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Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product Types, And Applications Forecast To 2026 – Connected…

The Global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market report by DataIntelo.com provides a detailed analysis of the area marketplace expanding; competitive landscape; global, regional, and country-level market size; impact market players; market growth analysis; market share; opportunities analysis; product launches; recent developments; sales analysis; segmentation growth; technological innovations; and value chain optimization. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report.

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Market Segmentation

The Global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market has been divided into product types, application, and regions. These segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help customers increase their business and take calculated decisions.

By Product Types, Totipotent Stem Cells Pluripotent Stem Cells Unipotent Stem Cells

By Applications, Research Clinical Trials Others

By Regions and Countries, Asia Pacific: China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia Pacific Europe: Germany, the UK, France, and Rest of Europe North America: The US, Mexico, and Canada Latin America: Brazil and Rest of Latin America Middle East & Africa: GCC Countries and Rest of Middle East & Africa

The regional analysis segment is a highly comprehensive part of the report on the global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) market. This section offers information on the sales growth in these regions on a country-level Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) market.

The historical and forecast information provided in the report span between 2018 and 2026. The report provides detailed volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the market.

Competitive Landscape of the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market

The chapter on competitive landscape provides information about key company overview, global presence, sales and revenue generated, market share, prices, and strategies used.

Major players in the global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market include ESI BIO Thermo Fisher BioTime MilliporeSigma BD Biosciences Astellas Institute of Regenerative Medicine Asterias Biotherapeutics Cell Cure Neurosciences PerkinElmer Takara Bio Cellular Dynamics International Reliance Life Sciences Research & Diagnostics Systems SABiosciences STEMCELL Technologies Stemina Biomarker Discovery Takara Bio TATAA Biocenter UK Stem Cell Bank ViaCyte Vitrolife

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Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product Types, And Applications Forecast To 2026 - Connected...

Scientists Created Tiny Organs That Could Bring an End to Animal Testing – Interesting Engineering

Scientists have created organs that are one-millionth the size of a regular human organ.

An entire system of miniature organs known as "organoids" has been created by scientists at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. In doing so they have built the world's most sophisticated lab model of the human body.

The whole point of the system is that these tiny organs, or "organoids", can successfully determine if a pharmaceutical product is toxic to the human body or not, which would also help put an end to animal testing. The world of organoids is not completely new, however, the Wake Forest experiment has been dubbed as the"World's Most Sophisticated Lab Model of the Human Body."

Their findings were published in the scientific journal Biofabrication.

SEE ALSO: NASA EXPERIMENT: ASTRONAUTS GROWING ORGANS ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

Developing new medical drugs requires a lot of money, time, and sometimes the lives of a great many animals.According to a report published in theAmerican Journal of Gastroenterology, it costs an estimated $868 million to $1.24 billion to develop a drug. It's even more disheartening when drugs that have cost a lot of time, effort, money, and animal lives have to then be pulled off of the shelf, as they can't adequately predict whether or not the substance will be toxic to humans in the longer term.Now, a minute innovation may provide some huge answers.

Researchers from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Ohio State Universityhave developed an entire system that replicates human organs in microscopic sizes. Everything from the liver, to the heart, and lungs are able to be recreated in tiny sizes so as to improve pharmaceuticals looking to run tests that currently require petri dishes or animals.

The system was then embedded onto a computer chip.

"We tried to make the organs very much related to how they look inside of you, very similar to how they would look on the macro scale if we were implanting them into you," study co-author Anthony Atala, chair and institute director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine toldPopular Mechanics.

These mini-organs have been dubbed "organoids" and are 3D tissue cultures that are sourced from stem cells. To give an estimation of just how small these are, they range from the size of less than the width of a strand of hair to five millimeters.

This isn't the first time researchers have created organoids in a lab, Atala himself has been working on organoids since the early 2000s. However, this is the first time that they have been able to successfully demonstrate levels of toxicity to humans.

