Special to Ophthalmology Times Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that leads to vision loss and can cause blindness.

The dry form affects 80% of individuals with AMD; it tends to progress more slowly than the wet type and results in a subsequent loss of visual acuity.1

At present, there is no approved treatment or cure for the dry form. In dry AMD, drusen form beneath the macula, causing a progressive loss of central vision over time.

Related: ASRS 2020: Augmented-reality headset provides vision for AMD patients

However, several studies with strong and moderate evidence in the past 5 years have shown encouraging results in treating eye diseases, such as AMD,11,12 retinopathy of prematurity, and diabetic macular edema, with a technique known as photobiomodulation (PBM).7-10

PBM has also been used in the last 20 years for musculoskeletal pain, injury, dysfunction, and wound healing; to improve acute muscle performance and reduce muscle damage after exercise;7 and for neuropathic pain, lymphedema, and oral mucositis1,3-15

PBM, or low-level light therapy, is the application of monochromatic light to a part of the body with the aim of repairing tissues and reducing inflammation, edema, and pain.7

The process is not a heat therapy, but is more akin to photosynthesis in plants. Light, in the far red and near-infrared spectral range, can stimulate the cells, which leads to a cascade of photochemical reactions.

The low-powered light is absorbed locally by the cytochrome c oxidase; mitochondrial energy is then produced by releasing oxygen, which results in increased adenosine triphosphate concentration and reduced oxidative stress.

This photochemical reaction then activates enzymes and second messengers, leading to a cellular and, indirectly, systemic response by tissues that have not absorbed photons.1,16,17

PBM can be used in acute and chronic eye diseases such as dry AMD, as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play a key role in many macular diseases.1,7,11

The technique does not worsen the disease, has no side effects, and is completely noninvasive.1,18 The protocol we use provides a combination of 9 PBM therapies.

Related: Vision-related qualities of life: Impacts of advanced AMD

PBM is performed through a medical device which applies light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate cellular function and improve energy production.

Each cycle of therapy delivers wavelengths between 590 nm and 850 nm for 4 minutes per eye. The PBM cycles are completed in approximately 1 month.

Clinical outcomes are determined using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) test; an Amsler grid, to detect wavy, broken, or distorted lines; a Pelli-Robson chart, for assessment of contrast sensitivity; a Snellen chart, for far visual acuity (VA); and a Jaeger chart, for near VA. The outcomes are measured at the end of the PBM procedure, after 3 months and after 6 months.

The clinical results of a case after PBM are shown in Figure 1. Nine PBM cycles were administered to a patient over 1 month.

After 1 month and 6 months, the OCT scan showed reduced drusen. The patient obtained subjectively improved vision, less eye strain, more color contrast, higher definition, and better far and near uncorrected VA. Contrast sensitivity improved from 1.8 to 2.0. Outcomes remained stable at the 6-month follow-up.

Related: ASRS 2020: What Aviceda's lead candidate AVD-104 may mean for dry AMD

This case demonstrates a successful noninvasive treatment with improved quality of vision in dry AMD. Irradiation could, therefore, offer a new, noninvasive, adverse effectfree means of stimulating retinal stem cells to regenerate.

PBM is a treatment whereby quality of vision is improved and not worsened in some patients suffering from dry AMD, leading to better VA and contrast sensitivity and a less damaged macular profile.

Overall, these results are encouraging and indicate how protocols could be consolidated in the future.

Promoting cellular regeneration by using light waves represents a challenge in ophthalmology.

To date, there are no approved theories for many retinal diseases. Intriguingly, this protocol seems to offer an extremely promising approach to prevent VA from worsening and to promote tissue repair in the dry form of AMD. Moreover, the approach has the enormous advantage of being entirely noninvasive.

Related: Characterizing local retinal layer changes in AMD

According to this hypothesis, at certain wavelengths, irradiation could regenerate retinal cells.

Thus, modulated light can offer a novel, valid therapeutic approach for dry AMD, which may facilitate the repair of damaged tissues in the retina and promote the survival and function of epithelial cells within the retinal pigmented epithelium.19

Miorica Bertelli, OD, and Elena Scaffidi, MS, contributed to this report.

About the authorRoberto Pinelli, MDe:pinelli@seri-lugano.ch Roberto Pinelli, MD, is founder of the Switzerland Eye Research Institute in Lugano.

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