go T-cell treatment, can be completed in a matter of weeks. This process can be seen in the visual below.

Source: AlloVir

Patients are matched using the companys proprietary human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matching formula. HLAs are proteins on the surface of cells that regulate the immune system.

Our proprietary donor selection algorithm, known as Cytokin enables us to cover >95 percent of patients in our target population from cells derived from a small number of donors, Dr. Melian said. This proprietary process of prospectively manufacturing cells for off-the-shelf use enables us to study our allogeneic cell therapies in large numbers of patients that suffer from global health crises, like seasonal influenza and, as we are discussing, the COVID-19 pandemic.

These T-cells are advantageous because they are active against a single virus or multiple viruses, are not patient-specific (so they are readily available) and are a single treatment that provides lasting protection. The biggest bonus is the immediate off-the-shelf use for time-sensitive infections in vulnerable populations, added Dr. Melian.

In addition to developing their COVID-19 therapy (called ALVR109), AlloVir has two other multi-virus specific T-cell therapies in development: Viralym-M (ALVR105) and ALVR106. Both therapies focus on treating viral diseases common to stem cell and solid organ transplant patients and other vulnerable populations.

Viralym-M targets six common viruses: BK virus (BKV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus (AdV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, also called human herpesvirus 4), human herpesvirus 6, and JC virus (also called human polyomavirus 2). Although these viruses are widespread and infect most people, they only cause severe problems in people with weakened immune systems due to age, organ or stem cell transplant, or disease (such as diabetes or AIDS). In a Phase 2 study, 93 percent of 38 allogeneic stem cell transplant patients had a clinical response to Viralym-M treatment and functional Viralym-M cells lasted up to 12 weeks in the patients.

ALVR106 targets four common respiratory viruses: influenza, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human meta-pneumovirus (HMPV). While these viruses tend to cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses, they can cause severe, life-threatening illness, especially in people with weakened immune systems. ALVR106 is still in preclinical development but clinical trials are expected to begin this year. Overall, AlloVir expects to have three new proof-of-concept (POC) Phase 1b/2 and three pivotal Phase 3 studies started over the next 6-18 months.

Off-the-shelf T-cells against COVID-19

While AlloVir originally designed their T-cell therapies for transplant patients, their platform can potentially be applied to any virus to create virus-specific T-cells. This versatility allowed AlloVir to pivot and create T-cells against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This new investigational therapy, called ALVR109, is being developed as a stand-alone treatment, though it may also be incorporated into their ALVR106 respiratory virus therapy at some point in the future.

Normally, the body would make virus-specific T-cells on their own and these would clear the virus, commented Dr. Melian. We enable that process in patients who otherwise would be T-cell deficient to restore T-cell immunity by giving ex vivo expanded cells that come from patients who already have demonstrated a potent immune response and have cleared the infection.

The process of creating coronavirus-specific T-cells is the same as creating their other virus-specific T-cell therapies. First, blood is taken from people who have recovered from COVID-19 and the T-cells are isolated. Then, the cells are stimulated with viral antigens in the lab, expanded, and cryopreserved.

We purposely choose a broad range of viral antigens to stimulate the T-cells to ensure the virus cant circumvent the virus-specific T-cell therapy by mutating or developing resistance, Dr. Melian said. Working with a wide spectrum of viral activity is different than other approaches that just focus on one viral antigen.

An open-label Phase 1 trial (called BAT IT) is anticipated to start within the next few months. Initial clinical studies of ALVR109 aim to treat high-risk COVID-19 patients, such as the elderly, to prevent organ damage. Prophylaxis studies, where the T-cells could be given to high-risk or immunocompromised patients who are not currently sick with COVID-19, may be considered later.

Coronavirus-specific T-cells vs. COVID-19 convalescent plasma

You may be wondering if another treatment that uses blood from COVID-19 survivors, called convalescent plasma therapy, is similar to AlloVirs T-cell therapy. In convalescent plasma treatment, antibodies from COVID-19 survivors are isolated from their blood by separating out their plasma (the liquid part of the blood). The plasma is given to COVID-19 patients to help their immune system fight off the infection.

Although convalescent plasma and AlloVirs coronavirus-specific T-cell treatments are both derived from COVID-19 survivors blood, the two treatments are fundamentally different.

Antibodies and T-cells work in different areas of the immune system, explained Dr. Melian. Antibodies can go after viruses in circulating blood but cant necessarily see viruses in infected cells. On the other hand, T-cells are pleotropic and directly attack virally infected cells, turning off the viral factories. T-cells are interesting because it is a live therapy they can home to virally-infected cells and direct the immune system.

Dr. Melian went on to explain that T-cell approach may be more comprehensive because they can support other immune cells that work against viruses, such as B-cells that make viral-specific antibodies. T-cells can also stimulate cytokines including interferon (a group of signaling proteins the immune system uses to respond to viruses), which further activates the bodys antiviral response.