Atala and his team focused on building a system as close to the real human system as possible. For instance, the organoid heart pumps roughly 60 times per minute, similar to the human heart. The human liver contains five major cell types, as does the organoid one.

Once the organoids are grown, the researchers can then run tests on them. This is where animal testing could be eradicated.

Atala mentioned"We can test chemotherapies to see which would work best for a given patient. This is great for personalized medicine."This is a huge step forward in the field of medicine.

Interestingly, the foundations for organoid research can be dated back to 1906, when Ross Granville Harrison first adapted a three-dimensional cell culture method called the "hanging drop" for use in the study of embryonic tissues.

For the uninitiated, Harrison was an American biologist and anatomist who is credited for growing the first artificial nerve tissue culture. His contributions would be the guiding path towards the discovery of the nerve growth factor in the 1950s, a vital building block to our study of stem cells today. Over the past 15 years, though there are still limitations, organs can be grown in a lab, and the field is continuing to innovate.

But how do they do it? Within a laboratory setting, researchers must first isolate small samples of human organs and tissues to ensure that tiny organs have the same functionality. What does this mean? As mentioned above, if you were to create an organoid heart, it would pump at the same rate as a human heart. This is why the world of tiny organs is so exciting.

Other research teams outside Ohio State University and the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine have also created organoids. In addition to the miniature lab model of the human body, which is useful for testing drugs, organoids also have the capacity to act as organ replacements.

So what have researchers grown so far?

The Center for Regenerative Medicine created a pair of working lab-grown kidney organoids. These organs were then transplanted into rats by researchers. Accordingto the research articlewhere it mentions the study in detail, "Approximately 100,000 individuals in the United States currently await kidney transplantation, and 400,000 individuals live with end-stage kidney disease requiring hemodialysis."

Transplantable, permanently replaceable kidneys would help address this current problem. To do this, the bioengineered graft would need to have the kidney's architecture and function and permit perfusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, and drainage of urine.

Above all, it would need to be compatible with the recipient, to avoid rejection. Researchers were not only able to create these tiny kidneys and transplant them into rats but on transplanting the kidney, the new organs were able to filter blood and produce urine successfully.

The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine has also made progress in the world of organoids, creating tiny livers. In the study, researchers were able to take liver stems, or hepatic progenitor cells, to regrow damaged livers in mice. How did this work? Researchers extracted stem cells from a group of healthy mice. They then took these cells and had them mature in the lab. Once mature, the cells were transplanted back in the mice without any liver failure. The entire process took about three months.

Researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center have grown organoid intestines.

Using pluripotent stem cells, researchers were able to grow human intestinal tissue in the lab. However, compared to other processes mentioned in this article, they did something different. To get the tissue to adopt adult tissue architecture, researchers transplanted the tissue to the kidney of a mouse, where it matured within the animal.

Researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center hope that this method could ultimately be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases globally.

Yes, we can. Created also by a research team at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, researchers have found a way to grow three-dimensional gastric tissue. The process involves taking human pluripotent stem cells and coaxing them into becoming stomach cells. The result? Organoids that were only three millimeters in diameter. Tiny organs like these could be used to study various disease models and their effects on the stomach.

According to theresearch team, "Gastric diseases, including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, affect 10% of the world's population and are largely due to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection.

Species differences in embryonic development and architecture of the adult stomach make animal models suboptimal for studying human stomach organogenesis and pathogenesis, and there is no experimental model of the normal human gastric mucosa."

The darker side of drug testing usually involves animal testing. For the uninitiated, animal testing often centers around the procedures performed on living animals for the research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of new medicinal products, and testing the health and environmental safety of consumer and industry products.

This can include cosmetics, household cleaners, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and industrial/agrochemicals.

Sadly, animals that are part of these procedures tend to be killed or may even be reused in other experiments. According to theHumane Society International, an estimated 115 million animals are tested on worldwide each year.

As more tiny organs are developed in labs across the world, we will be able to slowly tackle the ethical challenges of animal testing, while creating better and safer drugs for humans. Even more so, the world of organoids is a precursor to the coming age of lab-ready organ transplants.

For the latest innovations in Medical Technology, be sure to stop by here.

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Scientists Created Tiny Organs That Could Bring an End to Animal Testing - Interesting Engineering

In Cells and Whole Organisms, Repair Mechanisms Imply Foresight, Not Evolution – Discovery Institute

Photo credit: JC Gellidon via Unsplash.

Cells and organisms come pre-equipped with repair mechanisms. It takes foresight to make complex tools and procedures that can restore the functions of other tools. A blind process like evolution can only see the immediate present; it would be unconcerned about what happens next. Repair implies something worth saving. The more delicate the product, the more elaborate the maintenance. Live is both worth saving and it is delicate. Predictably, the persistence of life presupposes elaborate repair systems are at work. The following research findings show just how complex some of these repair mechanisms are.

Here is a kind of repair strategy that truly would require foresight. A skilled orthopedic surgeon can look at a broken bone and, through years of training, know that before setting it, he needs to make the break worse. In a compound fracture, for instance, bending the bone farther can allow splintered bones to be put back together. Additionally, assistants in the operating room can apply materials or medicines while the surgeon holds the fracture open. Something like that happens in the nucleus or our cells, scientists found at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Sometimes, when something is broken, the first step to fixing it is to break it even more. A molecular machine named XPG could be dubbed an orthogenic surgeon (ortho- meaning straight).

We saw that XPG makes a beeline for discontinuous DNA places where the hydrogen bonds between bases on each strand of the helix have been disrupted and then it very dramatically bends the strand at that exact location, breaking the interface that connects bases stacked on top of each other, said Susan Tsutakawa, a structural biologist in the Biosciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and first author on the work, published this month in PNAS. The bending activity adds to an already impressive arsenal, as XPG was first identified as a DNA chopping enzyme, responsible for cutting out nucleotide bases with chemical and UV radiation damage. [Emphasis added.]

Natural selection would never do this. First of all, how would XPG recognize a problem that doesnt affect it directly, and how would it know to make a beeline for something elses problem? Then, if by some accident of chance it bent the DNA strand, how would it know how to perform the next surgical step? XPG would be out of a job, rushing toward discontinuous DNA like a blind driver on a demolition derby, breaking genes here and there, killing the organism by a thousand cuts. Instead, look what it does:

An unexpected finding from our imaging data is that the flexible parts of the protein which were previously impossible to examine have the ability to recognize perturbations associated with many different types of DNA damage, said co-author Priscilla Cooper, a biochemist senior scientist in the Biosciences Area. XPG then uses its sculpting properties to bend the DNA in order to recruit and load into place the proteins that can fix that type of damage.

The scientists call this a protein with many jobs that is more like a master sculptor than a demolition crew. Without XPG, a person can incur devastating symptoms of diseases. Some of these fatal syndromes caused by faulty XPG are described in the press release. Often single amino acid substitutions can destabilize the entire protein, they say. If that doesnt clinch the case for design, consider also that the Lawrence Berkeley team found that XPG cooperates with other repair machines like BRCA1 and BRCA2. An entire operating-room team has the foresight to perform orthogenic surgery on DNA. The Darwin-free paper is published in PNAS.1

The brain is busier than a city all the time, even in sleep. Amidst all the clamor, one issue cannot be overlooked: how to dispose of dead cells. A recent article at Evolution News described how the cellular morgue takes care of the problem. In the brain, it is even more vital to quickly eliminate dead cells. A team at Yale School of Medicine heard music inside the skull: they found that astrocytes and microglia perform orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in the brain. Each player knows its part.

Cell death is prevalent throughout life; however, the coordinated interactions and roles of phagocytes during corpse removal in the live brain are poorly understood. We developed photochemical and viral methodologies to induce death in single cells and combined this with intravital optical imaging. This approach allowed us to track multicellular phagocytic interactions with precise spatiotemporal resolution. Astrocytes and microglia engaged with dying neurons in an orchestrated and synchronized fashion. Each glial cell played specialized roles: Astrocyte processes rapidly polarized and engulfed numerous small dendritic apoptotic bodies, while microglia migrated and engulfed the soma and apical dendrites. The relative involvement and phagocytic specialization of each glial cell was plastic and controlled by the receptor tyrosine kinase Mertk Thus, a precisely orchestrated response and cross-talk between glial cells during corpse removal may be critical for maintaining brain homeostasis.