Providing virus-specific antibodies may be beneficial and protective for some viral infections, Dr. Melian added. We dont know how these antibodies affect COVID-19 patients yet, but COVID-19 has a high mortality rate despite standard of care treatment. In this respect, it is important that all viable approaches to treatment be evaluated and I am very pleased to see these therapies have entered clinical testing.

Convalescent plasma and AlloVirs coronavirus-specific T-cell therapies are not mutually exclusive, so they could even be used together.

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Equipping the Immune System to Fight Against COVID-19 - BioSpace

CAR T-Cell Therapies Continue to Raise the Bar in Lymphoma Management – OncLive

CAR T-cell therapies continue to elicit encouraging responses with manageable toxicity in older patients with lymphomas who may be unable to tolerate more intensive approaches, according to Pashna N. Munshi, MD.

In July 2020, the FDA approved brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus; formerly KTE-X19)for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) based on data from the ZUMA-2 trial. In 60 patients evaluable for efficacy based on a minimum duration of follow-up for response of 6 months, results showed that a single infusion of the product resulted in an 87% objective response rate (ORR), with a 62% complete remission (CR) rate.1

Brexucabtagene autoleucel is going to provide patients with MCL with another treatment option. MCL is a very heterogeneous disorder; it can behave indolently in some patients, but in others, it's a very aggressive disease, said Munshi, associate clinical director of the Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy Program at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital. Patients who relapse early often don't do very well and cannot get into remission. Having an option like CAR T-cell therapy gives these patients a chance to receive [a treatment] that is targeted, with manageable toxicities.

The ZUMA-5 trial with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel; Yescarta) showed similarly impressive response rates, according to Munshi. Results from an interim analysis revealed that at a median follow-up of 15.3 months, patients with follicular lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) who received treatment with the CAR T-cell product experienced an ORR of 93% and a CR rate of 80%.2

In an interview withOncLive during the 2020 Institutional Perspectives in Cancer webinar on Leukemia/Lymphoma, Munshi, who is also an assistant professor of medicine at Georgetown University, discussed the CAR T-cell therapies that have emerged in the lymphoma space and highlighted the next steps for research with these products.

OncLive: Could you highlight some of the CAR T-cell products that are generating excitement in lymphoma?

Munshi: The most recently approved therapy was brexucabtagene autoleucel, which was evaluated in the ZUMA-2 trial; this was a phase 2, single-arm, open-label, multicenter trial done in patients with relapsed/refractory MCL. This product is similar to the CD19-targeted CAR T-cell product axicabtagene ciloleucel, although some differences exist.[Results showed] an ORR of 93%, with CR rates of 67% in a total of 68 patients. The ORR and the durability of those responses resulted in the approval of the product.

Another important clinical trial that is currently underway is ZUMA-5, which is being done in patients with relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This trial had 2 cohorts: patients with follicular lymphoma and those with MZL. The follicular lymphoma cohort is now closed to enrollment and the results were [presented during] the 2020 ASCO Virtual Scientific Program and those results will be presented at the 2020 ASH Annual Meeting.

Ninety-six patients were evaluable for efficacy. [The ORR] was 95% in the follicular lymphoma arm and 81% for the MZL arm. At the time of data cutoff, 68% of patients had ongoing responses, so this is a very exciting therapy. We hope this will be a new indication for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory indolent lymphoma, especially follicular lymphoma.

What is the clinical significance of the brexucabtagene autoleucel approval?

One type of treatment approach that patients with MCL are offered is a high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. However, many patients may not be eligible for such high-intensity chemotherapy. Patients may be older, frail, and not in good enough shape to receive high-intensity treatment. CAR T-cell therapy may be given to these patients.

[In the ZUMA-2] trial, there was a substantial number of older patients [who achieved] very good responses [with the therapy]. The ORR was 87% at a median follow-up of about 8.6 months; this was later updated because 4 patients in the initial study were deemed as nonresponders by an independent radiology review. This therapy can potentially be given more up front for patients with MCL who have progressed on 2 or more lines of therapy.

Many older patients were also included on the ZUMA-5 trial. Could you expand on this? What does the safety look like with this product?

The median age range of participants was vast; the trial included patients who were as young as 34 years up to those who were 79 years. Many of these patients were older; they were over 60 years and yet, they could tolerate this therapy with really impressive ORRs.

Even though these therapies do have toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological effects, they are well [managed] by experts. We use therapies, such as the IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab(Actemra) up front to treat CRS, as well as up-front steroids, in patients who may have some level of neurological involvement. In terms of the ZUMA-5 trial, it is important to note the age range and the fact that at least 73% of these patients were refractory to the last therapy they had received.

What are some of the updates that have been reported with tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel; Kymriah)?

The [manufacturers of] tisa-cel presented real-world data with their commercial product and compared it with clinical trial results. They saw, if not similar, an almost improved toxicity profile and similar response rates which were reflective of their clinical trial.

Based on the initial JULIET study, 92% of patients were allowed bridging therapy. Only 72% to 75% of patientsreceived bridging therapy on the commercial side. The real-world data showed a median ORR of approximately 60%, with approximately 40% achieving a CR; [this] is similar to the 40% best responses observed on the clinical trial.

The grade 3 or higher toxicities were very low; only 4.3% of patients experienced CRS; that is remarkable. More patients are increasingly being given up-front tocilizumab or steroid use, which is mitigating the toxicity of these therapies and making it safer for patients.

What are the next steps for research with this modality?

A Pandora's box has been opened. Were not limited to CAR T-cell therapies; many, many targets are now being explored. There are CAR natural killer cell therapies; there are specific targets in leukemia that are being studied. CD33-targeted CAR T-cell trials are being done, and investigators are also exploring a combination of CD33-targeted and CD123-targeted products.

[Additionally], there are bispecific CAR T-cell engagers. Different methods are being used to try to see why relapse happens with CAR T-cell therapy. Maybe 1 antigen is lost and, therefore, you need a second antigen to be targeted, [hence] the CD19/CD22 combinations being examined in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Many different forms of therapies are under exploration.

The next step is to find a way to [minimize] toxicities and relapse in the CAR T-cell world.The final stage is to look at off-the-shelf or allogeneic CAR T products. With these options, patients may not have to wait for their own cells to be processed as CAR T cells; the product will be readily available. That will really change how quickly these patients receive treatment, and it also potentially shifts the bar for many diseases.

For example, if this [approach] is successful in acute myeloid leukemia, many patients may get this therapy when they were not otherwise eligible for allogeneic stem cell therapy. If this therapy were to put them in remission, they could potentially make it to an allogeneic stem cell transplant or may not even need to undergo a transplant if these therapies prove durable. It's a very exciting future for CAR T cells.

What is your take-home message to your colleagues?

What I'd like to tell all the providers out there who are seeing patients with lymphoma and myeloma, especially with regard to refractory lymphomas, early referral is key. This is an autologous product, so it can take anywhere from 2 weeks to 3 weeks [to manufacture], depending on the type of product. When patients have an active malignancy, they're really waiting with active disease and it's hard to treat them with new therapy in between while they wait to receive CAR T-cells.

There is an aspect of overcoming insurance hurdles with some of these patients, as these are expensive products. Many milestones need to be achieved before patients can [receive] these therapies. Family members need education about the care that patients need once they're sent home. Also, referring providers may need to see these patients more frequently after they're treated with CAR T-cells, depending on their need.

There is some education that goes into this and we are armed as specialized, authorized treatment centers to arm patients and their caregivers with the knowledge about these therapies, the adverse effects of these approaches, and potentially provide them with a therapy that would make a change to the cancer in their body.

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CAR T-Cell Therapies Continue to Raise the Bar in Lymphoma Management - OncLive

Determining Who Has Early Myelofibrosis Involves a Broad Look at Patient Factors – Targeted Oncology

Patients considered to have early myelofibrosis are a heterogeneous group for whom disease risk, best treatment strategies, and the probability of mortality are best determined individually by looking at patients clinical characteristics and molecular markers together.

The burden of myelofibrosis is variable. Risk in terms of survival is a factor, but not the only factor in treatment, Ruben Mesa, MD, said in a presentation during the Texas Virtual MPN (Myeloproliferative Neoplasm) Workshop.1 It is looking at the entire clinical picture for a patient as well as understanding their wishes [about how aggressive they want to be with the disease] that is important.

Regarding the term early myelofibrosis, Mesa, who is the director of the University of Texas Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, said that this term may apply to a case of mild anemia, splenomegaly, or other myelofibrosis symptoms. But, he said that multiple patient factors are involved in determining who it should apply to, such as burden of vascular events, risk of progression, splenomegaly, and baseline health or comorbidities. Generally, he discussed the treatment of patients with low- or intermediate 1risk disease, as those who typically present with more favorable prognosis.

Management of all patients with myelofibrosis should progress through the same steps of evaluating survival and disease burden; developing a treatment plan of either observation, stem cell transplant, or frontline systemic therapy; and creating strategies for eventual disease progression.

Patient-reported symptom assessment tools are valuable and may help calculate symptom burden. Mesa cited using versions of both the MPN-Symptom Assessment Form (SAF) and the MPN-SAF Total Symptom Score (TSS) to look at effects such as fatigue, satiety, and pruritis.

Just as we think of different prognostic scores, so too can there be different quartiles in terms of the severity and intensity of symptoms, Mesa said. These things are not necessarily linked to their risk score, which is predictive of survival, he said, noting that disease burden and disease risk scores are not interchangeable.

Risk scores, such as the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS)Plus, take constitutional symptoms as well as clinical features like age, degree of cytopenia, and karyotype into account when evaluating patients for prognosis. Using this risk scoring system, one study of 520 patients estimated that the median time spent in the low-risk category was 4.9 years (range, 0-26.7). Mesa noted that as patients progressed through intermediate 1risk to high-risk disease stages, time spent in each category decreased. Therefore, patients considered to have early myelofibrosis, whether it be low- or intermediate 1risk disease, still had progressive disease.2

Molecular phenotypes have also been instrumental in the current era of decision making for treatment of myelofibrosis. Based on an unfavorable molecular marker, patients otherwise considered to have intermediate-risk disease might now have a poorer prognosis and require more aggressive therapy in hopes of extending survival.