Their research is published in Science Advances.2 This paper was also Darwin-free except for an opening pinch of incense in the first sentence, Cell death is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous process a useless offering that contributes nothing to the science except to show that evolution was not observed.

Every human life has value, even those with genetic defects (and which human being does not suffer from several?). Whats important to the argument for intelligent design from foresight is how carefully the body practices preventative medicine on the developing embryo. Scientists at Caltech point out,

The first few days of embryonic development are a critical point for determining the failure or success of a pregnancy. Because relatively few cells make up the embryo during this period, the health of each cell is vital to the health of the overall embryo. But often, these young cells have chromosomal aneuploidies meaning, there are too many or too few chromosome copies in the cell. Aneuploid cells lead to the failure of the pregnancy, or cause developmental defects such as Down syndrome later in gestation.

Fortunately, these young embryos perform their own quality control before most genetic abnormalities become established:

Researchers have found that the prevalence of aneuploidy is drastically lower as the embryo grows and develops. Using mouse embryos, scientists from the laboratory of Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, Caltechs Bren Professor of Biology and Biological Engineering, now show that this is because embryos are able to rid themselves of abnormal cells just before and soon after implantation into the uterus, thereby keeping the whole embryo healthy.

It is remarkable that embryos can do this, says Zernicka-Goetz. It reflects their plasticity that gives them the power to self-repair.

The scientists found a double-protection mechanism. Not only are aneuploidy cells detected and eliminated, but healthy cells are stimulated to proliferate, compensating for the loss of unhealthy cells. The research paper, which also fails to give credit to evolution for this wonderful example of foresight and design, appeared in Nature Communications on June 11.3

Even plants, lacking eyes and brains, know how to repair damage. Plants have a handicap that makes repair more difficult: their repair teams cannot migrate to the site of the injury. Austrian scientists discovered a clever way that a plant can send repair enzymes to the rescue when a stem gets wounded.

Plants are sessile organisms that cannot evade wounding or pathogen attack, and their cells are encapsulated within cell walls, making it impossible to use cell migration for wound healing like animals. Thus, regeneration in plants largely relies on the coordination of targeted cell expansion and oriented cell division. Here we show in the root that the major growth hormone auxin is specifically activated in wound-adjacent cells, regulating cell expansion, cell division rates, and regeneration-involved transcription factor ERF115. These wound responses depend on cell collapse of the eliminated cells presumably perceived by the cell damage-induced changes in cellular pressure. This largely broadens our understanding of how wound responses are coordinated on a cellular level to mediate wound healing and prevent overproliferation.

The research is published in PNAS.4 Its satisfying to say, again, that their paper did not give any credit to evolution. This is one way design wins by default: repeated failures of Darwinists to show up for the game constitutes abdication.

The concept of repair presupposes foresight.5 How would a blind, unguided process recognize a problem? Even if a working plant or animal were granted a hypothetical existence by evolution, the easiest thing for natural selection to do when a problem occurs is to let the organism die. Uncaring selection owes it no further existence. As these examples show (and there are many, many more), life comes equipped with repair teams that are even more complex than expected. It is remarkable that embryos can do this, Caltech scientists said. Yale scientists watched a precisely orchestrated response to cell death in the brain. Lawrence Berkeley scientists did not expect to see a master sculptor in the nucleus already known to have an impressive arsenal of abilities able to surgically straighten DNA before their eyes. These are the emotional responses of people astonished by design beyond their dreams. If they attribute these wonders to evolution, their silence speaks volumes.

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In Cells and Whole Organisms, Repair Mechanisms Imply Foresight, Not Evolution - Discovery Institute