New molecular phenotypes have clearly helped augment and refine prognosis, but they dont fully give us a sense of disease burden, said Mesa. Issues can arise in which patients with very high-risk disease dont have severe symptom burden; conversely, individuals with severe symptoms may actually have lower-risk disease.

We all know patients are much more complex than just the status of their clone or their molecular phenotype, although that is critically important, Mesa said.

Patients with intermediate-risk disease are the most heterogenous group who stand to benefit greatly from information obtained by next-generation sequencing. Results obtains from molecular profiling may better inform a patients prognosis, and incorporation of this information may upgrade disease risk and suggest benefit of transplant or clinical trial.

Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for MPNs, patients should first be assessed using either the DIPSS or DIPSS-plus. Patients who are asymptomatic by the MPN-SAF TSS can be observed or referred for clinical trial. Symptomatic patients can be treated with ruxolitinib (Jakafi), another available systemic agent, or be referred for clinical trial.3

For patients considered to have intermediate 1risk disease by the NCCN guidelines, observation, ruxolitinib, clinical trial, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are all considered acceptable forms of myelofibrosis management.

The indication for ruxolitinib was based on the COMFORT-I (NCT00952289) and COMFORT-II (NCT00934544) studies,4 both of which examined the use of the JAK2 inhibitor in patients with intermediate or high-risk disease. Mesa said these patients were included in the trial because they represented the greatest need. However, approval based on this evidence should not be interpreted as meaning that ruxolitinib is unsuitable for use in patients with intermediate 1 or low-risk disease.

In fact, data from the phase 2 ROBUST trial that were released after the FDA issued its frontline approval supported the use of ruxolitinib more broadly in patients with myelofibrosis, including 19 patients with intermediate 1risk disease.5 Similarly, the global, expanded-access phase 3b JUMP trial included the largest cohort to date of patients with intermediate 1risk myelofibrosis and supported the safety and efficacy of ruxolitinib in this group.6

Mesa also added that fedratinib (Inrebic) is approved as frontline therapy for myelofibrosis,7 but data are lacking to support its use in patients with low-risk disease. As that becomes available, it can be considered in this group, he said.

Revisiting the NCCN Guidelines, Mesa reviewed the Evidence Blocks to determine interventions for low-risk disease, including hydroxyurea (Hydrea), interferon, and ruxolitinib. For intermediate 1risk disease, he said most evidence at this point supports the use of ruxolitinib but he expects that other agents will be added to the list as more data emerge.4 However, studies of real-world evidence and investigator-initiated trials will likely be needed since trials supporting approval typical involve patients in higher-risk categories.

Concluding the discussion, Mesa said understanding why patients progress will be important in the selection of novel therapies for patients with early myelofibrosis. Earlier patients all have areas in which they might benefit [from therapy], but as is natural, that evolution occurs as we develop more efficacy and safety data for these medicationsOnce we understand the mechanism of progression and have suitable markers of progression, then we might be in a better position to have progression-free survival be a viable end point for these individuals.

References:

1. Mesa R. To JAKi or not to JAKi How I treat Early MF. Presented at: Texas Virtual MPN Workshop; August 27-28, 2020; Virtual.

2. DIPSS-Plus: a refined Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) for primary myelofibrosis that incorporates karyotype, platelet count and transfusion status. Blood. 2010;116(21):4104. doi:10.1182/blood.V116.21.4104.4104

3. NCCN. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (Evidence Blocks). Myeloproliferative neoplasms, version 1.2020. Accessed August 27, 2020.

4. FDA approves Incytes Jakafi (ruxolitinib) for patients with myelofibrosis. News release. November 11, 2011. Accessed August 27, 2020. https://bit.ly/2ED5yP8

5. Mead AJ, Milojkovic D, Knapper S, et al. Response to ruxolitinib in patients with intermediate-1-, intermediate-2-, and high-risk myelofibrosis: results of the UK ROBUST Trial.Br J Haematol. 2015;170(1):29-39. doi:10.1111/bjh.13379

6. Giraldo P, Palandri F, Palumbo GA, et al. Safety and efficacy of ruxolitinib (Rux) in patients with intermediate-1risk myelofibrosis (MF) from an open-label, multicenter, single-arm expanded-access study. Presented at: 20th Annual Congress of European Hematology Association; June 11-14, 2015; Vienna, Austria. Abstract P675. https://bit.ly/2D3Nvkv

7. FDA approves fedratinib for myelofibrosis. FDA. August 16, 2019. Accessed August 27, 2020. https://bit.ly/2EJOU0k

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Determining Who Has Early Myelofibrosis Involves a Broad Look at Patient Factors - Targeted Oncology

Mike Tyson reveals all after doctors gave him blood injection that left him feeling weird during stem cell t – The Irish Sun

MIKE TYSON has revealed he was injected with nearly-translucent blood in his bid to make a comeback... and the former heavyweight champ said it made him feel "weird".

The 54-year-old - who initially retired from boxing in 2005 - will fight Roy Jones Jr in November in his eagerly-anticipated comeback fight.

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His return to action has been aided by stem-cell research therapy, which has left him feeling like a "different person".

In May, Tyson claimed: "You know what I had done? I had stem-cell research therapy.

"I feel like a different person but I can't comprehend why I feel this way.

"It's really wild what scientists can do."

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition that usually takes the form of a bone marrow transplantation.

Tyson opened up on the effects the treatment has had on him in an recent interview with rapper LL Cool J on the Rock the Bells Radio show on SiriusXM, earlier in 2020.

Commenting on the mental aspect of training for a fight for the first time in 15 years, he said: "My mind wouldnt belong to me.

"My mind would belong to somebody that disliked me enough to break my soul, and I would give them my mind for that period of time.

"Six weeks of this and Id be in the best shape Ive ever dreamed of being in. As a matter of fact, Im going through that process right now. And you know what else I did, I did stem-cell research."

Tyson was then asked whether that meant if his white blood had been spun and then put back in, to which he replied: "Yes. As they took the blood it was red and when it came back it was almost transfluid (sic).

"I could almost see through the blood, and then they injected it in me.

"And Ive been weird ever since, Ive got to get balanced now."

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Exclusive

Stem cell transplants are carried out when bone marrow is damaged or isnt able to produce healthy blood cells.

It can also be used to replace damaged blood cells as the result of intensive cancer treatment.

Here are conditions that stem cell transplants can be used to treat:

Iron Mike had been called out by former rival Evander Holyfield to complete their trilogy following their two meetings in 1990s.

But he has since looked elsewhere, taking on Jones Jr later this year - potentially in front of a packed house.

Tyson is looking in incredible condition, too as he continues this hard graft.

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Mike Tyson reveals all after doctors gave him blood injection that left him feeling weird during stem cell t - The Irish Sun

NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market 2020 Industry Growth, Size, Trends, Share, Opportunities and Forecast to 2026 – Red & Black Student…

Global NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market Report 2020 by Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2026 (Based on 2020 COVID-19 Worldwide Spread) Report Overview

The global NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market report has been compiled after extensive market research into various parameters concerning the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market industry. An overview of the market and the market share of the different segments that the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market is categorized into is presented. The scope of growth of the different products/services offered by different manufacturers in the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market industry has been discussed in detail and the results have been included in the report. The market share that the global NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market occupies is presented from the year 2020 to the year 2026 comprising the base period.

Key Players:-

Chipscreen Biosciences Innate Pharma SA Osiris Therapeutics Chiesi Pharmaceuticals Molmed JCR Pharmaceutical Altor BioScience Corporation

The global NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market has several companies that are involved in it. These different companies are analyzed to identify the companies/organizations that occupy a large chunk of the market share. Once the identification process is completed the strategic profiling is carried out. This includes the revenue that each company has earned from the year 2020 to the year 2026 during the base period. As a result of this data, the growth of the different companies can be accurately predicted for the forecast period from the year 2020 to the year 2026 in detail.

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Regional Scope of the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market:

North America (Covered in Chapter 6 and 13) United States Canada Mexico Europe (Covered in Chapter 7 and 13) Germany UK France Italy Spain Russia Others Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 8 and 13) China Japan South Korea Australia India Southeast Asia Others Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 9 and 13) Saudi Arabia UAE Egypt Nigeria South Africa Others South America (Covered in Chapter 10 and 13) Brazil Argentina Columbia Chile Others

What questions does the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market report answer pertaining to the regional reach of the industry?

Which among these regions has been touted to amass the largest market share over the anticipated duration

How do the sales figures look at present how does the sales scenario look for the future?

Considering the present scenario, how much revenue will each region attain by the end of the forecast period?

How much is the market share that each of these regions has accumulated presently

How much is the growth rate that each topography will depict over the predicted timeline

Reasons to Read this Report

This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics

It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth

It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow

It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future

It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors

It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

Research Methodology of NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market:-

The data that is presented in the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market report is analyzed and verified to ensure that it is free from errors and discrepancies that may have occurred during the collection. One of the primary analysis methods used is Porters Five Forces Model. It uses five distinct parameters to analyze the collected data that include the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry. The analyzed data is then presented in the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market report.

The final report will add the analysis on NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market Industry.

The report scrutinizes different business approaches and frameworks that pave the way for success in businesses. The report used Porters five techniques for analyzing the NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market; it also offers the examination of the global market. To make the report more potent and easy to understand, it consists of info graphics and diagrams. Furthermore, it has different policies and improvement plans which are presented in summary. It analyzes the technical barriers, other issues, and cost-effectiveness affecting the market.

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It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors

It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

TABLE OF CONTENT:

Chapter 1: Plug-in NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market Research Scope.

Chapter 3: Plug-in NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4: Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5: Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6: Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7: Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8: Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9: Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10: Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11: Plug-in NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market Factors Analysis

Chapter 12: GlobalPlug-in NK Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast to 2026

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Impact of Radiation Therapy on Survivors of Pediatric Abdominal and Pelvic Tumors – Cancer Network

A study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention suggested that among survivors of childhood abdominal or pelvic tumors, abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy is associated with body composition changes that can adversely influence metabolic outcomes and performance status.1

The impacts of radiation therapy on metabolic health have previously been reported for survivors of pediatric leukemia, brain tumors, and hematopoietic stem cell transplants, according to Carmen Wilson, PhD, assistant member in the Epidemiology and Cancer Control department at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, though the impacts on survivors of pediatric abdominal and pelvic tumors were unclear.2

Body composition abnormalities and cardiometabolic impairments are of concern among survivors given that in the general population, these conditions increase the risk of developing life-threatening diseases including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, Wilson said in a press release.

In total, the study cohort included 431 survivors of abdominal or pelvic tumors. Relative lean mass and fat mass were assessed in participants using dual X-ray absorptiometry and metabolic outcomes, including insulin resistance, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, were based on laboratory values and medication usage.

Lean mass was found to be lower than values from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in both males (Z-score = -0.67 1.27; P < .001) and females (Z-score = -0.72 1.28; P < .001). Higher cumulative abdominal and pelvic radiation doses were also associated with lower lean mass among males (abdominal: b = -0.22 [SE] 0.07; P = .002 and pelvic: b = -0.23 0.07; P = .002) and females (abdominal: b = -0.30 0.09; P = .001 and pelvic: b = -0.16 0.08; P = .037).

Collectively, ours and others data suggest that survivors may be at risk of developing diabetes through multiple pathways, either from direct damage to the pancreas following radiotherapy, and following [insulin resistance] as a result of alterations in function and secretions of adipocytes and from increased adiposity, the authors explained.

Moreover, the prevalence of insulin resistance (40.6% vs. 33.8%; P = .006), low HDL (28.9% vs. 33.5%; P = .046), and high triglycerides (18.4% vs. 10.0%; P < .001) was increased among survivors relative to NHANES. Compared with survivors with normal to high lean mass and normal to low fat mass, those with normal to high lean mass and high fat mass had an increased risk of insulin resistance (P < .001), low HDL (P < .001), reduced quadriceps strength at 60 per second (P < .001) and 300 per second (P < .001), and reduced distance covered in a 6-minute walk (P < .01).

High adiposity and associated reductions in strength, mobility, and flexibility among survivors are of concern because these measures are markers of physical fitness; higher levels of fitness are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the general population, the authors noted.

Notably, given that the researchers used data from NHANES for comparisons of prevalence, differences in the measurement of cardiometabolic outcomes among the survivor cohort and NHANES may have adversely influenced comparisons of prevalence. Even further, though the investigators were unable to examine the influence of abdominal or pelvic surgeries on functional performance among survivors, survivors with serious, severe, or disabling chronic musculoskeletal and neurologic conditions were excluded from analyses.

Moving forward, though it may not be possible to avoid radiotherapy as a key treatment for many solid tumors, the researchers suggested that further research is required to evaluate whether interventions in both child- and adulthood could meliorate abnormalities in body composition and cardiometabolic impairments. In addition, Wilson suggested she is interested in exploring how interventions directed at lifestyle behaviors could improve lean mass and decrease fat mass among survivors of pediatric cancers.

While it may not be possible to avoid radiation therapy as a key treatment for many solid tumors, early research suggests that resistance training interventions in survivors increase lean mass, said Wilson. Further work is needed to see if training would also impact cardiometabolic impairments in this population.

References:

1. Wilson CL, Liu W, Chemaitilly W, et al. Body Composition, Metabolic Health, and Functional Impairment among Adults Treated for Abdominal and Pelvic Tumors during Childhood. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2020. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1321.

2. Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Pediatric Cancers May Have Long-term Impacts on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health [news release]. Published August 13, 2020. Accessed August 17, 2020.

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Impact of Radiation Therapy on Survivors of Pediatric Abdominal and Pelvic Tumors - Cancer Network

Stem Cell Banking Market Trend 2020 Covid-19 Impact Industry Overview, Key Players Analysis, Emerging Opportunities, Comprehensive Research Study,…

Global Stem Cell Banking Market Report 2020trend offers Complete examination of industry status and standpoint of significant areas dependent on of central participants, nations, item types, and end enterprises. This report focuses on the Stem Cell Banking in Global market, especially inUnited States, Europe, China, Japan, South Korea, North America, India.Stem Cell Banking Market report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application. Stem Cell Banking Report 2020 (value and volume) by company, regions, product types, end industries, history data and estimate data.

Also, Report contains a comprehensive analysis of the important segments like market opportunities, import/export details, market dynamics, key manufacturers, growth rate, and key regions. Stem Cell Banking Market report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type, and application. Stem Cell Banking Market reports offer a detailed assessment of the Stem Cell Banking including enabling technologies, current market situation, market assumptions, restraining factors.

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The global stem cell banking market is expected to register a CAGR of 20.2% during the forecast period of 2018-2023. Due to the availability of federal funding for stem cell research, North America dominates the market.

Increased Awareness about Umbilical Stem Cells

Stem cells found in umbilical cord blood have been used in treating a wide range of conditions (sickle cell disease, leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoproliferative disorders, SCID, Tay Sachs, etc.). Expecting couples are well aware that the birth of their child is the only chance to collect and store these valuable stem cells, which can be used to treat over 80 diseases. With over 1 million cord blood units in private storage, and continued support from the medical community and governments across the world, many researchers believe that the usage of umbilical cord cells for treatment will become a norm. Currently, there is an increase in the number of clinical trials for testing the future treatment possibilities of cord blood. Over 200 National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded clinical trials with cord blood are currently being conducted in the United States alone. In the United Kingdom, a petition has been submitted to increase the awareness of umbilical cord cells. In the United States, CordBloodAwareness.org was created to increase the awareness about the life saving power of umbilical cord blood stem cells. Owing to rising awareness, it is expected that more families will choose to donate, such that ultimately, more patients can be treated with umbilical cord blood stem cells. At the same time, the research utilizing these cells is anticipated to progress, thus driving the stem cell market. The other factors, such as growing patient population, increasing approval for clinical trials in stem cell research, growing demand as regenerative treatment option, and rising R&D initiatives to develop therapeutic options for chronic diseases are driving the growth of the stem cell market.

Ethical and Moral Framework

Stem cells are often considered as a hopeful alternative form of therapies. However, there has been a strong debate over the use of stem cells in the development of novel therapies, as stem cell banking raises ethical and legal issues that highlight the need for a careful regulatory framework. The increasing tensions between public and private models of banking may require the adoption of an ethical framework. Several national and international regulatory firms have addressed these issues. For instance, in Europe, the European Group on the Ethics of Science and New Technologies stated that it should be freely done and the donor does not have any payment or reward. Therefore, such ethical and moral frameworks are hindering the growth of the stem cell market. Other factors, such as expensive procedures and regulatory complications, are also hindering the growth of the market. Additionally, stringent regulations by the government are restraining the growth of the stem cell market.

North America Dominates the Market

Due to the availability of federal funding for stem cell research and the rise in preference of private stem cell banks in the United States, North America dominates the stem cell banking market. Additionally, the FDA has also approved clinical trials that indicated the use of stem cells in treating various diseases. These factors are influencing the growth of the stem cell banking market.

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Patients at Hackensack Meridian Childrens Cancer Institute Graduate in a Virtual Commencement Ceremony Celebrating the Class of 2020 – Newswise

Newswise HACKENSACK, NJ (August 25, 2020) Hackensack Meridian Joseph M. Sanzari Childrens Hospital is pleased to announce that 29 patients who have undergone treatment at Hackensack Meridian Health Childrens Cancer Institute graduated in a virtual commencement ceremony celebrating the Class of 2020 earlier this summer. These graduates were honored by Hackensack University Medical Center leadership, sports figures, and celebrities who recognized their academic achievements and graduation from high school.

The Childrens Cancer Institute provides treatment to children through age 22 who suffer from all types of cancers and blood diseases. At its inception in 1987, it was the first pediatric cancer program in New Jersey and has since grown to become the largest pediatric program in the state. The Childrens Cancer Institute offers innovative clinical trials, groundbreaking research initiatives, and cutting-edge therapies to target diseases, as well as personalized care to meet the different needs of each child. Services provided include hematology, comprehensive sickle cell treatment, pediatric stem cell transplant programs and the Cure and Beyond Survivorship program.

The 2020 graduates celebrated in the ceremony include those who were treated at the Childrens Cancer Institute as young children, as well as those who have been treated during their last year of high school. The commencement ceremony acknowledged these students for their accomplishments both inside and outside the classroom.

The virtual commencement ceremony, organized by Sarah Donnangelo, school liaison, Joseph M. Sanzari Childrens Hospital, was the first of its kind. Having worked closely with patients and families for more than 20 years at the Childrens Hospital, Donnangelo recognized the need to join families and children who were treated at the Institute in celebrating their accomplishments.

This is a celebration Ive had the pleasure of organizing for the past 22 years, and I really did not think it would happen this year due to social distancing and COVID-19, remarked Donnangelo. But surprise, with a little help from some friends, we came together virtually to celebrate all of you. This is truly one of my favorite things to do each year because it reminds me that despite all of the obstacles we are sometimes forced to deal with in our lives, they do not prevent us from achieving our goals or living our dreams.

This celebration of life is held in honor of those kids who persevered, said Mark D. Sparta, FACHE, president and chief hospital executive, Hackensack University Medical Center, executive vice president, Population Health, Hackensack Meridian Health. This years group includes graduates who come from all over northern New Jersey. Some have been followed since birth while others range from still being on active treatment, to being many years off therapy and followed in our Cure and Beyond program."

I am incredibly humbled and delighted to be a part of your celebration and congratulate each and every one of you on your accomplishments, said Sparta during the ceremony. Although this years celebration is somewhat of a modified version due to the social distancing requirements of COVID-19, it is still a very important celebration to us and should be to you, as well.

Sparta also paid tribute to physician Frances Flug, M.D. and read a line from Dr. Seuss Oh the Places Youll Go, as Dr. Flug did year after year in honor of graduates journey ahead. Id be remiss if I didnt also pay tribute to one of our beloved physicians at the Childrens Cancer Institute, who was a staple at this celebration year after year. Dr. Flug passed away in April 2019, but had provided care for many of the graduates over their multi-year course of treatment.

Corporate and community scholarships awarded to the Class of 2020 were announced, including the Tom Coughlin Jay Funds 2020 Barry Family Scholarship to Sean OMalley and the 2020 Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Dell Scholarship awarded to William Coyle. A Radio City Rockette also offered words of praise to Gabrielle Peko on earning the Garden of Dreams Inspire Scholarship.

Three graduates received the Kyle Egan Scholarship: Ashanti Columbie, Caylin Batt, and Jesus Sanchez. A special tribute in memory of Kyle Egan, who would have joined his fellow Childrens Cancer Institute graduates, also took place. Kyle was diagnosed with osteosarcoma in January 2018 and he passed away at age 17 in November 2019. Paige Egan, his mother, shared encouraging words with the graduates.

High school graduation is one of the most important milestones in our life, said Alfred Gillio, M.D., director, Childrens Cancer Institute, Hackensack Meridian Childrens Health. You have struggled with many hematologic and oncologic diseases, and received many types of therapy and today is your day. I commend you for your great effort to finish your work and graduate from high school during your illness in these very difficult times.

I also want to applaud the families of the graduates, Dr. Gillio continued. Many of you have had a big role in continuing the education process. The medical staff at the hospital is very excited about your graduation. We have two missions at Hackensack University Medical Center first to deliver the best, most up-to-date care and second, to preserve the quality of the life of our patients. And for those of you in school, that means continuing your high school education.

Graduations are typically filled with speeches trying to inspire young people heading out on the next phase of life to achieve great things, said Judy Aschner, M.D., physician-in-chief of the Joseph M. Sanzari Childrens Hospital. This graduation is different, because it is all of you who have inspired me, and all of us celebrating your graduations today. You have inspired us with your bravery, your resilience, and your ability to see beyond hard times to a better future. You are extraordinary.

Bruce Buffer, renowned boxing personality, announced the start of the video montage, which highlighted all of the graduates names and photos. I know youve been treated for cancer and blood disorders at some point during your life, but now you all are truly the champions, Buffer declared. You can do this! Today is truly the first day of the rest of your lives.

Pre-recorded commencement remarks from former New York Giants football player Mark Herzlich, dancer Valentin Chmerkovskiy of ABCs Dancing with the Stars, and NBC 4 New York reporter David Ushery were also shared with the graduates and their families.

I wish you congratulations and all the best in your future plans, whatever that may be, and know that you have come out of a special program and an institution that really cares about you, said Herzlich. You are in a brotherhood and sisterhood with me, with survivors, and with people who not only have survived, but are striving after.

This group specifically has gone through so much already, said Chmerkovskiy. You have overcome so many obstacles. Beyond just academics, which are hard enough, if anyone can handle this, it is you guys. You are the definition of strength and resilience, with a never give up attitude. I am so proud you, and I dont even know you personally, but I am so proud of you because you didnt defy the odds, you didnt just persevere, you got an education, and developed.

I had a chance to read a short bio of each one of you and I am amazed, not by only what you have endured and by what youve learned, but what you teach us about perseverance and strength, shared Ushery. For some kids, graduating from high school is their greatest challenge, but we know you have all been confronted with real challenges long before today. You faced the challenge of a life threatening disease. You know how to be a strong. Youre fighters. Youve all learned how powerful you are, and with that power, you now have the will to do anything you want in this world. Congratulations to all of the graduates, parents and everyone from the Childrens Cancer Institute who helped you along the way. From our family at NBC 4 New York to yours, we honor you and congratulate you.

About Hackensack Meridian Childrens Health

Hackensack Meridian Childrens Health provides the most comprehensive and highest level of quality care to young patients in the state of New Jersey. The childrens network is comprised of two childrens hospitals Joseph M. Sanzari Childrens Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center in Hackensack and K. Hovnanian Childrens Hospital at Jersey Shore University Medical Center in Neptune and a large network of pediatric subspecialists and pediatricians. Hackensack Meridian Childrens Health hospitals are the only two in New Jersey to be ranked among the top 50 in the nation for pediatric cancer care by U.S. News and World Report. Joseph M. Sanzari Childrens Hospital also ranks among the top 50 in the nation for pediatric neurology and neurosurgery. Visit http://www.hackensackmerdianhealth.org/kids for more information about Hackensack Meridian Childrens Health.

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Patients at Hackensack Meridian Childrens Cancer Institute Graduate in a Virtual Commencement Ceremony Celebrating the Class of 2020 - Newswise